This summary provides the key details about the document in 3 sentences:
The document analyzes the surface tension of osteoblast cells in a microchip. It studies how electrical pulses, electrode configuration, microchannel dimensions, and suspension media properties affect the surface tension of the inner and outer layers of osteoblast cell membranes. The document develops a 3D microfluidic model and electrical circuit model to investigate the membrane surface tension and how it is impacted by various parameters like pulse characteristics, electrodes, microchannel, and suspension media.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
Β
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
At the applied voltage a disc-shaped cavity with partial discharges are measured at variable frequency (0.01-50 Hz). By varying the frequency it was observed that measured PD phase, magnitude of distributions and number of PDs per voltage cycles are varied. In the cavity, sequence of Partial discharge is simulated dynamically. For that purpose a model is presented with charge consistent. Simulated results shows that cavity surface and emission properties are effected by varying the magnitude of applied frequency, mainly conductivity of surface. This paper is illustrating the frequency dependence of PD in a cavity. The paper illustrates how the applied voltage amplitude and the cavity size can influence the frequency dependence PD activity.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
Β
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
Β
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
Β
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
At the applied voltage a disc-shaped cavity with partial discharges are measured at variable frequency (0.01-50 Hz). By varying the frequency it was observed that measured PD phase, magnitude of distributions and number of PDs per voltage cycles are varied. In the cavity, sequence of Partial discharge is simulated dynamically. For that purpose a model is presented with charge consistent. Simulated results shows that cavity surface and emission properties are effected by varying the magnitude of applied frequency, mainly conductivity of surface. This paper is illustrating the frequency dependence of PD in a cavity. The paper illustrates how the applied voltage amplitude and the cavity size can influence the frequency dependence PD activity.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
Β
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
Β
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Β
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
Β
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
Β
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Β
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
Β
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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Modeling of electric field and joule heating in breast tumor during electrop...Carlos A. RamΓrez
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β Electroporation consists in an electro-permeabilization of the cell membrane as a consequence of its exposure to an external electric field. Electrochemotherapy is an application of electroporation and represents a minimally invasive technique which is pretended to be applied in breast cancer treatment. The distribution of the electric field in tumoral tissue was obtained by simulation using finite elements technique.
This work presents a simulation of a breast carcinoma embedded in the healthy tissue under an electric field exposure through steel electrodes. The modeling of the current density and the temperature rise the electroporation whiting breast tissue and cancerous tissue seeks to observe by putting steel electrodes inside the deep tissue.
The effect of the electric field applied to deep tissue will depend on the geometry of the electrodes, Voltage applied through them and the kind of signal (time applied, voltage pulse train period, frequency pulses).
Osteo Intraorganelle Nanoporation under Electrical StimuliIJERD Editor
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Nanoporation is a highly effective method to increase permeability of intraorganelle membrane by using series of pico electric pulses. Using this technique, we can introduce specific drugs into the intraorganelle of regid cell like osreoblast and it has various application in medical science. The effect of phospholipids in respond to external pico electric fields, behaviour of water dipoles in the complex electric field landscape of the membrane interface and reorganization of water dipoles in pore formation process have been proposed in these studies. Pore characteristics such as life time, ion selectivity, size, kinetics of formation as well as number of pores are significant factors in the present study.
On the Vibration Characteristicsof Electrostatically Actuated Micro\nanoReson...IJERDJOURNAL
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Electrostatic actuation is one of the most prevalent methods of excitation and measurement in micron to Nano scale resonators. Heretofore, in the dynamical behavior analyses of these systems, the resonating beam has been assumed to be perfect conductor which is obviously an approximation. In this paper, effect of electrical resistivity on the vibrational response of these systems including natural frequency and damping, is investigated. The governing coupled nonlinear partial differential equations of motion are extracted and a finite element formulationby developinga new electromechanical element is presented. Calculated natural frequencies are compared with experimental measurements and a closer agreement is achieved in comparison with previousfindings. Results indicate there is a jump in frequency and damping of the system at a critical resistivity. As system size is decreased and applied voltage approaches toward pull-in voltage, electrical resistivity fully dominates the response nature of the system.
Development of spiral square coils for magnetic labelling detection in microf...IJECEIAES
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Due to the development of microfluidic systems biomedical microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) for magnetic labelling detection by magnetic microbeads circling in microfluidic channels, we used the magnetic field created by microcoils. The magnetic field associated with the electric current, but with negatively affects if its value increases too much. Handling bio-species in the microfluidic chip requires that the temperature maintained to keep the cells to prevent their destruction. In this paper we have described the spiral square coil design of different structures to produce an effective magnetic flux density. The simulation of the magnetic flux density is carried out with the help of the COMSOL software. We have presented an optimization of the geometric parameters of the microcoil for a better performance and a miniaturization of the structure with copper wire section S=25 Β΅m2 and inter-wire space a=5 Β΅m. We have also developed this microcoil by adding a ferromagnetic core to the inner center, the results obtained in this work shown that the magnetic flux density increases around 1.07 times in Bx and 1.45 times in Bz. This new approach in designing a microcoil allows to obtaining a fast trapping of the microbeads and a highly sensitive biological element detection and avoiding increase heat ratio in microfluidic systems.
Finite Element Simulation of Microfluidic Biochip for High Throughput Hydrody...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
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In this paper, a microfluidic device capable of trapping a single cell in a high throughput manner
and at high trapping efficiency is designed simply through a concept of hydrodynamic manipulation. The
microfluidic device is designed with a series of trap and bypass microchannel structures for trapping
individual cells without the need for microwell, robotic equipment, external electric force or surface
modification. In order to investigate the single cell trapping efficiency, a finite element model of the
proposed design has been developed using ABAQUS-FEA software. Based on the simulation, the
geometrical parameters and fluid velocity which affect the single cell trapping are extensively optimized.
