Muscle mass and strength decrease with age, known as sarcopenia. By age 75, sedentary adults can lose up to 30% of muscle mass. This contributes to chronic diseases and loss of physical function and independence. Resistance training and adequate protein intake can help prevent or reverse age-related muscle loss. While older adults can regain strength after training, they may have smaller gains in muscle size compared to younger adults due to diminished muscle regeneration ability with aging.
The Challenges of Sarcopenia: Definition, Underlying Mechanisms, Intervention...InsideScientific
During this webinar, Drs. Peterson and Guralnik will discuss sarcopenia, the physiological mechanisms underlying the disease, and the current avenues of treatment and assessment that are being researched and developed for patients.
Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of muscle that causes decreased strength and functional limitations. Muscle loss occurs universally in people as we age, but some people lose muscle at an accelerated rate compared to others. While chronic disease can cause sarcopenia, it can also result from a sedentary lifestyle, hospitalizations and extended bed rest due to other conditions.
A gradual decline in muscle mass and strength begins around 30 years of age with this condition, and annual losses get larger throughout life. The self-reporting of functional difficulties to health care providers may give an indication that sarcopenia is present, but a more precise definition is needed for research and clinical use.
Efforts made in Europe and the US have used grip strength, gait speed and lean mass to define sarcopenia, but these definitions lead to large differences in prevalence rate and discordance in who is labelled as “sarcopenic”. To assess this condition, lean mass as measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) may not accurately reflect actual muscle mass, but a new technique using dilution of deuterium-labelled creatine may prove to be superior in clinically diagnosing sarcopenia. Currently, a consensus has not been reached on the clinical outcome assessments that can be used by regulatory agencies to judge the effectiveness of drugs for sarcopenia.
A number of potential interventions are being explored to treat sarcopenia in older people, but no drugs are currently approved for this condition. The antidiabetic drug metformin shows promise in preventing many age-associated conditions, but appears to blunt the benefits of exercise on muscle. Senolytic drugs, which clear senescent cells, may improve muscle repair following injury preferentially in older individuals.
Sarcopenia - identifying, measuring and managing muscle loss in elderly popul...Robert Ferris
*Re-upload of slides originally posted 25th August 2018*
Medical overview for the etiology, diagnosis and management of sarcopenia by Robert Ferris, Krystyna Gelinski, Torstein Fjørtoft and Aleksandra Czarnecka, compiled as part of medical school studies.
Sources for all imagery and sources listed in references section where possible. I do not claim ownership of any images or graphics. Slides for educational purposes only, and should not replace clinical judgement. No monetary gain was made for this work.
The Challenges of Sarcopenia: Definition, Underlying Mechanisms, Intervention...InsideScientific
During this webinar, Drs. Peterson and Guralnik will discuss sarcopenia, the physiological mechanisms underlying the disease, and the current avenues of treatment and assessment that are being researched and developed for patients.
Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of muscle that causes decreased strength and functional limitations. Muscle loss occurs universally in people as we age, but some people lose muscle at an accelerated rate compared to others. While chronic disease can cause sarcopenia, it can also result from a sedentary lifestyle, hospitalizations and extended bed rest due to other conditions.
A gradual decline in muscle mass and strength begins around 30 years of age with this condition, and annual losses get larger throughout life. The self-reporting of functional difficulties to health care providers may give an indication that sarcopenia is present, but a more precise definition is needed for research and clinical use.
Efforts made in Europe and the US have used grip strength, gait speed and lean mass to define sarcopenia, but these definitions lead to large differences in prevalence rate and discordance in who is labelled as “sarcopenic”. To assess this condition, lean mass as measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) may not accurately reflect actual muscle mass, but a new technique using dilution of deuterium-labelled creatine may prove to be superior in clinically diagnosing sarcopenia. Currently, a consensus has not been reached on the clinical outcome assessments that can be used by regulatory agencies to judge the effectiveness of drugs for sarcopenia.
