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Parametric study of a low cost pneumatic system controlled by onoff solenoid ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Expensive proportional valves are dominantly used in pneumatic positioning systems even with low demanding accuracy
positioning tasks, which deprive pneumatic systems from its economical advantages. Thereby, using low cost on/off solenoid
valves instead of proportional valves has been a topic of research in the last decades. In this paper, a parametric study is
conducted to investigate the effect of using low-cost 3/2 internally pilot on/off solenoid valves to control a double acting cylinder
and study the system nonlinear response to on/off and PWM input signal. Matlab ® Simscape library is used to model and
simulate the system. The model is validated though experimental measurements of the system behavior. The model is used to study
and decrease the nonlinear pressure response associated with the cylinder chambers in addition to the evaluation of the dead
zone and operating range of the on/off solenoid valve when operated with PWM signal. The results show that using a meter-in
flow control and having a near constant cylinder back pressure can reduce the nonlinearity. An orifice of 1e-6 m2 can reduce the
pressure variation by 80% but increase the transient time. Connecting an accumulator with 1 liter volume can result in 50%
reduction in rod side pressure variation. The model has been used to predict the PWM parameters as well. It has been found that
the most suitable parameters for this valve are 20 Hz and duty cycle from 12 to 65%. These results encourage going further with
controlling a pneumatic position system using low-cost control valves and a simple controller.
Keywords: Pneumatic Control, PWM, On/Off Valves, Simscape, Matlab
DC servomechanism parameter identification a closed loop input error approachISA Interchange
This paper presents a Closed Loop Input Error (CLIE) approach for on-line parametric estimation of a continuous-time model of a DC servomechanism functioning in closed loop. A standard Proportional Derivative (PD) position controller stabilizes the loop without requiring knowledge on the servomechanism parameters. The analysis of the identification algorithm takes into account the control law employed for closing the loop. The model contains four parameters that depend on the servo inertia, viscous, and Coulomb friction as well as on a constant disturbance. Lyapunov stability theory permits assessing boundedness of the signals associated to the identification algorithm. Experiments on a laboratory prototype allows evaluating the performance of the approach.
Indirect current controlled single phase shunt active filterIAEME Publication
The document summarizes an indirect current control scheme for a single-phase shunt active filter. It proposes using a sine signal integrator to generate reference currents for the active filter by extracting the fundamental active current required by the load. A novel phase locking technique for single-phase systems is also presented, based on the sine signal integrator. Simulation results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed indirect current control and reference current generation techniques.
Finite State Predictive Current and Common Mode Voltage Control of a Seven-ph...IAES-IJPEDS
The paper illustrates finite set predictive current control (FSPC) along with
common mode voltage control of a seven-phase voltage source inverter
(VSI). The current and common mode voltage (CMV) controls are done
considering a finite set of control actions. The space vector model of a sevenphase
voltage source inverter produces 27 = 128 space voltage vectors, with
126 active and two zero vectors. Out of 126 space vectors 112 are distinct
and 14 are redundant vectors. To control the current and the common mode
voltage, specific set of space vectors are chosen that minimizes the
magnitude of the CMV and makes it a dc signal and simultaneously track the
reference current. Hence no common mode current can flow. Three sets of
space vectors are used for switching actuation, in one case only 15 vectors
are used (14 active and one zero), in second case 14 vectors are used,
followed by use of 8 space vectors (7 large and one zero) and finally 7 large
vectors are employed. Optimal algorithm is employed to find the vector
which minimizes the chosen cost function. The effect of selecting the cost
function, the number of space vectors on current tracking and common mode
voltage is investigated and reported. The developed technique is tested for
RL load using simulation and experimental approaches.
This paper presents a novel control strategy for switched reluctance generators (SRGs) to maximize efficiency through minimizing dc-link current ripple during current regulation at lower speeds. The control strategy was developed by analyzing experimental and simulation data to identify relationships between control parameters, current ripple, and efficiency. A multi-loop controller was created to regulate phase current, minimize current ripple through turn-off angle control, and maximize efficiency indirectly. Testing of the controller with a 1-kW SRG drive system demonstrated that minimizing current ripple through optimal control parameter selection can improve generating efficiency during low-speed operation with active current regulation.
Closed Loop Non Linear Control of Shunt Hybrid Power Filter for Harmonics Mit...IAES-IJPEDS
In recent years, the amount of non-linear loads has increased considerably since there were improvements in power electronic equipment (such as adjustable speed drives or converter ac-dc, ac-ac, dc-ac and dc-dc) in industrial sectors which cause deterioration of the quality of the electric power supply through distortion of supply voltage and supply current. This has led to improvement of many stringent needs regarding generation of harmonic current, which are found in IEEE519 and IEC61000 standards. This paper proposes a non-linear function based closed loop control strategy (without load current extraction) for three-phase Shunt Active Power Line Conditioner and LC passive filter to compensate harmonics, power factor improvement and enhance the dynamic performance of Shunt Hybrid Power Filter (SHPF). By using a PI controller the DC bus voltage of the Shunt Active Power Filter is maintained constant. Results obtained from simulation shows the performance of expected hybrid filter in transient and steady state operation . This indicates that the controller is able to compensate even under severe load current imbalances.
This research implements a PI controller based on harmony search (HS) optimization algorithm for voltage source inverter to improve the output performance under step load change conditions. The HS algorithm aims to handle the trial and error procedure used in finding the PI parameters and then apply the proposed control algorithm via the eZdsp TMS320F28355 board to link the inverter prototype with the Matlab Simulink. The mean absolute error (MAE) is used as an optimization problem to minimize the output voltage error for the developed controller (PI-HS) as compared to the PI controller based particale swarm optimization algorithm (PI-PSO). Based on the experimental results obtained, it is noted that the proposed controller (PI-HS) provides a good dynamic performance, robustness, constant voltage amplitude, and fast response in terms of overshoot, transient, and steady-state.
j2 Universal - Modelling and Tuning Braking CharacteristicsJohn Jeffery
1) The document outlines tuning the braking characteristics of an aircraft model using flight test data. Key steps included generating test cases from the data, reconstructing the data for analysis, and performing a re-prediction analysis to identify discrepancies.
2) Regression analysis on acceleration errors was used to derive an improved braking friction coefficient table. Additional tuning of thrust reverser dynamics provided better matching of deceleration profiles.