After optimization of the trap and bypass microchannel structures via simulations, a single cell can be
trapped at a desired location efficiently.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
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Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
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-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing βA case study of SudanβIJERD Editor
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Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
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The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 β RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
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Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, itβs top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
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This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
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Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
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Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
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This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
Β
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
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- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a personβs social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
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A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesnβt only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
Β
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estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
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-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBTβs where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBTβs are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
Β
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBTβs where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBTβs are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
βMS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on βYβ Chrom...IJERD Editor
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Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool βMS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on βYβ Chromosomeβ can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome βYβ. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
Β
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
Β
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
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Clients donβt know what they donβt know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
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Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
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Monitoring and observability arenβt traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current companyβs observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumbleβ¦.many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
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LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
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UI automation Sample
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
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Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
β’ What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
β’ How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
β’ How to get started with SAP Fiori today
β’ How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
β’ How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
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Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
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Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
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The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. Whatβs changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
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Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
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The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
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Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
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However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
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Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 8, Issue 7 (September 2013), PP. 98-112
www.ijerd.com 98 | Page
Analysis of Dense Osteoblast Surface Tension in a Micro
Chip
S. Sarkar1
, R. Mahapatra 2
, S. Das3
,
1
Department of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, SMIT, Sikkim, India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIT, Durgapur 713 209, India
3
School of Medical Science and Technology, IIT. Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
Abstract:- Surface tension of a osteoblast cell in a micro chip is analysed. The effects of electrical pulse,
electrode configuration ,micro channel dimension and specific property of suspension media on cell surface
tension of osteoblast cell, were investigated. The effective surface tension of outer layer is exposed at micro
scale pulse but for inner layer it is in peco scale pulse although pulse interval is micro scale in both cases. We
find that the surface tension is non uniformly and sinusoidal distributed over the membrane In every respect
position the minimum surface tension is obtained at pole ΞΈ = 90 &ΞΈ = 270 . But their numerical values are
varied. Minimum surface tension is exposed near the high density point of high permeable area of the osteoblast
cell. we also consider the effect of neighbour cells on membrane surface tension to make the result more
important and realistic.
Keywords:- Bi layer-membrane, micro channel, osteoblast cell, membrane surface tension, dense cell.
I. INTRODUCTION
In clinical investigation the dielectric property of osteoblast cell plays an important role. Like other
biological cell the dielectric properties of osteoblast cells are very remarkable. They typically display extremely
high dielectric constants at low frequencies, falling off in more or less distinct steps as the excitation frequency
is increased. Their frequency dependence permits identification and investigation of a number of completely
different underlying mechanisms, and hence, dielectric studies of osteo materials have long been important in
electrophysiology and biomedical application. In drug delivery system the electroporation of the membrane
plays an important role to introduced the drugs into the osteoblast cell. Previously some work have been done
considering the single layer structure of osteoblast cell which gives the limiting information about the cell
electroporation. We are focusing on that limitation and consider the original bi-layer structure of osteoblast cell.
From the theory of electroporation it is come to know that the sufficient external electric field is
caused for the generation of pores on membrane and if the electric field is removed than pores starts to reseal
after specific time. This occurrences depends on the membrane elasticity which is the function of surface
tension. So the electric field has a great influences on membrane. A numbers of experimental study carried on at
the out side of the micro or nano fluidic but all the reported studies on cell membrane surface tension
considered the cells in an infinitely large medium. In micro fluidic devices, the cells are usually located in micro
channels or micro chambers. The results of the current published studies may not reflect the boundary effects of
micro fluid-based electroporative devices. It should be focus out that all the reported studies on cell membrane
surface tension considered the cells contained single layer placed in an infinitely large medium and electrodes
are placed at bottom or top layer of the micro fluidic devices. As a result the results are influenced by reflect
the boundary effects of micro fluid-based electroporative devices & perfect optimization is to be needed. As a
result the original and realistic information about the surface tension of outer and inner membrane is limited
for multi layer or bi layer cell mainly in rigid cell like bone cell.
We mainly focus on the above limitations and in our study, we investigated the membrane surface tension
of a bi-layer osteoblast cell located in a micro channel in between two side wall electrodes. We also find out the
effect of neighbour cells on membrane surface tension. The pulse shape was chosen as a square wave, which is
widely used in the micro fluidic devices. This electric pulse shape can be easily generated by contracting the
cross-sectional area of the micro channels or using a high-voltage pulse generator.
In first part of the present study we developed a 3D micro fluidic model of the system of our current
study and the simple electrical equivalent circuit of bi layer osteoblast which is placed in between two
electrode at the micro fluidic channel. Cell as a primary model for osteo cell induced by an external rectangular
electric pulse. Although we can also use the triangular or saw tooth electrical pulse but the results are not expected
,where as in micro-fluidic channel the rectangular pulse is more convenient to apply. This model is used to
investigate the process of measuring the surface tension of that inner and outer layers of osteoblast cell,
2. Analysis of Dense Osteoblast Surface Tension in a Micro Chip
www.ijerd.com 99 | Page
including their related numerical analysis. The modeling results are compared to analytical data reported in the
literature.
We also studied the effects of the specification of rectangular electric pulse
(duration,intensity,interval), electrode geometry( width,gap,shape,material),dimension of micro fluidic channel
as well as the nature of suspension media on inner and outer membrane surface tension of osteoblast cell at
radio frequency (10GHz) in three different parts. As the cells are in contact together tightly so we also consider
the effect of neighbour cells on membrane electroporation to make the result more important and realistic .In
remaining part of our study we numerically find out the dependency of surface tension on electroporation of
osteoblast cell in micro fluidic channel. The mathematical modelling and governing equations of cell membrane
surface tension are introduced in numerical simulation section and Result and Discussion deals with graphical
and numerical approach of our current study. All the information of our study gives the new aid to the osteo
clinical diagnosis and bone cancer treatment.
II. THEORY
Model description:
Fig. 1 Top view of the assumed 3D system of the current study. A cell of radius a is assumed in the
micro channel of height hc. The micro channel is filled with the conductive medium. The required voltage of the
electroporation is applied via the two electrodes of length d located on the wall of the micro channel.
Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the system of our current study. A double layer osteoblast cell
having radius of 12ππ and thickness of 9ππ immersed in a micro channel of height 500ππ is considered.
The micro channel is filled with a conductive medium (an aqueous solution). The required electric pulse for
electroporation is applied to the cell via the two electrodes placed on the side walls of the micro channel. The
depolarized , hyperpolarized poles, equator line ,the border between the electroporated and the
nonelectroporated regions on the membrane are indicated as usual. In the theory of cell membrane
permeabilization, there are two kinds of pores in the cell membrane: hydrophobic and hydrophilic. But in our
study, we investigated the change of surface tension to create the hydrophilic nanopores in the outer and inner
membrane.
In our analytical and theoretical study, we applied bi-layer model to the system shown in Fig. 1 is to
investigate the change of membrane surface tension by applying external electric field on bi-layer osteoblast
cell in a micro channel at radio frequency. In this figure π π & π π denote the radiuses of the cell cytoplasm and
nuclease respectively; ππ πππ ππ denote the thicknesses of the cytoplasm and nucleus membranes
respectively; πΎππ, πΎππ, πΎπ, πΎπ πππ πΎπ describe the conductivities of nucleus membrane, cytoplasm, organelle
membrane, cytoplasm, cell membrane and extracellular medium respectively, while πππ, πππ, ππ, ππ, ππdenote
their permittivity, ΞΈ is the polar angle measured with respect to the direction of the field. For a given ΞΈ, the
transmembrane potentials are πππππ π and πππππ π are the voltage of inner & outer membrane respectively.