A number of potential interventions are being explored to treat sarcopenia in older people, but no drugs are currently approved for this condition. The antidiabetic drug metformin shows promise in preventing many age-associated conditions, but appears to blunt the benefits of exercise on muscle. Senolytic drugs, which clear senescent cells, may improve muscle repair following injury preferentially in older individuals.
Sarcopenia - identifying, measuring and managing muscle loss in elderly popul...Robert Ferris
*Re-upload of slides originally posted 25th August 2018*
Medical overview for the etiology, diagnosis and management of sarcopenia by Robert Ferris, Krystyna Gelinski, Torstein Fjørtoft and Aleksandra Czarnecka, compiled as part of medical school studies.
Sources for all imagery and sources listed in references section where possible. I do not claim ownership of any images or graphics. Slides for educational purposes only, and should not replace clinical judgement. No monetary gain was made for this work.
Author: Brent C. Williams, M.D., M.P.H., 2009
License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution – Share Alike 3.0 License:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Diabetes triad, physiology, role of physical activity, effects of exercise, clinical implications, potential adverse effect of exercise, evaluation, types of physical activity, peripheral and autonomic neuropathy, summary
Physical therapists are exercise experts, providing services for a wide range of people to
optimise their physical ability. They prescribe exercise as part of a structured, safe, and
effective programme.
An important part of their role is to help people remain active as they age. More than any other
profession, physical therapists (known in many countries as physiotherapists) prevent and treat
chronic disease and disability in aging adults through specifically prescribed activity and
movement.
The World Health Organization encourages regular physical activity for older adults, because it
has been shown to improve the functional status and quality of life in this group of individuals.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
PHYSIOLOGY OF AGING PROCESS, CONCEPTS OF AGING PROBLEMS WITH NORMAL AGING, AGEING PROCESS PHYSIOLOGY OF AGING, PROBLEMS IN OLD AGE, USUAL TO SUCCESSFUL AGING
Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.
I created this presentation for an Exercise Physiology class I recently took at GSU. It explains the evolution of the commonly known term 'Female Athlete Triad' to the revised term of 'RED-S Syndrome.'
Author: Brent C. Williams, M.D., M.P.H., 2009
License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution – Share Alike 3.0 License:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Diabetes triad, physiology, role of physical activity, effects of exercise, clinical implications, potential adverse effect of exercise, evaluation, types of physical activity, peripheral and autonomic neuropathy, summary
Physical therapists are exercise experts, providing services for a wide range of people to
optimise their physical ability. They prescribe exercise as part of a structured, safe, and
effective programme.
An important part of their role is to help people remain active as they age. More than any other
profession, physical therapists (known in many countries as physiotherapists) prevent and treat
chronic disease and disability in aging adults through specifically prescribed activity and
movement.
The World Health Organization encourages regular physical activity for older adults, because it
has been shown to improve the functional status and quality of life in this group of individuals.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
PHYSIOLOGY OF AGING PROCESS, CONCEPTS OF AGING PROBLEMS WITH NORMAL AGING, AGEING PROCESS PHYSIOLOGY OF AGING, PROBLEMS IN OLD AGE, USUAL TO SUCCESSFUL AGING
Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.
I created this presentation for an Exercise Physiology class I recently took at GSU. It explains the evolution of the commonly known term 'Female Athlete Triad' to the revised term of 'RED-S Syndrome.'
Covers all the major vitamins, minerals and trace elements needed for proper nutrition, especially when it comes to brain health. Made while I was at Interactive Metronome, this eBook addresses the importance of eating right when it comes to neurological disorders, memory, processing speed, reading and math fluency, and general decision making.
Brain Food: How to Eat Right to Think RightGaia Clinic
Your brain runs your life and is the greatest asset you possess. Yet many people spend more time and money considering whether they are nourishing their skin and hair properly than nourishing their brain. In this lecture, Medical Doctor, Tracy Thomson explains why learning to feed your brain can effectively increase your productivity, enhance your relationships (including your sex life) and generally make you happier on a daily basis!