3) Sanity checks confirmed the friction coefficients derived were feasible. The tuned model matched the flight data to tolerances required for pilot training simulation.
Parametric study of a low cost pneumatic system controlled by onoff solenoid ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Expensive proportional valves are dominantly used in pneumatic positioning systems even with low demanding accuracy
positioning tasks, which deprive pneumatic systems from its economical advantages. Thereby, using low cost on/off solenoid
valves instead of proportional valves has been a topic of research in the last decades. In this paper, a parametric study is
conducted to investigate the effect of using low-cost 3/2 internally pilot on/off solenoid valves to control a double acting cylinder
and study the system nonlinear response to on/off and PWM input signal. Matlab ® Simscape library is used to model and
simulate the system. The model is validated though experimental measurements of the system behavior. The model is used to study
and decrease the nonlinear pressure response associated with the cylinder chambers in addition to the evaluation of the dead
zone and operating range of the on/off solenoid valve when operated with PWM signal. The results show that using a meter-in
flow control and having a near constant cylinder back pressure can reduce the nonlinearity. An orifice of 1e-6 m2 can reduce the
pressure variation by 80% but increase the transient time. Connecting an accumulator with 1 liter volume can result in 50%
reduction in rod side pressure variation. The model has been used to predict the PWM parameters as well. It has been found that
the most suitable parameters for this valve are 20 Hz and duty cycle from 12 to 65%. These results encourage going further with
controlling a pneumatic position system using low-cost control valves and a simple controller.
Keywords: Pneumatic Control, PWM, On/Off Valves, Simscape, Matlab
DC servomechanism parameter identification a closed loop input error approachISA Interchange
This paper presents a Closed Loop Input Error (CLIE) approach for on-line parametric estimation of a continuous-time model of a DC servomechanism functioning in closed loop. A standard Proportional Derivative (PD) position controller stabilizes the loop without requiring knowledge on the servomechanism parameters. The analysis of the identification algorithm takes into account the control law employed for closing the loop. The model contains four parameters that depend on the servo inertia, viscous, and Coulomb friction as well as on a constant disturbance. Lyapunov stability theory permits assessing boundedness of the signals associated to the identification algorithm. Experiments on a laboratory prototype allows evaluating the performance of the approach.
Indirect current controlled single phase shunt active filterIAEME Publication
The document summarizes an indirect current control scheme for a single-phase shunt active filter. It proposes using a sine signal integrator to generate reference currents for the active filter by extracting the fundamental active current required by the load. A novel phase locking technique for single-phase systems is also presented, based on the sine signal integrator. Simulation results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed indirect current control and reference current generation techniques.
Finite State Predictive Current and Common Mode Voltage Control of a Seven-ph...IAES-IJPEDS
The paper illustrates finite set predictive current control (FSPC) along with
common mode voltage control of a seven-phase voltage source inverter
(VSI). The current and common mode voltage (CMV) controls are done
considering a finite set of control actions. The space vector model of a sevenphase
voltage source inverter produces 27 = 128 space voltage vectors, with
126 active and two zero vectors. Out of 126 space vectors 112 are distinct
and 14 are redundant vectors. To control the current and the common mode
voltage, specific set of space vectors are chosen that minimizes the
magnitude of the CMV and makes it a dc signal and simultaneously track the
reference current. Hence no common mode current can flow. Three sets of
space vectors are used for switching actuation, in one case only 15 vectors
are used (14 active and one zero), in second case 14 vectors are used,
followed by use of 8 space vectors (7 large and one zero) and finally 7 large
vectors are employed. Optimal algorithm is employed to find the vector
which minimizes the chosen cost function. The effect of selecting the cost
function, the number of space vectors on current tracking and common mode
voltage is investigated and reported. The developed technique is tested for
RL load using simulation and experimental approaches.
This paper presents a novel control strategy for switched reluctance generators (SRGs) to maximize efficiency through minimizing dc-link current ripple during current regulation at lower speeds. The control strategy was developed by analyzing experimental and simulation data to identify relationships between control parameters, current ripple, and efficiency. A multi-loop controller was created to regulate phase current, minimize current ripple through turn-off angle control, and maximize efficiency indirectly. Testing of the controller with a 1-kW SRG drive system demonstrated that minimizing current ripple through optimal control parameter selection can improve generating efficiency during low-speed operation with active current regulation.
Closed Loop Non Linear Control of Shunt Hybrid Power Filter for Harmonics Mit...IAES-IJPEDS
In recent years, the amount of non-linear loads has increased considerably since there were improvements in power electronic equipment (such as adjustable speed drives or converter ac-dc, ac-ac, dc-ac and dc-dc) in industrial sectors which cause deterioration of the quality of the electric power supply through distortion of supply voltage and supply current. This has led to improvement of many stringent needs regarding generation of harmonic current, which are found in IEEE519 and IEC61000 standards. This paper proposes a non-linear function based closed loop control strategy (without load current extraction) for three-phase Shunt Active Power Line Conditioner and LC passive filter to compensate harmonics, power factor improvement and enhance the dynamic performance of Shunt Hybrid Power Filter (SHPF). By using a PI controller the DC bus voltage of the Shunt Active Power Filter is maintained constant. Results obtained from simulation shows the performance of expected hybrid filter in transient and steady state operation . This indicates that the controller is able to compensate even under severe load current imbalances.
This research implements a PI controller based on harmony search (HS) optimization algorithm for voltage source inverter to improve the output performance under step load change conditions. The HS algorithm aims to handle the trial and error procedure used in finding the PI parameters and then apply the proposed control algorithm via the eZdsp TMS320F28355 board to link the inverter prototype with the Matlab Simulink. The mean absolute error (MAE) is used as an optimization problem to minimize the output voltage error for the developed controller (PI-HS) as compared to the PI controller based particale swarm optimization algorithm (PI-PSO). Based on the experimental results obtained, it is noted that the proposed controller (PI-HS) provides a good dynamic performance, robustness, constant voltage amplitude, and fast response in terms of overshoot, transient, and steady-state.
j2 Universal - Modelling and Tuning Braking CharacteristicsJohn Jeffery
1) The document outlines tuning the braking characteristics of an aircraft model using flight test data. Key steps included generating test cases from the data, reconstructing the data for analysis, and performing a re-prediction analysis to identify discrepancies.