In our study, we applied this bi-layer model to the cell located in the micro channel to study the
effects of various boundary conditions, including the pulse, micro electrode micro channel dimensions and basic
property on cell membrane surface tension.
Fig 2 Complete electrical potential distribution within the 3D hybrid micro chip.
3. Analysis of Dense Osteoblast Surface Tension in a Micro Chip
www.ijerd.com 100 | Page
According to their electrical parameters, the extracellular medium, cytoplasm and organelle cytoplasm
mainly exhibit conductive characteristic, so the capacitive component of them can be neglected . the cell
membrane and organelle membrane mainly exhibit dielectric characteristic, so their conductive component can
be neglected. Therefore, when studying the transmembrane potential across cell membrane, because inside the
cell are mostly the conductive cytoplasm and organelle cytoplasm, the cell membrane can be regarded as a
capacitance Cm with the intra membranous organelles (cytoplasm, nucleolus, etc.) equivalent to a conductance
G. Similarly, when studying the transmembrane potential across organelle membrane, the organelle membrane
can be regarded as a capacitance πΆπ with organelle cytoplasm equivalent to a conductance Gn. According to the
above analysis, the equivalent complex domain RC circuit for studying cellular electroporation is presented and
shown in Figure 3.With the help of complex domain RC model, we can explain the various effect of pulse,
electrode ,micro fluidic channel & suspension media on bi-layer osteoblast cell membrane surface tension .All
the theoretical part which is referred from different well known research papers are explanation as follows.
2.1 Effect of rectangular Pulse specification on outer & inner surface Tension:
C.Yao et al gave the following Schematic diagram of double -shelled spherical cell in suspension,
which is used for theoretical explanation of outer and inner membrane potential of a biological cell.
Fig: 3 Schematic of double -shelled spherical
According to the transfer functions defined by C.Yao the inner and outer membranes to a given
rectangular pulse electric field E(s) can be obtained
ππ(π‘) = πΏβ1
π»π π . πΈ (π) ------ (1)
& ππ(π‘) = πΏβ1
π»π π . πΈ (π) (2)
Where,
π»π π =
ππ π cos π
πΈ ( π )
=
1.5π π cos π
ππππ π+1
& π»π π =
ππ π cos π
πΈ π
=
1.5 πππππ π π cos π
πππ’π π+1 + πππππ π+1
After simplification of equation (1)& ( 2) we get the outer membrane potential (ππ π‘ ) πππ inner
membrane potential ππ π‘ are as follows
ππ π‘ = 1.5 π π πΈ π‘ βπ
π‘
πππππ β 1 π‘ β π + π
π‘βπ
πππππ . 1 π‘ β π cos π β β (3)
ππ π‘ =
1.5 πππππ π ππ’π πΈ π‘
πππππ βπππ’π
(π
π‘
πππππ β π
π‘
πππ’π ) β (π
π‘βπ
πππππ β π
π‘βπ
πππ’π ).1. (π‘ β Ο) cos π ---------------- (4)
As we know thatπΈ(π‘) = π£/π, where π£=applied voltage & π= distances in between two electrode. We replaces
πΈ(π‘) = π£/π in equation (3) & (4) and get outer membrane potential (ππ π‘ ) πs
ππ π‘ = 1.5 π π
π£
π
βπ
π‘
πππππ β 1 π‘ β π + π
π‘βπ
πππππ . 1 π‘ β π cos π β β (5)
& inner membrane is
ππ π‘ =
1.5 πππππ π ππ’π (π£/π)
πππππ βπππ’π
(π
π‘
πππππ β π
π‘
πππ’π ) β (π
π‘βπ
πππππ β π
π‘βπ
πππ’π ).1. (π‘ β Ο) cos π ---- -(5)
According to the frequency response characteristic the inner and outer membrane potential are
expressed as follows,
ππ(π‘) = πΏβ1
π»π π . πΈ (π) -------------- (6) &
ππ(π‘) = πΏβ1
π»π π . πΈ (π) ------------- (7)
After simplification of equation (6) & (7) we get the outer membrane potential (ππ π‘ ) πππ innermembrane
potential ππ π‘ are as follows
ππ π‘ = 1.5 π π πΈ π‘ βπ
π‘
πππππ β 1 π‘ β π + π
π‘βπ
πππππ . 1 π‘ β π cos πβ---------------- (8)
ππ π‘ =
1.5 πππππ π ππ’π πΈ π‘
πππππ βπππ’π
(π
π‘
πππππ β π
π‘
πππ’π ) β (π
π‘βπ
πππππ β π
π‘βπ
πππ’π )(π‘ β Ο) cos πβ ------- - (9)
As we know that E (t) = v/d, where v=applied voltage & d= distances in between two electrode. We replaces
πΈ(π‘) = π£/π in equation (14) & (15) and get outer membrane potential (ππ π‘ ) πs
ππ π‘ = 1.5 π π (π£/π) βπ
π‘
πππππ β 1 π‘ β π + π
π‘βπ
πππππ . 1 π‘ β π cos π----(10)
4. Analysis of Dense Osteoblast Surface Tension in a Micro Chip
www.ijerd.com 101 | Page
& inner membrane is
ππ π‘ =
1.5 πππππ π ππ’π (π£/π)
πππππ βπππ’π
(π
π‘
πππππ β π
π‘
πππ’π ) β (π
π‘βπ
πππππ β π
π‘βπ
πππ’π ).1. (π‘ β Ο) cos π------ (11)
As we know that E (t) = v/d, where v=applied voltage & d= distances in between two electrode. We replaces
πΈ(π‘) = π£/π in equation (14) & (15) and get outer membrane potential (ππ π‘ ) πs
ππ π‘ = 1.5 π π (π£/π) βπ
π‘
πππππ β 1 π‘ β π + π
π‘βπ
πππππ . 1 π‘ β π cos π----(16)
& inner membrane is
ππ π‘ =
1.5 πππππ π ππ’π (π£/π)
πππππ βπππ’π
(π
π‘
πππππ β π
π‘
πππ’π ) β (π
π‘βπ
πππππ β π
π‘βπ
πππ’π ).1. (π‘ β Ο) cos π------ (17)
As we know when the electric field is applied on the biological cell its molecular & chemical property
are changes which may cause the change outer or inner membrane potential and it controls the formation of
pores on the membrane. If the external electric field is separated from the system the pores starts to reseal after
some times. All this phenomenon is happened due to the change in elasticity as well as surface tension of the
membrane.In this regards C. Chen , S.W. Smye, M.P. Robinson,J.A. Evans exposed in their review article that
the alternative approach to the rupture of a bi layer membrane, but one which is still based on the notion of
membrane instability but without reference to the creation of pores, considers the electro hydrodynamic
instability of a planar layer of non-conducting liquid separated by two charged conducting liquids . This
assumes that such a system is analogous to a bi layer membrane between two conducting fluids. The conditions
for bi layer membrane stability are with respect to two kinds of perturbations of the two planar membrane
interfaces: symmetric (the interfaces oscillate in phase with each other) and asymmetric (the interfaces oscillate
in anti-phase). Since the BLM is moderately elastic, the symmetric wave, which is a squeezing mode, is
permitted, whereas the asymmetric wave, which is a stretching mode, will be damped due to the large elasticity
of membrane compression and the constant volume constraint that applies to the membrane.