What happens as athletes age? The physiological changes are important to note, so that training, recovery and overal healthcare can adapt to maximize the athlete's performance year after year. Dr. David Carfagno offers a unique insider's perspective, as a practitioner of sports medicine, internal medicine and a competitive athlete.
Abstract
Introduction: Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength associated with ageing. Regular exercise has been indicated to be the only strategy which consistently improves sarcopenia and physical function in elderly. The aims of this study are to review the mechanisms of sarcopenia and to evaluate the role of exercise in the elderly with sarcopenia and the current recommendations about the exercise interventions.
Discussion: Exercise significantly improve mobility, functionality, muscle mass, bone mineral density, balance and proprioception; thus, decreasing the risk of falls, increasing quality of life and reducing morbidity and mortality. Different types of exercise may be of interest in patients with sarcopenia: aerobic, progressive resistance, flexibility and balance training. Supervised or group exercise programs may be preferable for elders, with regard to both safety and compliance.
Conclusion: Sarcopenia is a strong predictor of disability, morbidity, and mortality in elderly. Anaerobic exercise seems to be the most important tool to prevent and treat sarcopenia.
29Oct14 - ILC Global Alliance Ageing and Mobility SymposiumILC- UK
This event was a half day symposium which showcased international research by ILC Global Alliance members on frailty and mobility in old age.
This event took place as part of the ILC Global Alliance visit to the UK.
Speakers at the event included:
Rosy Pereyra – ILC-Dominican Republic: Sarcopenia: A forgotten cause of mobility problems in old age
Susana Concordo Harding – ILC-Singapore: Are we living longer and healthier? Exploring gender differences in health expectancy among older Singaporeans
Sebastiana Kalula – ILC-South Africa: Prevalence and risks factors for falls, and the impact on mobility in later life: The Cape Town study
Didier Halimi – ILC-France: MOBILAGE: how to maintain frail people mobility? An ongoing experiment at Broca Hospital in Paris.
Kunio Mizuta – ILC-Japan: Long-term care prevention in Japan: To maintain older people’s mobility
Lia Daichman – ILC-Argentina: Loss of mobility, loss of Autonomy, loss of quality of life
Iva Holmerová – ILC-Czech Republic: Local and national initiatives to support active ageing and improve quality of long-term care in the Czech Republic.
Panel members at the event included: Marieke van der Waal – ILC-Netherlands; Jayant Umranikar – ILC-India
A Comparative Study Establishing the Importance of Physiotherapeutic Principl...IOSR Journals
This research proposal for PhD studies in Physiotherapy aims towards healthy, happy and independent
geriatric life style. In the past few years the interest in body composition, nutritional status and physical
independence in elderly people has markedly increased because of the increasing number of elderly people in
the general population and its implication for geriatric health care 1-2
. Advancing age results in body
composition changes such as decrease in fat free mass 3-4
, and increase in fat mass 4-6
. Also, the amount of
minerals in the fat free mass changes 7
; as does the ratio of total body water in form of intercellular to
intracellular water 8-12. Geriatric ageing is usually characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass and function,
termed as sarcopenia13. Both physical inactivity and inadequate nutritional intake are the main contributing
factors to sarcopenia and reduction in fat free mass 14-15. These changes have been associated with dramatic
functional decline, physical frailty, falls in elderly and a bad quality of geriatric life 16-18.Until now very few
studies have investigated both the effects of (a) nutritional supplementation and (b) exercises on nutritional
status, body composition and muscular function among geriatric population 19-21.
Strategies to prevent depletion of Testosterone and the resulting muscle loss (Sarcopenia ) due to Aging. Stay Young.. Strong and Lively. Andraiz T of Body Satva Essentials on www.bodysatva.com
ASSESSING THE KNOWLEDGE OF TRADITIONAL USES OF TINOSPORA CARDIFOLIA AND DEVEL...
Understanding Sarcopenia
1.
2.