2) Regression analysis on acceleration errors was used to derive an improved braking friction coefficient table. Additional tuning of thrust reverser dynamics provided better matching of deceleration profiles.
3) Sanity checks confirmed the friction coefficients derived were feasible. The tuned model matched the flight data to tolerances required for pilot training simulation.
Iaetsd fuzzy logic control of statcom for voltage regulationIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes a new adaptive PI and fuzzy control method for controlling a STATCOM (static synchronous compensator) to regulate voltage in a power system. A STATCOM is a device that can provide fast reactive power support to maintain power system voltage stability. Previous STATCOM control methods often use PI (proportional-integral) controllers but require extensive tuning to determine optimal control parameters. The new adaptive fuzzy and PI control proposed in this document can self-adjust the PI control gains dynamically in response to disturbances, providing consistent performance under different operating conditions without needing retuning. This gives the STATCOM "plug-and-play" capability. The control method is described and its performance advantages over conventional STATCOM control with fixed PI gains are discussed.
The document describes the development of an experimental test rig for testing a dual fuel and diesel engine. Key components of the test rig include an L-shaped channel frame, Bakelite boards for mounting instrumentation, and panels for controls and loads. Instruments such as a voltmeter, ammeter, tachometer, temperature indicators, and fuel flow meters were installed to measure voltage, current, RPM, temperature, and fuel consumption. The test rig was designed to provide measurements needed to analyze parameters like power, speed, temperature, and fuel efficiency of the engine.
Analytical Evaluation of Generalized Predictive Control Algorithms Using a Fu...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A steepest descent algorithm for the optimal control of a cascaded hydropowe...IJECEIAES
Optimal power generation along the cascaded Kainji-Jebba hydroelectric power system had been very difficult to achieve. The reservoirs operating heads are being affected by possible variation in impoundments upstream, stochastic factors that are weather-related, availability of the turbo-alternators and power generated at any time. Proposed in this paper, is an algorithm for solving the optimal release of water on the cascaded hydropower system based on steepest descent method. The uniqueness of this work is the conversion of the infinite dimensional control problem to a finite one, the introduction of clever techniques for choosing the steepest descent step size in each iteration and the nonlinear penalty embedded in the procedure. The control algorithm was implemented in an Excel VBA® environment to solve the formulated Lagrange problem within an accuracy of 0.03%. It is recommended for use in system studies and control design for the optimal power generation in the cascaded hydropower system.
Experimental Evaluation of Torque Performance of Voltage and Current Models u...IJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, two kinds of observers are proposed to investigate torque estimation. The first one is based on a voltage model represented with a low- pass filter (LPF); which is normally used as a replacement for a pure integrator to avoid integration drift problem due to dc offset or measurement error. The second estimator used is an extended Kalman filter (EKF) as a current model, which puts into account all noise problems. Both estimation algorithms are investigated during the steady and transient states, tested under light load, and then compared with the measured mechanical torque. In all conditions, it will be shown that the torque estimation error for EKF has remained within narrower error band and yielded minimum torque ripples when compared to LPF estimation. This motivates the use of EKF observer in high performance control drives of induction machines for achieving improved torque response.
Development of a low cost test rig for standalone wecs subject to electrical ...ISA Interchange
This document describes the development of a low-cost test rig for evaluating fault diagnosis techniques for wind turbine generators (WTGs). The test rig uses a DC motor coupled to a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) and interfaced with a wind turbine model in LabVIEW. It is able to simulate the varying wind conditions seen by real WTGs. The document presents the modeling of the wind turbine, DC motor control strategy, SEIG modeling, and integration of the system instrumentation. It is shown that the test rig can effectively test fault diagnosis methods for the SEIG under non-stationary conditions like those experienced by WTGs. In particular, the paper evaluates the use of wavelet transform analysis for detecting
Mitigation of Voltage and Current Harmonics using UPQC Base on Synchronous Re...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on mitigating voltage and current harmonics using a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) based on the Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) method. The UPQC consists of a series active power filter connected in series with the source and a shunt passive filter connected in parallel with the load. The SRF method is used to detect voltage and current harmonics and generate compensating reference signals. Simulation results show the UPQC is able to reduce voltage and current harmonics to within IEEE standards, lowering the total harmonic distortion.
State Estimation based Inverse Dynamic Controller for Hybrid system using Art...XiaoLaui
Authors have proposed State Estimation Based Inverse Dynamics Controller (SEBIDC), which utilizes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based state estimation scheme for nonlinear autonomous hybrid systems which are subjected to state disturbances and measurement noises that are stochastic in nature. A salient feature of the proposed scheme is that it offers better state estimates and hence a better control of non-measurable state variables with a non linear approach in correcting the a priori estimates by avoiding statistical linearization involved in existing approaches based on derivative free estimation methods. Simulation results guarantees significant reduction in Integral Square Error (ISE) and standard deviation (σ) of error, between the controlled variable and set point and control signal computation time when compared with best existing related work based on Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). Detailed analysis of the experimental results on real plant under different operating conditions such as servo and regulatory operations, initial condition mismatch, and different types of faults in the system, confirms robustness of proposed approach in these conditions and support the simulation results obtained. The main advantage of the proposed controller is that the control signal computation time is very much less than the selected sampling time of the process, so direct control of the plant is possible with this approach.
Optimization of PID for industrial electro-hydraulic actuator using PSOGSATELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes an optimization of a PID controller for an industrial electro-hydraulic actuator system using a Particle Swarm Optimization-Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSOGSA). Three controller schemes are proposed - a PID controller, a PID controller optimized with PSOGSA, and a model reference adaptive controller (MRAC). The performance of the controllers is evaluated based on their ability to track the position of the piston actuator when an external disturbance is applied to the system. Simulation results show that the PID controller optimized with PSOGSA provides better position tracking performance compared to a standard PID controller and the MRAC.
Endurance Testing of Aircraft Electro-Hydraulic Actuator Using LabVIEWWaqas Tariq
In Aerospace Industry, Automated Test System at the qualification and certification laboratory improves characterization accuracy and plays a vital role to prove the airworthiness of the aircraft components. It is very helpful in achieving high quality standards of aircraft components by meeting the predefined qualification and certification test criteria. This paper outlines a comprehensive design and development of an Endurance Automated Test System for performing qualification and certification testing of Electro-Hydraulic (EH) Aircraft Actuator uses LabVIEW Graphical Test Software platform. This method is aimed at replacing the tedious and time consuming traditional method of performing the endurance testing for Aircraft Actuators.