According to this model, the membrane is stable with respect to long-wave perturbations if
π2
ππ =
π€π0
2
-------------(18)
Where, U is the membrane potential ,Ξ΅m is the permittivity of the membrane, π€ = surface tension of the
membrane and π0 is the thickness of the membrane.
The theory of electroporation reveals that if the electric field is applied on the membrane different
membrane is developed at the outer and inner membrane.
So the surface tension also changes in both layers, which is mathematically expressed as
Surface tension of outer membrane= π€ππ’π‘ =
2βππ βππ(π‘)
ππ
----------- (18A)
Where,ππ, ππ π‘ , ππ πππ permittivity, thickness, potential of the outer membrane ,If we put the value of
ππ π‘ From the equation (16) in equation (18A) we get,
π€ππ’π‘ =
2βππ β1.5 π π (π£/π) βπ
π‘
πππππ β1 π‘βπ +π
π‘βπ
πππππ . 1 π‘βπ cos π
ππ
--- (19)
For inner membrane the surface tension is calculated as
π€ππ =
2βππ βππ(π‘)
ππ
---------------------- (20)
Where,ππ, ππ π‘ , ππ πππ permittivity, thickness, potential of the inner membrane, than if we put the value of
ππ π‘ from the equation (17) in equation (20) we get,
π€ππ =
2βππ β
1.5 πππππ π ππ’π (π£/π)
πππππ βπππ’π
(π
π‘
πππππ βπ
π‘
πππ’π )β(π
π‘βπ
πππππ βπ
π‘βπ
πππ’π ).1.(π‘βΟ)
ππ
-------- (21)
Finally the equations (19) and (21) are the main effective equation which shows the the numerical dependency
of pulse duration , intensity & interval on outer and inner membrane surface tension.
2.2 Effect of electrode specification on outer & inner surface tension:
From the knowledge of di-electro spectroscope of cell membrane it is find out that
1
2πΎ0
+
1
πΎπ
= π π β β β πΊπ β 4
9 .----------(22)
Where π π = πππ ππ π‘πππππ ππ ππ¦π‘πππππ π, β = π£πππ’ππ πππππ‘πππ,
πΊπ =
π€πππ‘ ππ πππππ‘ππππ β πππππ‘ πππππππ‘ππππ
πππ‘ππ πππππ‘ππππ πππ
Replaces
1
2πΎ0
+
1
πΎπ
= π π β β β πΊπ β 4
9 in equation (4) & (11) we obtained
πππππ = π π β β β πΊπ β 4
9 β
ππ ππ
ππ
π π------------- (23)
& πππ’π = π π β β β πΊπ β 4
9 β
ππ πππ
ππ
π π ----------- (24)
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On the other hand we know from the theory of electrochemistry the value of produced voltage at metal
electrode π£ ππ expressed as
π£ = β
πΎβπ
π§βπ
πππ πΆπππ‘ --------------------------------- (25)
Where πΎ= Boltz man constant, π= absolute temperature, π§= valancy of electrode material & π=charge of an
electrode,πΆπππ‘= ionic concentration of electrode material.
As we replaced πππππ = π π β β β πΊπ β 4
9 β
ππ ππ
ππ
π π and π£ = β
πΎβπ
π§βπ
πππ πΆπππ‘ in equation (19) find
out the dependency of electrode width, length ,material and geometry on outer membrane surface tension and if
we put the numeric value of πππππ = π π β β β πΊπ β 4
9 β
ππ ππ
ππ
π π and π£ = β
πΎβπ
π§βπ
πππ πΆπππ‘ along with
πππ’π = π π β β β πΊπ β 4
9 β
ππ πππ
ππ
π π in equation (21),then we trace the inner membrane surface tension can
be controlled by the above electrode specifications.
2.3 Effect of micro fluidic channel specification on outer & inner surface tension:
As we know that if radius of cell is r and channel height H than relative resistances of cell placed in the micro
channel is consider as π = π/2π» .If we replaces π = π/2π» in equation ( 19 ) & (21) then the effect of channel
height on outer and inner membrane surface tension.
From the basic concept of electro kinetic theory of micro fluidic devices, the channel resistances π ππ is
numerically defined as π ππ =
2βπΎπ§
ππ βπ ,where πΎπ§ =
2π π2
π 1βπ2 and k=2 for biological ell,ππ= conductivity of
medium and π = ππ = ππ=π‘πππππππ π ππ ππππππππ.After simplification it is turned as
π = (2 β ππ§ )/(π ππ β ππ)---------------------------- (26)
On the other hand width of the channel is defined as
ππ = [π0 β (π ππ/π ππ + 2 β π πππ’)] β [
1
2βπ
β π2
]------------ (27)
Where,π0 =innetial velocity of fluid.&π πππ’= resistances of aqua medium. By replacing value of equation (26)
& (27) in equation ( 19 ) & (21) then we can explore complete numerical equation which shows the effect of
channel width and resistances on outer and inner membrane surface tension.
2.4 Effect of suspension media specification on outer & inner surface tension & pore density:
As the medium conductivity is a function of membrane potential which is the main component of surface
tension and. So medium conductivity has also a large influences on outer and inner surface tension of the bi-
layer single and dense osteoblast cell.