3. Age-relAted muscle
loss
muscle shrinks in size And
strength
similAr to osteoporosis’s effects on
bone
contributes to A number of chronic diseAses
And conditions …
4. 30
25
30 years
20
45 years
15
75 years
10
5
0
% Muscle Loss
5. Average men & women
over age 30 begin losing
muscle at a rate of 15%
per year
Sedentary adults risk losing up to 30%
of muscle by age 75
6. Muscle of Muscle After
Average Healthy Sarcopenia
Adult Occurs
7. DECREASE OF LEAN MASS IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE
IN THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF LIPID STORES
Body composition in man as a function of age.
black bar, Muscle; light grey, other tissues; dark
grey, fat. (Adapted from Cohn et al. 1980.)
8. reduced Aerobic cApAcity
decreAsed muscle strength
frAilty
gAit problems
WeAk bones (osteoporosis)
fAlls & frActures
loss of physicAl function & independence
decreAsed bAsAl metAbolic rAte
(middle-Age Weight gAin)
9.
10.
11.
12. Fast twitch(FT) neurons tend to
die off first.
Adjacent motor neuron(slow twitch (ST) motor neuron),
may reinnervate the muscle fibers:
MOTOR UNIT REMODELLING .
Less Efficient Motor Units.:
MOTOR UNIT RESTRUCTURING
Less precise Less force Less Loss of
control of production coordinated balance and
movements and quick speed
movements
13.
14. Loss of satellite cell
function
LOSS OF ABILITY TO DECREASE IN
MUSCLE CELLS TO MUSCLE PROTEIN
REGENRATE SYNTHESIS
Loss of
muscle mass
22. Strengt #1 way to prevent
or reverse muscle
h loss
Trainin
g
Aerobic Walking, cycling,
golfing, swimming
Activity
Proper
Diet Protein,
Carbohydrates, Fiber
23. In 3 - 4 months, adults
can increase strength by
2-3 times their current
strength ability.
24. enefits of Weight trAining for older Adults
Weight training is especially important to
slow the process of sarcopenia
Regular weight training has shown to:
•reduce blood pressure
•improve blood cholesterol levels
•improve insulin sensitivity
•increase bone mineral density
•improve cardiovascular function
•relieve depression
•reduce body fat
•improve functional abilities
25. In a New England Journal of Medicine
study, 100 nursing home residents in
their 80s and 90s were put on a weight-
training program for 10 weeks.
At the end of the 10 weeks, some of the
results were so positive that a number of
residents were able to
switch from a walker to a cane!
The results appear next…
28. SARCOPENIA IN ELDERLY MEN AND WOMEN: THE RANCHO BERNARDO STUDY.
Castillo EM, Goodman-Gruen D, Kritz-Silverstein D, Morton DJ, Wingard DL, Barrett-Connor E.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2003 Oct;25(3):226-31.
METHODS: Height, weight, muscle strength, fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass by bioelectric
impedance analysis and grip strength(men) were measured for community-dwelling men (694) and
women (1006) aged 55-98 years (mean=73)were selected; alcohol and medication use, smoking,
and physical activity were ascertained.
RESULTS:
•Mean FFM was 43.5 kg for women and 61.7 kg for men. Sarcopenia, defined as FFM of > or =2.0
standard deviations below the gender-specific mean of a young reference population, was present
in 6.0% overall. Prevalence increased dramatically from 4% of men and 3% of women aged 70-75
to 16% of men and 13% of women aged 85 and older.
•Both men and women with sarcopenia had a significantly lower fat mass and body mass index
than those without sarcopenia.
•Grip strength, but not quadriceps strength, was lower in men and women with sarcopenia.
• Physically active women were about half as likely to have sarcopenia, but no association was
found in men.
• Few men and women were current smokers, but they were more likely to have sarcopenia.
• Co morbidities (heart disease, diabetes, pulmonary disease, arthritis, cancer) and medications
(thyroid hormones, corticosteroids, and hormone replacement therapy) were not associated with
sarcopenia.
CONCLUSIONS:This study also identified lack of physical activity and current smoking as
reversible risk factors for sarcopenia.