Myocardial Infarction is one of the fatal heart diseases. It is essential that a patient is monitored for the early detection of MI. Owing to the newer technology such as wearable sensors which are capable of transmitting wirelessly, this can be done easily. However, there is a need for real-time applications that are able to accurately detect MI non-invasively. This project studies a prospective method by which we can detect MI. Our approach analyses the ECG (electrocardiogram) of a patient in real-time and extracts the ST elevation from each cycle. The ST elevation plays an important part in MI detection. We then use the sequential change point detection algorithm; CUmulative SUM (CUSUM), to detect any deviation in the ST elevation spectrum and to raise an alarm if we find any.
Pid parameters optimization using adaptive pso algorithm for a dcsm positiIAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on optimizing the parameters of a PID controller to control the position of a DC servomotor. It compares four tuning methods: Ziegler-Nichols, standard particle swarm optimization (SPSO), modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO), and adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO). The results showed that the proposed APSO algorithm gives better performance than the other optimization algorithms in terms of achieving faster response of the DC servomotor to reach the final position.
Principal component analysis based approach for fault diagnosis in pneumatic ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Direct digital control scheme for controlling hybrid dynamic systems using AN...XiaoLaui
An Estimator Based Inverse Dynamics Controller (EBIDC), which utilizes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based state estimation scheme for nonlinear autonomous hybrid systems which are subjected to state disturbances and measurement noises that are stochastic in nature, is proposed in this paper. A salient feature of the proposed scheme is that it offers better state estimates and hence a better control of non-measurable state variables with a non linear approach in correcting the a priori estimates by avoiding statistical linearization involved in existing approaches based on derivative free estimation methods. Simulation results guarantees significant reduction in Integral Square Error (ISE) and standard deviation (σ) of error, between the controlled variable and set point and control signal computation time when compared with best existing related work based on Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and Ensembeled Kalman Filter (EnKF). Detailed analysis of the experimental results on real plant under different operating conditions such as servo and regulatory operations, initial condition mismatch, and different types of faults in the system, confirms robustness of proposed approach in these conditions and support the simulation results obtained. The main advantage of the proposed controller is that the control signal computation time is very much less than the selected sampling time of the process, so direct control of the plant is possible with this approach.
A portable hardware in-the-loop device for automotive diagnostic control systemsISA Interchange
In-vehicle driving tests for evaluating the performance and diagnostic functionalities of engine control systems are often time consuming, expensive, and not reproducible. Using a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation approach, new control strategies and diagnostic functions on a controller area network (CAN) line can be easily tested in real time, in order to reduce the effort and the cost of the testing phase. Nowadays, spark ignition engines are controlled by an electronic control unit (ECU) with a large number of embedded sensors and actuators. In order to meet the rising demand of lower emissions and fuel consumption, an increasing number of control functions are added into such a unit. This work aims at presenting a portable electronic environment system, suited for HIL simulations, in order to test the engine control software and the diagnostic functionality on a CAN line, respectively, through non-regression and diagnostic tests. The performances of the proposed electronic device, called a micro hardware-in-the-loop system, are presented through the testing of the engine management system software of a 1.6 l Fiat gasoline engine with variable valve actuation for the ECU development version.
ECG Signal Analysis for Myocardial Infarction DetectionUzair Akbar
Myocardial Infarction is one of the fatal heart diseases. It is essential that a patient is monitored for the early detection of MI. Owing to the newer technology such as wearable sensors which are capable of transmitting wirelessly, this can be done easily. However, there is a need for real-time applications that are able to accurately detect MI non-invasively. This project studies a prospective method by which we can detect MI. Our approach analyses the ECG (electrocardiogram) of a patient in real-time and extracts the ST elevation from each cycle. The ST elevation plays an important part in MI detection. We then use the sequential change point detection algorithm; CUmulative SUM (CUSUM), to detect any deviation in the ST elevation spectrum and to raise an alarm if we find any.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This presentation covers why meters are tested and the type of tests that are performed on meters. An overview of field test methods and field equipment is also included. 01/28/2019
Comparison of Instantaneous Reactive and Notch Filter Algorithms Seven Level ...IJECEIAES
This work focused on the association of a seven level Neutral Point Clamped inverter and a parallel active filter. In order to test the efficiency of the 7 level parallel active filter, two reference current generating algorithms are used. The instantaneous reactive power algorithm and the notch filter algorithm. In this study, the instantaneous reactive power method and the notch filter method are presented. Than a section which gives a recall of the NPC multilevel inverter and PWM strategy. A comparison between the two reference current generating algorithms is made. The subjects of comparison are the total harmonic distortion (THD) and the fundamental value of the source current. The obtained simulation results have proved that the instantaneous reactive power technique is better than the notch filter technique. Simulations are carried out by PSIM program.
Modeling & Analysis of Shunt Active Power Filter Using IRP Theory Fed to Indu...IJERA Editor
Utility distribution networks have sensitive industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. Because of sensitivity of consumers on power quality and advancement in power electronics. Active power filter technology is the most efficient way to compensate reactive power and cancel out low order harmonics generated by nonlinear loads. The shunt active power filter was considered to be the most basic configuration for the APF. This paper reviews the basic principle of shunt active power filter, along with the current tracking circuit based on the instantaneous reactive power theory and the main circuit performing as an inverter with PWM hysteresis control. The instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method and instantaneous active and reactive power (p-q) method are two control strategies which are extensively used in active filters. A shunt active filter based on the instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method is proposed. This method aims to compensate harmonic and first harmonic unbalance. A Comprehensive control method is analyzed and a harmonic Compensation simulation is conducted, the result of which verifies The harmonic detection algorithm is well-proposed and the power Quality of the grid is overall-enhanced. The results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
The document discusses using iPhoto to edit pictures to make them look more professional. It explains that the user played with different settings through research to understand their effects. Key tools used were:
1) The "Quick Fixes" to fix red eye and enhance pictures by making them lighter and more detailed.
2) Straighten to align pictures and crop to remove unwanted background parts.
3) Effects to give pictures a unique feel, found through trial and error and feedback from others.