2.5 Effect of neighbours cell in osteoblast electroporation:
Maxwell derived his mixture equation for the effective conductivity Ο of a dilute suspension based on a
simple example. According to Maxwell the effective conductivity is as given bellow
ππ β π
2ππ + π
= π
ππ β ππ
2ππ + ππ
β β β β β (27)
Where Οe is medium conductivity and ππ is individual cell conductivity.π is the volume fraction of
cell. According to Bruggeman formula
π β ππ
ππ β ππ
ππ
π
1/3
= 1 β π β β β β β (28)
The above equation however, is again an approximation that, only for certain conditions, represents a
better approximation from Maxwell equation. Furthermore, for a special case of heterogeneous medium with
spherical particles arranged in an SCC lattice, Rayleigh obtained the following result .
π = ππ 1 +
3π
ππ + 2ππ
ππ β ππ
β π β π
ππ β ππ
ππ + 0.75ππ
π10/3
β (29)
Where a is a numerical factor which, according to Rayleigh, is 1.65. Later, Tobias and Meredith,
following the same procedure, obtained the same formula with the corrected value of the numerical factor a
being 0.523 instead of 1.65 .The effective conductivity π placed in equation (4) and (11) in the places of πΎπ
and πΎππ respectively.This numeric changes also implemented in equations (19) and (21) at πππππ πππ πππ’π
,which gives the relationship of surface tension for dense cell.
III. NUMERICAL SIMULATION
In this study, above equations are solved numerically to find the electric potential developed in outer
and inner membrane to investigate the creation of nano-pores on the cell membrane. The MATLAB-7.2 &
COMSOL-4.3a commercial package was used in the numerical simulations. In order to discrete the solution
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domain, unstructured meshes were applied. The solution domain was broken into small meshes to allow meshes
to fully cover the solution domain without overlapping. All the numerical values used in simulation are taken
from Table-I.
IV. USED PARAMETER
Table I Values for constants and parameters used in the simulations(constant parameters are collected from
different ref).
parameter Cell parameters value
conductivity
(S/m)
Extracellular
medium (ππ)
10 Γ 10β3
Cell membrane(ππ) 1.2 Γ 10β7
Cell cytoplasm(ππ) 0.039s
Nuclear
membrane(ππ)
10 Γ 10β1
Nuclear
cytoplasm(ππ)
0.08s
relative
permittivity
Extracellular
medium(ππ)
80
Cell membrane(ππ) 22
Cell cytoplasm(ππ) 93
Nuclear
membrane(ππ)
22
Nuclear
cytoplasm(ππ)
93
Geometry
parameter
(ππ)
Cell radius(ππ) 12 Β΅π
Cell membrane
thickness(π)
0.006Β΅m
Nuclear radius(ππ) 6 Β΅π
Constant
parameters
π0 1 β 109
π· 5 β 10β14
πΎ 1.38065
β 10β23
π 300
π½ 1.4 β 10β19
πΎ 1.8 β 10β11
πΉπππ₯ 0.7 β 10β9
π 1 β 10β6
ππ 0.97 β 10β9
ππ 0.31 β 10β9
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
The quantitative information used in the simulations is provided in Table 1. A cell of radius a (12 ππ)
is considered in the microchannel of height (500ππ). The necessary electric field (1v) was applied by the two
electrodes of width (50 ππ) located on the walls of the micro channel. The electric pulse span was on the order
of microseconds to peco second operated at radio frequency (10 GHz).
5.1 Evaluation of pulse:
5.1.1 Outer membrane:
(a)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
x 10
-8
angle -------->
surfacetentionofoutermembrane--------->
surface tention vs angle forsingle cell in diff pulse duration(um)
t = 0
t = 5
t = 10
t = 15
t = 20
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
x 10
-8
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentionofoutermembrane--------->
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in diff pulse duration
t = 0
t = 5
t = 10
t = 15
t = 20
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(b)
(c)
Fig. 4 Pulse evaluation of the outer membrane surface tension of a single and dense osteoblast cell located in
the micro channel of height (500ΞΌm), cell of radius a (12 ΞΌm), electrodes of width (50ΞΌm). a Variation of pulse
duration. b . Variation of pulse intensity , c. Variation of pulse interval.
Figure 4 depicts the variation of outer membrane surface tension for single and dense osteoblast cell. In
all cases the surface tension is varied in cosine form change in pole in between electric field and radius
vector.In every conditions the zero surface tension is obtained at pole (π = 90 & 270) which assigned the
minimum pressure and maximum pore radius at that pole, although value of surface tension is directly
proportional with pulse duration and intensity but inversely proportional for pulse interval. As we know the
critical voltage of a membrane potential is control by surface tension so if the surface tension is changed than
the critical voltage is also non uniformly distributed over the membrane which assigned the different radius of
the pore which are generated in the membrane for unique external electric field. Practically for efficient
electroporation we need minimum surface tension which may cause the maximum pore density on the
membrane. In 4.(a) this is for single and dense cell where positive surface tension exposed from pole π =
91 π‘π 269 and value is directly varied with pulse width and it should be minimum for efficient electroporations.
We also find out the negative surface tension region in the remaining part of the membrane exceptπ =
0 πππ 270 ,which implies that such part of membrane will inherently have an inverse Kelvin vapor pressure
effect, that resulting in increased water condensation. For single or dense cell the nature of the curve is same
but in dense cell value of surface tension is lower as compare to single cell which indicates the rigidity of the
previous cell. In 4.(b),(c) we vary the pulse intensity and duration, where nature of curves and effective pole
positions are same but their numerical results are different which is explored as previous.
5.1.2 Inner membrane:
( a )
(b)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
x 10
-7
angle-------->
SToutermembrane--------->
surface tention vs angle in different pulse amplitude
v= 0
v= 1
v= 2
v= 3
v= 4
v= 5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
x 10
-8
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentionofoutermembrane--------->
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in diff pulse intensity
v= 0
v= 1
v= 2
v= 3
v= 4
v= 5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentionoutermembrane-------->
surface tention vs angle in diff pulse duration
T = 0
T = 1
T = 2
T = 3
T = 4
T = 5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentionofoutermembrane--------->
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in diff pulse interval
T = 0
T = 1
T = 2
T = 3
T = 4
T = 5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
x 10
-7
angle-------->
STinnermembrane--------->
surface tention of membrane vs angle in diff pulse duration
t = 0
t = 5
t = 10
t = 15
t = 20
t = 25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
x 10
-3
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentiononinnermembrane-------->
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in diff pulse duration (us)
t = 0
t = 5
t = 10
t = 15
t = 20
t = 25
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(c)
Fig. 5.Pulse evaluation of the inner membrane surface tension of a single and dense osteoblast cell located in
the micro channel of height (500ΞΌm), cell of radius a (12 ΞΌm), electrodes of width (50ΞΌm). a Variation of pulse
duration. b . Variation of pulse intensity , c. Variation of pulse interval.