29. Journal of Applied Physiology 107: 1172-1180, 2009.
Effects of aging on human skeletal muscle after immobilization
and retraining
C. Suetta, L. G. Hvid, L. Justesen, U. Christensen, K. Neergaard, L. Simonsen, N. Ortenblad, S. P. Magnusson,
M. Kjaer, and P. Aagaard .
AIM: To investigate the effects of unilateral lower limb immobilization and subsequent
retraining on muscle mass, muscle architecture, neuromuscular activation, and resting
twitch characteristics in young and aged human individuals.
SUBJECTS: Twenty healthy men, 9 old (OM: 67.3 yr, range 61–74 yr) and 11 young (YM: 24.4
yr, range 21–27 yr), volunteered to participate in the study.
METHOD: All subjects were subjected to unilateral (randomly selected limb) lower limb
casting from the hip to the ankle for 2 wk. All measurements were conducted at baseline
previous to the immobilization procedure (Pre), after 2 wk of immobilization, and again
after 4 wk of heavy resistance training (6 wk).
RESULTS:
After retraining, both young and old regained their initial muscle strength, but old had
smaller gains in quadriceps volume compared with young.
CONCLUSION
The present data shows that aging is accompanied by an attenuated rate of muscle atrophy
in response to immobilization compared with that of young individuals, and importantly
that old subjects demonstrate a diminished capacity to restore muscle size and muscle
architecture during subsequent retraining
30. PREVALENCE OF SARCOPENIA AND PREDICTORS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE MASS IN
HEALTHY, OLDER MEN AND WOMEN
The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Volume57, Issue12Pp. M772-M777.
Michele Iannuzzi-Sucich a ,. Karen M. Prestwood a and Anne M. Kenny a.
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia in a
population of older, community-dwelling research volunteers.
METHOD
Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry in 195 women
aged 64 to 93 years and 142 men aged 64 to 92 years. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and
physical activity and performance were measured with the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly,
the Short Physical Performance Battery, and the Physical Performance Test. They measured
health-related quality of life by using the SF-36 general health survey. Serum estrone, estradiol, sex
hormone-binding globulin, parathyroid hormone, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D were measured in all
participants and bioavailable testosterone was measured only in men. Leg press strength and leg
press power were determined in men.
RESULTS
The prevalence of sarcopenia in our cohort was 22.6% in women and 26.8% in men. A subgroup
analysis of women and men 80 years or older revealed prevalence rates of 31.0% and 52.9%,
respectively. In women, skeletal muscle mass correlated significantly with BMI and levels of serum
estrone, estradiol, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D; in men, it correlated significantly with BMI, single leg
stance time, leg press strength, leg press power, SF-36 general health score, Physical Performance
Test total score, and bioavailable testosterone levels.
31. LEUCINE: A KEY AMINO ACID IN AGEING-ASSOCIATED SARCOPENIA.
Nutrition Research Reviews(2003), 16: 61-70
Dominique Dardevet, Isabelle Rieu, Pierre Fafournoux, Claire Sornet, Lydie Combaret,
Alain Bruhat, Sylvie Mordier, Laurent Mosoni and Jean Grizard
AIM: To find out whether chronic oral leucine supplementation would be beneficial for
maintaining muscle protein mass in elderly men and women.
SUBJECTS: The effect of meal Leucine supplementation on in vivo protein synthesis in
adult and ageing rats.
FININDINGS :Leucine has been shown to stimulate insulin secretion, and the
restoration of muscle protein synthesis in ageing rats
33. Journal of Applied Physiology 104: 1452-1461, 2008
SKELETAL MUSCLE PROTEIN ANABOLIC RESPONSE TO RESISTANCE
EXERCISE AND ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS IS DELAYED WITH AGING
Micah J. Drummond, Hans C. Dreyer, Bart Pennings, Christopher S. Fry, Shaheen
Dhanani,Edgar L. Dillon, Melinda Sheffield-Moore, Elena Volpi, Blake B.