Iaetsd fuzzy logic control of statcom for voltage regulationIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes a new adaptive PI and fuzzy control method for controlling a STATCOM (static synchronous compensator) to regulate voltage in a power system. A STATCOM is a device that can provide fast reactive power support to maintain power system voltage stability. Previous STATCOM control methods often use PI (proportional-integral) controllers but require extensive tuning to determine optimal control parameters. The new adaptive fuzzy and PI control proposed in this document can self-adjust the PI control gains dynamically in response to disturbances, providing consistent performance under different operating conditions without needing retuning. This gives the STATCOM "plug-and-play" capability. The control method is described and its performance advantages over conventional STATCOM control with fixed PI gains are discussed.
The document describes the development of an experimental test rig for testing a dual fuel and diesel engine. Key components of the test rig include an L-shaped channel frame, Bakelite boards for mounting instrumentation, and panels for controls and loads. Instruments such as a voltmeter, ammeter, tachometer, temperature indicators, and fuel flow meters were installed to measure voltage, current, RPM, temperature, and fuel consumption. The test rig was designed to provide measurements needed to analyze parameters like power, speed, temperature, and fuel efficiency of the engine.
Analytical Evaluation of Generalized Predictive Control Algorithms Using a Fu...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A steepest descent algorithm for the optimal control of a cascaded hydropowe...IJECEIAES
Optimal power generation along the cascaded Kainji-Jebba hydroelectric power system had been very difficult to achieve. The reservoirs operating heads are being affected by possible variation in impoundments upstream, stochastic factors that are weather-related, availability of the turbo-alternators and power generated at any time. Proposed in this paper, is an algorithm for solving the optimal release of water on the cascaded hydropower system based on steepest descent method. The uniqueness of this work is the conversion of the infinite dimensional control problem to a finite one, the introduction of clever techniques for choosing the steepest descent step size in each iteration and the nonlinear penalty embedded in the procedure. The control algorithm was implemented in an Excel VBA® environment to solve the formulated Lagrange problem within an accuracy of 0.03%. It is recommended for use in system studies and control design for the optimal power generation in the cascaded hydropower system.
Experimental Evaluation of Torque Performance of Voltage and Current Models u...IJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, two kinds of observers are proposed to investigate torque estimation. The first one is based on a voltage model represented with a low- pass filter (LPF); which is normally used as a replacement for a pure integrator to avoid integration drift problem due to dc offset or measurement error. The second estimator used is an extended Kalman filter (EKF) as a current model, which puts into account all noise problems. Both estimation algorithms are investigated during the steady and transient states, tested under light load, and then compared with the measured mechanical torque. In all conditions, it will be shown that the torque estimation error for EKF has remained within narrower error band and yielded minimum torque ripples when compared to LPF estimation. This motivates the use of EKF observer in high performance control drives of induction machines for achieving improved torque response.
Development of a low cost test rig for standalone wecs subject to electrical ...ISA Interchange
This document describes the development of a low-cost test rig for evaluating fault diagnosis techniques for wind turbine generators (WTGs). The test rig uses a DC motor coupled to a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) and interfaced with a wind turbine model in LabVIEW. It is able to simulate the varying wind conditions seen by real WTGs. The document presents the modeling of the wind turbine, DC motor control strategy, SEIG modeling, and integration of the system instrumentation. It is shown that the test rig can effectively test fault diagnosis methods for the SEIG under non-stationary conditions like those experienced by WTGs. In particular, the paper evaluates the use of wavelet transform analysis for detecting
Mitigation of Voltage and Current Harmonics using UPQC Base on Synchronous Re...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on mitigating voltage and current harmonics using a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) based on the Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) method. The UPQC consists of a series active power filter connected in series with the source and a shunt passive filter connected in parallel with the load. The SRF method is used to detect voltage and current harmonics and generate compensating reference signals. Simulation results show the UPQC is able to reduce voltage and current harmonics to within IEEE standards, lowering the total harmonic distortion.
State Estimation based Inverse Dynamic Controller for Hybrid system using Art...XiaoLaui
Authors have proposed State Estimation Based Inverse Dynamics Controller (SEBIDC), which utilizes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based state estimation scheme for nonlinear autonomous hybrid systems which are subjected to state disturbances and measurement noises that are stochastic in nature. A salient feature of the proposed scheme is that it offers better state estimates and hence a better control of non-measurable state variables with a non linear approach in correcting the a priori estimates by avoiding statistical linearization involved in existing approaches based on derivative free estimation methods. Simulation results guarantees significant reduction in Integral Square Error (ISE) and standard deviation (σ) of error, between the controlled variable and set point and control signal computation time when compared with best existing related work based on Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). Detailed analysis of the experimental results on real plant under different operating conditions such as servo and regulatory operations, initial condition mismatch, and different types of faults in the system, confirms robustness of proposed approach in these conditions and support the simulation results obtained. The main advantage of the proposed controller is that the control signal computation time is very much less than the selected sampling time of the process, so direct control of the plant is possible with this approach.
Optimization of PID for industrial electro-hydraulic actuator using PSOGSATELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes an optimization of a PID controller for an industrial electro-hydraulic actuator system using a Particle Swarm Optimization-Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSOGSA). Three controller schemes are proposed - a PID controller, a PID controller optimized with PSOGSA, and a model reference adaptive controller (MRAC). The performance of the controllers is evaluated based on their ability to track the position of the piston actuator when an external disturbance is applied to the system. Simulation results show that the PID controller optimized with PSOGSA provides better position tracking performance compared to a standard PID controller and the MRAC.
Endurance Testing of Aircraft Electro-Hydraulic Actuator Using LabVIEWWaqas Tariq
In Aerospace Industry, Automated Test System at the qualification and certification laboratory improves characterization accuracy and plays a vital role to prove the airworthiness of the aircraft components. It is very helpful in achieving high quality standards of aircraft components by meeting the predefined qualification and certification test criteria. This paper outlines a comprehensive design and development of an Endurance Automated Test System for performing qualification and certification testing of Electro-Hydraulic (EH) Aircraft Actuator uses LabVIEW Graphical Test Software platform. This method is aimed at replacing the tedious and time consuming traditional method of performing the endurance testing for Aircraft Actuators.