Figure 5 shows the variation of inner membrane surface tension for single and dense osteoblast cell.
Here also in the cases the zero surface tension (ST)is obtained at pole (π = 90 & 270) which assigned the
minimum pressure and maximum pore radius at that pole, although value of surface tension is same as outer
membrane but nature of the curve is reverse which reflects the opposite di-electric property of membrane. In fig
5 (a) pulse duration is varied and it is found that no response in micro scale although only at peco scale we
find some response but satisfied output is exposed at above that scale. This information supports the idea of
window effect of the membrane. In this figure it is also revels that in inner membrane the surface tension is
inversely proportional with pulse duration and negative surface tension is pointed out in between pole π =
91 π‘π 269 where increase the water condensation. The remaining part is under positive surface tension except
π = 90 & 270 and it should be as low as possible for efficient electroporation. For dense cell characteristic
curve is same as single cell but the value of ST is lower at same variation of parameters due to the rigidity of
cell. In fig 5(b) pulse intensity is varied and it is observed that nature of the curve is as same as previous and ST
is decreased when pulse intensity is increased .Numerical activity of dense cell in different pulse intensity gives
the lower value of ST as same as previous due to Maxwellβs effect. Fig 5(c) shows the change of surface
tension of both osteoblast cell in different pulse interval and it gives the separate negative and positive surface
tension region as compare to 5(a) and 5(b) although the surface tension is directly proportional with the change
of pulse interval.
From the above discussion we can optimised the pulse ( duration, intensity and interval) for efficient
electroporation in micro-channel. Optimised value of the pulse duration, intensity and interval are 10 ππ (outer
membrane)and10ππ (innermembrane),1π£, 10ππ rspectively.
5.2 Electrode specification:
5.2.1 Outer membrane:
(a)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
x 10
-7
angle-------->
ST--------->
surface tention vs angle in diff pulse intensity
v = 0
v = 1
v = 2
v = 3
v = 4
v = 5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentiononinnermembrane-------->
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in diff pulse intensity
v = 0
v = 1
v = 2
v = 3
v = 4
v = 5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
x 10
-13
angle-------->
innermembranesurfacetention--------->
surface tention vs angle in diff pulse interval(um)
Ta=0
Ta=1
Ta=2
Ta=3
Ta=4
Ta=5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
x 10
-8
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentiononinnermembrane-------->
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in diff pulse interval
Ta=0
Ta=1
Ta=2
Ta=3
Ta=4
Ta=5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
angle-------->
surfacetention--------->
surface tention vs angle in different width of electrode
W = 0
W = 10
W = 20
W = 30
W = 40
W = 50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
x 10
-3
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentionofoutermembrane--------->
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in diff electrode width
W = 0
W = 10
W = 20
W = 30
W = 40
W = 50
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(b)
(c)
( d )
Fig. 6.Electrode evaluation of the outer membrane surface tension of a single and dense osteoblast cell
located in the micro channel of height (500ΞΌm), cell of radius a (12 ΞΌm), electrodes of width (50ΞΌm). a
Variation of electrode width. b . Inter electrode distances,( c ) geometry of electrode , ( d ) Material of electrode.
After optimization of pulse we are looking for optimal electrode for efficient electroporations of bi-
layer osteoblast cell. To encourage this task we are taken different width, inter electrode gap, shape and material
of electrode ,whose analytical and graphical representation are shown in fig( 5) and (6). figure 6, explores the
variation of outer membrane surface tension and pore density for single osteoblast cell. In fig 5(a) we change
the width of electrode but we find that the variation of outer membrane surface tension because the electrodes
are placed at the side wall of the micro channel and they have no effect on created electric field. But in fig
5(b),5(c),5(d) we varies inter electrode spaces, geometry & constrictive material of electrode respectively,
where we have found the dependence of those electrode parameters on surface tension , although in all cases
zero surface tension is obtained at the pole π = 90 & 270 which assigned maximum pore density region and
location of biggest nanopores which is independent of microelectrode specifications for single or dense
osteoblast cell in micro channel at radio frequency.
From fig 5(b) we find that the surface tension of outer membrane inversely proportional with inter
electrode gap because this property of membrane is directly related to induced membrane potential which is
effected by electrode gap which is justified by simple electrostatic equation but along with this we also observed
the negative value of surface tension during the pole π = 91 π‘π 260 ππ£ππ the outer layer in all type of
electrode geometry. Which is due to the residual pressure present in the outer membrane and it results increase
the water condensation in the membrane. The remaining part is under positive surface tension except π =
90 & 270 and it should be as low as possible for efficient electroporation
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
angle-------->
ST--------->
surface tention vs angle in diff electrode gap
D= 0
D= 10
D= 20
D= 30
D= 40
D= 50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentionofoutermembrane--------->
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in diff electrode gap
D= 0
D= 10
D= 20
D= 30
D= 40
D= 50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.025
-0.02
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
surfaces tention vs angle for all microelectrode
angle of electric field-------->
surfacetention--------->
triangular
rectangular
shift rectangular
semicircular
shift semicircular
sawtooth
shift sawtooth
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
surfaces tention vs angle for dense cell in diff geometry microelectrode
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentionofoutermembrane--------->
triangular
rectangular
shift rectangular
semicircular
shift semicircular
sawtooth
shift sawtooth
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
x 10
-3
surface tention vs angle for different metal microelectrode
angle of electric field-------->
ST--------->
platinum
gold
carbon
silver choloride
bismuth
gold & platinum alay
PAP
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
x 10
-3
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in diff metal microelectrode
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentionofoutermembrane--------->
platinum
gold
carbon
silver choloride
bismuth
gold & platinum alay
PAP
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In fig 5(c) & 5(d) shows that the minimum surface tension is obtained if the geometry of the
microelectrode is triangular which is made by carbon and bismuth and biggest density nano pore is also formed
when microelectrode is triangular in shape which is made by carbon and bismuth . As melting point of bismuth
is higher than carbon so practically bismuth is widely used electrode material for osteoblast cell electro-
proration in micro channel at radio frequency. In every cases we observed lower value of surface tension is
obtained for dense cell in similar type of electrode. Because when a number of cell are closely attached their
effective conductivity and thickness is changed which effects the membrane potential as well as surface tension
of the membrane.