Rasmussen
METHOD
Seven young and six old male subjects (age range: 24–77 yr) were
selected. dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan (Hologic QDR 4500W,
Bedford, MA) was performed to measure body composition and lean
mass. Each subject ingested 20 g of EAA 1 h following leg resistance
exercise
OBSERVATION
Muscle protein synthesis MPS increased early in young (1–3 h
postexercise) and later in old (3–6 h postexercise). The acute muscle
protein synthesis (MPS) response( usually delayed with aging) after
resistance exercise and EAA ingestion is similar between young and old
men.
34. REFERENCES
1. Allan C.A, Strauss B.J.G, McLachlan R.I., “Body Composition,
Metabolic Syndrome and Testosterone in Aging Men.”International
Journal of Impotence Research., 2007,19(5),448-457.
3. Bross R., Javanbakht M. , Bhasin S., “Anabolic Interventions for
Aging-Associated Sarcopenia”, The Journal of Clinical
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5. Burton L.A, Sumukadas D., “Optimal management of sarcopenia”;
Dovepress Journal: Clinical Interventions in Aging, 2010,
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7. Drummond M.J., Dreyer H.C., Pennings B., Fry C.S., Dhanani S. ,
Dillon E.L., Moore M.S, Volpi E., Rasmussen B.B., “Skeletal muscle
protein anabolic response to resistance exercise and essential
amino acids is delayed with aging”, Journal of Applied Physiology,
2008,104,1452-1461.
9. Forbes G. B., Reina J. C., “Adult lean body mass declines with age:
some longitudinal observations.” Metabolism, 1970, 19( 9), 653-663.
35. REFERENCE :
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Schwartz A.V., Simonsick E. M., Tylavsky F.A., Visser M.,Newman A B.;
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7. Houston D.K, Nicklas B. J, Ding J., Harris T.B, Tylavsky F.A., Newman
A.B, Lee J.S., Sahyoun N. R., Visser M., Kritchevsky S.B.,“Dietary protein
intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling
adults: the health, aging, and body composition study”,
AmericanJournalofClinicalNutrition,2008.87(1),150-155.
8. Iannuzzi S.M.,Prestwood K.M., KennyA.M. , “Prevalence of Sarcopenia
and Predictors of Skeletal Muscle Mass in Healthy, Older Men and
Women.” The Journals of Gerontology, 2002, 57(12) A ,M772-M777.
9. Kamel H.K, “Sarcopenia and aging.”, Nutrition Reviews.,
2003,61,157-67.
36. REFERENCE
10.Lenz T.L.,” Leucine With Resistance Training for the Treatment of
Sarcopenia”, American journal of lifestyle medicine,2010 ,4 ( 4), 317-319.
11. Melton L.J., Khosla S. , Riggs B.L., “ Epidemiology of sarcopenia.” Mayo
Clinic Proceedings, 2000,75 Suppl.S10-2; S2-3.
12.Porter M.M., Vandervoort A.A, Lexell J., “Aging of human muscle: structure,
function and adaptability.” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in
Sports: journal ,1995 ,5(3),129-42.
13. Roth SM, Ferrell RF, Hurley BF, “Strength training for the prevention and
treatment of sarcopenia.”;The journal of nutrition, health and aging,
2000,4(3),143-155.
14. William Evans; “Functional and Metabolic Consequences of Sarcopenia”,
The Journal of Nutrition ,1997, 127( 5), 998S-1003S
37. BOOKS
• Aspinall R.J , “Skeletal muscle aging” , Biology of aging and its
modulation :aging of organs & system, Kluwer academic
publishers,2003, 73-76.
• Holiday R., “Theories of aging”, Understanding ageing ,2nd edition,
Cambridge university press 1995,41-48.
• Bales C. W., Ritchie C.S., “Sarcopenia”, Handbook of clinical nutrition
and aging,2nd edition , Humana press,2009,183-184.
• Asea A.A. , Pedersen B. K. , “Biochemical changes in response to
intensive resistance training in the elderly", Heat shock proteins and
whole body physiology, vol.5 ,Springer, 2010,365-367.
• Chandler T.J., Brown L. E., “geriatrics: foundation of strength training
for special population”, Conditioning for strength and human
performance, Wolters Kluwer health,2008, 351-352.