Myocardial Infarction is one of the fatal heart diseases. It is essential that a patient is monitored for the early detection of MI. Owing to the newer technology such as wearable sensors which are capable of transmitting wirelessly, this can be done easily. However, there is a need for real-time applications that are able to accurately detect MI non-invasively. This project studies a prospective method by which we can detect MI. Our approach analyses the ECG (electrocardiogram) of a patient in real-time and extracts the ST elevation from each cycle. The ST elevation plays an important part in MI detection. We then use the sequential change point detection algorithm; CUmulative SUM (CUSUM), to detect any deviation in the ST elevation spectrum and to raise an alarm if we find any.
Pid parameters optimization using adaptive pso algorithm for a dcsm positiIAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on optimizing the parameters of a PID controller to control the position of a DC servomotor. It compares four tuning methods: Ziegler-Nichols, standard particle swarm optimization (SPSO), modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO), and adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO). The results showed that the proposed APSO algorithm gives better performance than the other optimization algorithms in terms of achieving faster response of the DC servomotor to reach the final position.
Principal component analysis based approach for fault diagnosis in pneumatic ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Direct digital control scheme for controlling hybrid dynamic systems using AN...XiaoLaui
An Estimator Based Inverse Dynamics Controller (EBIDC), which utilizes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based state estimation scheme for nonlinear autonomous hybrid systems which are subjected to state disturbances and measurement noises that are stochastic in nature, is proposed in this paper. A salient feature of the proposed scheme is that it offers better state estimates and hence a better control of non-measurable state variables with a non linear approach in correcting the a priori estimates by avoiding statistical linearization involved in existing approaches based on derivative free estimation methods. Simulation results guarantees significant reduction in Integral Square Error (ISE) and standard deviation (σ) of error, between the controlled variable and set point and control signal computation time when compared with best existing related work based on Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and Ensembeled Kalman Filter (EnKF). Detailed analysis of the experimental results on real plant under different operating conditions such as servo and regulatory operations, initial condition mismatch, and different types of faults in the system, confirms robustness of proposed approach in these conditions and support the simulation results obtained. The main advantage of the proposed controller is that the control signal computation time is very much less than the selected sampling time of the process, so direct control of the plant is possible with this approach.
A portable hardware in-the-loop device for automotive diagnostic control systemsISA Interchange
In-vehicle driving tests for evaluating the performance and diagnostic functionalities of engine control systems are often time consuming, expensive, and not reproducible. Using a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation approach, new control strategies and diagnostic functions on a controller area network (CAN) line can be easily tested in real time, in order to reduce the effort and the cost of the testing phase. Nowadays, spark ignition engines are controlled by an electronic control unit (ECU) with a large number of embedded sensors and actuators. In order to meet the rising demand of lower emissions and fuel consumption, an increasing number of control functions are added into such a unit. This work aims at presenting a portable electronic environment system, suited for HIL simulations, in order to test the engine control software and the diagnostic functionality on a CAN line, respectively, through non-regression and diagnostic tests. The performances of the proposed electronic device, called a micro hardware-in-the-loop system, are presented through the testing of the engine management system software of a 1.6 l Fiat gasoline engine with variable valve actuation for the ECU development version.
ECG Signal Analysis for Myocardial Infarction DetectionUzair Akbar
Myocardial Infarction is one of the fatal heart diseases. It is essential that a patient is monitored for the early detection of MI. Owing to the newer technology such as wearable sensors which are capable of transmitting wirelessly, this can be done easily. However, there is a need for real-time applications that are able to accurately detect MI non-invasively. This project studies a prospective method by which we can detect MI. Our approach analyses the ECG (electrocardiogram) of a patient in real-time and extracts the ST elevation from each cycle. The ST elevation plays an important part in MI detection. We then use the sequential change point detection algorithm; CUmulative SUM (CUSUM), to detect any deviation in the ST elevation spectrum and to raise an alarm if we find any.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This presentation covers why meters are tested and the type of tests that are performed on meters. An overview of field test methods and field equipment is also included. 01/28/2019
Comparison of Instantaneous Reactive and Notch Filter Algorithms Seven Level ...IJECEIAES
This work focused on the association of a seven level Neutral Point Clamped inverter and a parallel active filter. In order to test the efficiency of the 7 level parallel active filter, two reference current generating algorithms are used. The instantaneous reactive power algorithm and the notch filter algorithm. In this study, the instantaneous reactive power method and the notch filter method are presented. Than a section which gives a recall of the NPC multilevel inverter and PWM strategy. A comparison between the two reference current generating algorithms is made. The subjects of comparison are the total harmonic distortion (THD) and the fundamental value of the source current. The obtained simulation results have proved that the instantaneous reactive power technique is better than the notch filter technique. Simulations are carried out by PSIM program.
Modeling & Analysis of Shunt Active Power Filter Using IRP Theory Fed to Indu...IJERA Editor
Utility distribution networks have sensitive industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. Because of sensitivity of consumers on power quality and advancement in power electronics. Active power filter technology is the most efficient way to compensate reactive power and cancel out low order harmonics generated by nonlinear loads. The shunt active power filter was considered to be the most basic configuration for the APF. This paper reviews the basic principle of shunt active power filter, along with the current tracking circuit based on the instantaneous reactive power theory and the main circuit performing as an inverter with PWM hysteresis control. The instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method and instantaneous active and reactive power (p-q) method are two control strategies which are extensively used in active filters. A shunt active filter based on the instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method is proposed. This method aims to compensate harmonic and first harmonic unbalance. A Comprehensive control method is analyzed and a harmonic Compensation simulation is conducted, the result of which verifies The harmonic detection algorithm is well-proposed and the power Quality of the grid is overall-enhanced. The results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
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The document discusses using iPhoto to edit pictures to make them look more professional. It explains that the user played with different settings through research to understand their effects. Key tools used were:
1) The "Quick Fixes" to fix red eye and enhance pictures by making them lighter and more detailed.
2) Straighten to align pictures and crop to remove unwanted background parts.
3) Effects to give pictures a unique feel, found through trial and error and feedback from others.
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Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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This certificate of achievement from the Department of Higher Education and Training in the Republic of South Africa recognizes that Nkosi Benedict Ivithobisi passed the following subjects at the N5 level with effect from 2014-05-01: Workshop Practice Instruction, Mathematics N5, Electrotechnics N5, Industrial Electronics N5, and Power Machines N5. The certificate was issued by the Director-General of the Department under delegated authority from the Quality Council for Trade and Occupations.