5.2.2 Inner membrane:
( a )
b )
( c )
( d )
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
x 10
270
angle-------->
surfacetention--------->
surface tention vs angle in diff electrode width
W=0
W=10
W=20
W=30
W=40
W=50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
x 10
-3
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentiononinnermembrane-------->
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in diff electrode width(um)
W=0
W=10
W=20
W=30
W=40
W=50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
x 10
-13
angle-------->
ST--------->
inner membrane surface tention vs angle in diff electrode gap
D=0
D=10
D=20
D=30
D=40
D=50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentiononinnermembrane-------->
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in diff electrode gap
D=0
D=10
D=20
D=30
D=40
D=50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
inner membrane surface tention vs angle for all microelectrode
angle of electric field-------->
surfacetention--------->
triangular
rectangular
shift rectangular
semicircular
shift semicircular
sawtooth
shift sawtooth
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
surface tention vs angle for dense cell
angle of electric field-------->
surfacetention--------->
triangular
rectangular
shift rectangular
semicircular
shift semicircular
sawtooth
shift sawtooth
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
inner membrane surface tention vs angle for different metal microelectrode
angle of electric field-------->
surfacetention--------->
platinum
gold
carbon
silver choloride
bismuth
gold & platinum alay
PAP
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in different metal microelectrode
angle of electric field-------->
surfacetention--------->
platinum
gold
carbon
silver choloride
bismuth
gold & platinum alay
PAP
11. Analysis of Dense Osteoblast Surface Tension in a Micro Chip
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Fig6.Electrode evaluation of the inner membrane surface tension of a bi layer osteoblast cell
located in the micro channel of height (500ΞΌm), cell of radius a (12 ΞΌm), electrodes of width (50ΞΌm). a
Variation of electrode width. b . Inter electrode distances,( c ) geometry of electrode , ( d ) Material of electrode.
Figure 6, explores the variation of inner membrane surface tension and pore density for single
osteoblast cell. Nature of the curves is reverse as compared to outer membrane which reflects the different
dielectric property of the membrane. In fig 6(a) we change the width of electrode but we find that the variation
of inner membrane surface tension is independent of it because the electrode is placed at the sidewall and it βs
width does not have any effect on the variation on change in electric field. But in fig 5(b),5(c),5(d) we varies
inter electrode spaces, geometry & constrictive material of electrode respectively, where we have found the
dependence of those electrode parameters on surface tension , although in all cases zero surface tension is
obtained at the pole π = 90 & 270 . Practically null surface tention is a virtual concept so we have make it as
smsll as possible. Hence It signifies that the location of biggest nano-pores and highly dense nanopore region
which is independent of microelectrode specifications for bi layer osteoblast cell.
From fig 5(b) we find that the surface tension of inner membrane inversely proportional with inter
electrode gap because this property of membrane is directly related to induced membrane potential which is
effected by electrode gap which is justified by simple electrostatic equation but along with this we also observed
the negative value of surface tension during the pole π = 0 π‘π 89 & π = 271π‘π 360 ππ the inner layer in all
type of electrode geometry. Which is caused by the residual pressure present in the inner membrane and it
indicates high water condensation area.
In fig 5(c) & 5(d) shows that the minimum surface tension is obtained if the geometry of the
microelectrode is triangular which is made by carbon and bismuth and biggest density nano pore is also formed
when microelectrode is triangular in shape which is made by carbon and bismuth . As melting point of bismuth
is higher than carbon so practically bismuth is widely used electrode material for osteoblast cell electro-
proration in micro channel.
On the other hand when we study on inner membrane of a dense cell, it is found that the numerical values are
lower but analytical graphs are as same as single cell which reflects rigidity of cell and the effect of neighbour
cell on osteoblast cell in micro fluidic channel.
we can optimised the electrode width, gap, shape and material for efficient electroporation in micro-
channel. Optimised value of the electrode width, gap are same i.e. 50 ππ,and shape should be triangular in
shape which is made by bismuth.
5.3 Channel specification :
5.3.1 Outer membrane:
( a )
(b)
Fig7:Microfloudic channel evaluation of the outer membrane surface tension of a bi layer osteoblast cell
applied pulse duration & intensity are 5ΞΌs & 1v respectly, cell of radius a (12 ΞΌm), electrodes of width (50ΞΌm)
and inter electrode distances (50ΞΌm). (a ). channel width,(b ) channel resistances.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
x 10
4
angle-------->
ST--------->
surface tention vs angle for different width of channel
wc = 100
wc = 200
wc = 300
wc = 400
wc = 500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
x 10
7
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentionofoutermembrane--------->
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in diff channel width
wc = 100
wc = 200
wc = 300
wc = 400
wc = 500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.01
-0.008
-0.006
-0.004
-0.002
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
angle-------->
SurfaceTention--------->
SURFACE TENTION vs angle for diff channel resistances
Rchn = 0
Rchn = 10
Rchn = 20
Rchn = 30
Rchn = 40
Rchn = 50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
angle-------->
ST--------->
SURFACE TENTION vs angle for different flowrate for rectangular pulse
Rchn = 0
Rchn = 10
Rchn = 20
Rchn = 30
Rchn = 40
Rchn = 50
12. Analysis of Dense Osteoblast Surface Tension in a Micro Chip
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Figure 7 illustrate the effects of micro channel width and resistances on outer membrane surface
tension which changes with the angle of applied electric field for bi-layer osteoblast cell. In all cases the zero
surface tension is obtained at the pole π = 90 & π = 270 ,which is independent of micro fluidic channel
specifications. Fig 7(a), 7(b), explore that the surface tension both are inversely proportional with channel
width & resistances. With the variation of channel width and resistances the location of positive and negative
surface tension region are fixed which display an important massage for drug delivery system.
5.3.2 Inner membrane:
( a )
(b)
Fig 8: Micro floudic channel evaluation of the inner membrane surface tension of bi layer osteoblast cell
applied pulse duration & intensity are 5ΞΌs & 1π£ πππ ππππ‘ππ¦, cell of radius a (12 ΞΌm), electrodes of width (50ΞΌm)
and inter electrode distances (50ΞΌm).(a) channel width,(b) channel resistances.
Figure 8(a),(b), shows the effects of micro channel width and resistances on surface tension of inner
membrane for osteoblast cell. The surface tension is widely effected by channel width and resistances. It is
inversely related with channel width & resistances. This variation happened due to the placement of electrode at
the sidewall of micro fluidic devices. We also find out the negative portion of surface tension because of
residual pressure on membrane and it is the cause of maximum water condensation on the membrane.