Chris Teegan has worked at Kerry Foods for 31 years, starting as a food science graduate. He says the company provided him with diverse experiences that allowed him to develop and advance his career quickly. As Operations Director, leading the development of Kerry Foods' production system over the past 8 years has been exciting because the standardization of manufacturing processes allows all employees to contribute to improvements, giving them a sense of purpose and achievement.
Need of AMS Simulation in Mix IP Verification: Benefits and ChallengesDVClub
This document discusses the need for analog mixed-signal (AMS) simulation in verifying mixed-signal IP cores. It notes that AMS simulation is needed to properly verify both the analog and digital parts, as they are interdependent. Challenges in AMS simulation include randomizing electrical signals and having basic knowledge of AMS to set voltage domains and dump waveforms. AMS simulation found issues like an analog watchdog detecting incorrect values and an ADC calibration sequence error.
A Beijaflor Moto Express oferece serviços de entrega por motoboys em São Paulo, incluindo motoboys eventuais, permanentes, urgentes e veículos utilitários. A empresa surgiu para atender a necessidade de agilidade na entrega de encomendas de diversos tamanhos na cidade.
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Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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This document certifies that Srinivasarao Nalluri has passed the Cloudera Certified Developer for Apache Hadoop (CCDH) exam for CDH Version 5. His license number for the certification is 100-011-423 and the date of certification is December 02, 2014.
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Applying Parametric Functional Approximations for Teaching Electromechanical ...IOSRJEEE
In this paper functional approximations for the parameters of a DC machine are proposed. These nonlinear algebraic approximations are based on the experimental data that are obtained by carrying out several steady state and transient tests, besides, this method links mathematics and practical analysis of electromechanical systems, allowing students to improve their academic performance and comprehension by comparing estimated values with measured data. An excellent dynamic model results of combining the well known state space description and these parametric functional approximations. This augmented model provides reliable results even during demanding large-excursion transient conditions
This document presents a fuzzy logic controller-based method for isolating open circuit faults in a pulse width modulated voltage source inverter (PWM VSI) that provides power to a vector controlled induction motor drive. The method uses distortions in current waveforms that occur during faulty operating stages of the inverter to detect and isolate faults. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy logic controller in isolating open circuit faults introduced in the PWM VSI. The controller is able to isolate faults without additional hardware and with low computational requirements, making it suitable for implementation in existing vector controlled induction motor drive systems.
Fuzzy-Logic-Controller-Based Fault Isolation in PWM VSI for Vector Controlled...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Selection and Validation of Mathematical Models of Power Converters using Rap...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a methodology based on two interrelated rapid prototyping pro- cesses in order to find the best correspondence between theoretical, simulated, and experimental results of a power converter controlled by a digital PWM. The method supplements rapid control prototyping (RCP) with effective math tools to quickly select and validate models of a controlled system. We show stability analysis of the classical and two modified buck converter models controlled by zero average dynamics (ZAD) and fixed-point induction control (FPIC). The methodology consists of obtaining the mathematical representation of power converters with the controllers and the Lyapunov Exponents (LEs). Besides, the theoretical results are compared with the simulated and experimental results by means of one- and two-parameter bifurcation diagrams. The responses of the three models are compared by changing the parameter (K ) of the ZAD and the parameter (N) of the FPIC. The results show that the stability zones, periodic orbits, periodic bands, and chaos are obtained for the three models, finding more similarities between theoretical, simulated, and experimental tests with the third model of the buck converter with ZAD and FPIC as it considers more parameters related to the losses in different elements of the system. Additionally, the intervals of the chaos are obtained by using the LEs and validated by numerical and experimental tests. s
Supercapacitors are electrical energy storage devices with a high specific power density, a long cycle life and a good efficiency, which make them attractive alternative storage devices for various applications. However, supercapacitors are subject to a progressive degradation of their perfor-mance because of aging phenomenon. Therefore, it is very important to be able to estimate their State-of-Health during operation. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a very recog-nized technique to determine supercapacitors’ state-of-health. However, it requires the interrup-tion of system operation and thus cannot be performed in real time (online). In this paper, a new online identification method is proposed based on extended Kalman observer combined with a complementary PID corrector. The proposed method allows to accurately estimating supercapacitor resistance and capacitance, which are the main indicators of supercapacitor state-of-health. The new online identification method was applied for two voltage/current profiles using two different supercapacitors. The resistance/capacitance estimated by the new method and the conventional EKF were compared with those obtained by an experimental offline method. In comparison with conventional EKF, the capacitance obtained by the new method is significantly more accurate.
Comparison of Estimated Torques Using Low Pass Filter and Extended Kalman Fil...IAES-IJPEDS
Torque calculation process is one of the major concerns for controlling induction motors in industry, which requires very accurate state estimation of unmeasurable variables of nonlinear models. This can be solved if the variables used for torque calculation is accurately estimated. This paper presents a torque calculation based on a voltage model represented with a low-pass filter (LPF), and an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The experimental results showed that the estimated torque at low speed based on EKF is more accurate in the expense of more complicated and larger computational time.
An Improved Double Fuzzy PI Controller For Shunt Active Power Filter DC Bus R...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper targets to demonstrate the importance of the choice of the
algorithm references detection to be applied with a double fuzzy PI corrector
(DFPI) for the control and the regulation of a shunt active power filter
(SAPF) DC bus voltage. In a previous work, the synchronous reference
frame (SRF) algorithm was applied and gave satisfactory results. In the
present paper, the SRF is compared to the positive sequence of the
fundamental of the source voltage algorithm (PSF) which offered better
results regarding the power quality of the considered main utility feeding a
variable DC RL load throughout a diode bridge. The results were carried out
using computer simulation performed under MATLAB/Simulink
environment. To make the obtained results more convenient, a comparison
between the couples (SRF, PI), (PSF, PI), (SRF, DFPI), (PSF, DFPI) is added
to prove the effectiveness of the couple (PSF, DFPI) in satisfying the
compromise between a good regulation of the SAPF DC bus voltage and a
good quality of filtering resulting in an improved quality of power.