5.4 Evaluation of suspension of media :
5.4.1 Outer membrane:
(a)
Fig9: Micro fluidic channel evaluation of the outer membrane surface tension of osteoblast cell applied pulse
duration & intensity are 5ΞΌs & 1π£ πππ ππππ‘ππ¦, cell of radius a (12 ΞΌm), electrodes of width (50ΞΌm) and inter
electrode distances (50ΞΌm) in different medium conductivity for single cell and dense cell.
Figures 9, illustrate the effects of conductivity of suspensions media on outer membrane surface
tension for bi layer osteoblast cell. In all cases the zero surface tension is exposed at pole π = 90 & π = 270
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
angle-------->
surfacetention--------->
surface tention vs angle for diff channel width
wc = 100
wc = 200
wc = 300
wc = 400
wc = 500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentiononinnermembrane-------->
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in diff channel width (um)
wc = 100
wc = 200
wc = 300
wc = 400
wc = 500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
x 10
-17
angle-------->
surfacetention--------->
surface tention vs angle for diff channel resistances
Rchn = 0
Rchn = 10
Rchn = 20
Rchn = 30
Rchn = 40
Rchn = 50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
x 10
-7
angle-------->
surfacetention--------->
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in diff channel resistances
Rchn = 0
Rchn = 10
Rchn = 20
Rchn = 30
Rchn = 40
Rchn = 50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
angle-------->
ST--------->
surface tention vs angle for different medium conductivity
sige = 100
sige = 10
sige = 1
sige = 0.1
sige = 0.01
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentionofoutermembrane--------->
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in diff concentration of media
sige = 100
sige = 10
sige = 1
sige = 0.1
sige = 0.01
13. Analysis of Dense Osteoblast Surface Tension in a Micro Chip
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which his not practically possible. But we make the surface tension as small as possible for efficient
electroporation. We also find out negative surface tension region in between π = 91 & π = 269 which is due
to residual pressure on membrane Although the value of surface tension is inversely related with the
conductivity of media which reflects the important characterization of osteoblast cell. This value is
independent of medium conductivity of the suspension media..
5.4.2 Inner membrane:
( a )
Fig 10: Micro fluidic channel evaluation of the inner membrane surface tension of a osteoblast cell applied
pulse duration & intensity are 5ΞΌs & 1π£ πππ ππππ‘ππ¦, cell of radius a (12 ΞΌm), electrodes of width (50ΞΌm)and
inter electrode distances(50ΞΌm) in different medium conductivity for single cell and dense cell.
Figures 9, illustrate the effects of conductivity of suspensions media on inner membrane surface
tension for bi layer osteoblast cell. In all cases the zero surface tension is exposed at pole π = 90 & π = 270
which gives the idea of probable location biggest nanopores on the inner membrane and high pore density
regions. We also find out negative surface tension region in before π = 90 & after π = 270 which is due to
residual pressure on membrane and maximum water condensing in the membrane.. Although the value of
surface tension is directly related with the conductivity of media which reflects the important characterization
of osteoblast cell. The nature of the curves is opposite with compare to outer membrane which exposed the
reverse dielectric property of the membrane. In case of dense cell the surface tension is low in compare to single
cell in same variation of medium channel conductivity which is placed in the micro channel.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this study, membrane permeabilization of a bi-layer osteoblast cell in a micro channel was
investigated. The previous studies on cell electroporation consider cells in an infinite domain, which does not
reflect the finite boundary effects of micro channel walls on the membrane permeabilization process. In our
study, we found that the pulse specification(duration .intensity, interval),electrodes specification (width, gap,
geometry, material),height & width of micro channels and as well as the flow rate & conductivity of suspension
media have a great influence on bi-layer single and dense osteo cell electroporation. In this regard we obtained
the following conclusions.
In all cases the zero surface tension is exposed at pole π = 90 & π = 270 which is independent of
pulse, electrode, micro fluidic devices and suspension media.
We also find out that a specific region of membrane holds positive surface tension which should be as low as
possible for efficient electroporation and the remaining part of the membrane is evoke as the negative surface
tension region in which implies that such part of membrane will inherently have an inverse Kelvin vapor
pressure effect, that resulting in increased water condensation.
The numerical and analytical value of surface tension in outer and inner membrane are opposite to each another
which implies the different dielectric property of the membrane.
In micro fluidic channel the membrane permeabilization can be performed with very low electrical pulse
intensity (1-2v).To obtained the efficient electroporation in bi-layer osteoblast cell the optimum value of pulse
duration and interval are same (5 micro meter) for outer membrane but different ( 5 peco meter & 5 micrometer
) for inner membrane.
If the electric pulse intensity as well as the duration are constant than the electrode gap, geometry &
material of electrode have great influenced on osteoblast cell membrane surface tension in micro-channel at
radio frequency range.
From the above discussion we can optimised the pulse ( duration, intensity and interval) for efficient
electroporation in micro-channel. Optimised value of the pulse duration, intensity and interval are 10 ππ (outer
membrane)and10ππ (innermembrane),1π£, 10ππ rspectively.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
x 10
-5
angle-------->
surfacetention-------->
surface tention vs angle for diff medium conductivity
sige = 100
sige = 10
sige = 1
sige = 0.1
sige = 0.01
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
x 10
-7
angle of applied pulse-------->
surfacetentiononinnermembrane-------->
surface tention vs angle for dense cell in diff pulse duration
sige = 100
sige = 10
sige = 1
sige = 0.1
sige = 0.01
14. Analysis of Dense Osteoblast Surface Tension in a Micro Chip
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After optimization of pulse we focus on the specification of electrode and for unique electroporation the value of
the electrode width, gap should be same i,e 50 ππ,and shape should be triangular in shape which is made by
bismuth.
The surface tension is widely effected by channel width and resistances. It is inversely related with
channel width & resistances. This variation happened due to the placement of electrode at the sidewall of micro
fluidic devices.
The value of surface tension is directly related with the conductivity of media which reflects the important
characterization of osteoblast cell.
In case of dense cell the surface tension is low in compare to single cell in same variation of pulse,
electrode, micro fluidic channel and suspension media due their rigidity and change in effective permittivity of
osteoblast cell in micro channel at radio frequency.
All these are related to the dielectric properties of the osteoblast cell which can also aid in
understanding the basic physiological difference between normal and cancerous bone cells on a molecular level
and finally all the information given in this article might provide a new light on drug delivery system and
cancer treatment in bone cell. We are in process and more work has to be done to explore these possibilities.
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