PWM-Switching pattern-based diagnosis scheme for single and multiple open-swi...ISA Interchange
This paper deals with a fault detection technique for insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) open-circuit faults in voltage source inverter (VSI)-fed induction motor drives. The novelty of this idea consists in analyzing the pulse-width modulation (PWM) switching signals and the line-to-line voltage levels during the switching times, under both healthy and faulty operating conditions. The proposed method requires line-to-line voltage measurement, which provides information about switching states and is not affected by the load. The fault diagnosis scheme is achieved using simple hardware and can be included in the existing inverter system without any difficulty. In addition, it allows not only accurate single and multiple faults diagnosis but also minimization of the fault detection time to a maximum of one switching period (). Simulated and experimental results on a 3-kW squirrel-cage induction motor drive are displayed to validate the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
Comparing of switching frequency on vector controlled asynchronous motorijscai
Nowadays, asynchronous motors have wide range use in many industrial applications. Field oriented
control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) are commonly used methods in high performance vector
control for asynchronous motors. Therefore, it is very important to identify clearly advantages and
disadvantages of both systems in the selection of appropriate control methods for many industrial
applications. This paper aims to present a new and different perspective regarding the comparison of the
switching behaviours on the FOC and the DTC drivers. For this purpose, the experimental studies have
been carried out to compare the inverter switching frequencies and torque responses of the asynchronous
motor in the FOC and the DTC systems under different working conditions. The dSPACE 1103 controller
board was programmed with Matlab/Simulink software. As expected, the experimental studies showed that
the FOC controlled motors has a lessened torque ripple. On the other hand, the FOC controlled motor
switching frequency has about 65-75% more than the DTC controlled under both loaded and unloaded
working conditions
Comparison of backstepping, sliding mode and PID regulators for a voltage inv...IJECEIAES
In the present paper, an efficient and performant nonlinear regulator is designed for the control of the pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage inverter that can be used in a standalone photovoltaic microgrid. The main objective of our control is to produce a sinusoidal voltage output signal with amplitude and frequency that are fixed by the reference signal for different loads including linear or nonlinear types. A comparative performance study of controllers based on linear and non-linear techniques such as backstepping, sliding mode, and proportional integral derivative (PID) is developed to ensure the best choice among these three types of controllers. The performance of the system is investigated and compared under various operating conditions by simulations in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control methods. Our investigation shows that the backstepping controller can give better performance than the sliding mode and PID controllers. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed backstepping controller are verified experimentally in terms of tracking objectives.
Open-Switch Fault-Tolerant Control of a Grid-Side Converter in a Wind Power G...IJPEDS-IAES
A fault-tolerant technique of a grid-side converter (GSC) is a very important
task because the unbalanced grid power endangers the overall system. Since
the GSC is very sensitive to grid disturbance, the complete system needs to
be stopped suddenly once an open-switch fault occurs. To improve the
reliability of system, the continuous operation should be guaranteed. In this
paper, a redundant topology based fault-tolerant algorithm is proposed for a
GSC in a wind power generation system. The proposed scheme consists of
the fault detection and fault-tolerant algorithms. The fault detection
algorithm employs the durations of positive and negaitive cycles of threephase
grid currents as well as normalized root mean square (RMS) currents.
Once a fault is detected, the corresponding faulty phase is identified and
isolated to enable the fault-tolerant operation. The faulty phase is replaced by
redundant one rapidly to recover the original shape of the grid currents,
which ensures the continuity in operation. In contrast with the conventional
methods, the proposed fault detection and fault-tolerant algorithms work
effectively even in the presence of the open faults in multiple switches in the
GSC. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed fault
diagnosis and fault-tolerant control algorithms.
Alienor method applied to induction machine parameters identification IJECEIAES
This paper presents an identification method to estimate simultaneously the electrical and mechanical induction machine (IM) parameters by using only the measured current and the corresponding phase voltage. This identification method is based on the output error and uses the multidimensional Alienor global optimization method as a minimization technique. Alienor method is essentially based on converting multivariable problem to monovariable one. To improve the Alienor method performance, the reducing transformation is proposed and compared with the genetic algorithm (GA). Firstly, the identification method is verified using the simulated data. Secondly, the validation is then confirmed by measured data from one machine. The corresponding computed transient and steady state currents agree well with the measured data. The results obtained show the superiority of the proposed Alienor method versus GA in terms of computing time.
In this paper, a detail design and description of a predictive current control scheme are adopted for three-phase grid-connected two-level inverter and its application in wind energy conversion systems. Despite its advantages, the predictive current controller is very sensitive to parameter variations which could eventually affected on system stability. To solve this problem, an estimation technique proposed to identify the value of harmonic filter parameter based on Model reference adaptive system (MRAS). Lyapunov stability theory is selected to guarantee a robust adaptation and stable response over large system parameter variation. The simulation results shows the efficiency of the proposed techniques to improve the current tracking performance.
Faults Diagnosis in Five-Level Three-Phase Shunt Active Power FilterIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, characteristics of open transistor faults in cascaded H-bridge
five-level three-phase PWM controlled shunt active power filter are
determined. Phase currents can’t be trusted as fault indicator since their
waveforms are slightly changed in the presence of open transistor fault. The
proposed method uses H bridges output voltages to determine the faulty
phase, the faulty bridge and more precisely, the open fault transistor.
Output feedback trajectory stabilization of the uncertainty DC servomechanism...ISA Interchange
This work proposes a solution for the output feedback trajectory-tracking problem in the case of an uncertain DC servomechanism system. The system consists of a pendulum actuated by a DC motor and subject to a time-varying bounded disturbance. The control law consists of a Proportional Derivative controller and an uncertain estimator that allows compensating the effects of the unknown bounded perturbation. Because the motor velocity state is not available from measurements, a second-order sliding-mode observer permits the estimation of this variable in finite time. This last feature allows applying the Separation Principle. The convergence analysis is carried out by means of the Lyapunov method. Results obtained from numerical simulations and experiments in a laboratory prototype show the performance of the closed loop system.
Evolutionary algorithms-based tuning of PID controller for an AVR system IJECEIAES
In this paper, an evolutionary algorithm-based optimization algorithm is proposed with new objective function to design a PID controller for the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. The new objective function is proposed to improve the transient response of the AVR control system and to obtain the optimal values of controller gain. In this paper, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and cuckoo search (CS) algorithms are proposed to tune the parameters of a PID controller for the control of AVR system. Simulation results are capable and illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Numerical and simulation results based on the proposed tuning approach on PID control of an AVR system for servo and regulatory control show the excellent performance of PSO and CS optimization algorithms.
Embedded fuzzy controller for water level control IJECEIAES
This article presents the design of a fuzzy controller embedded in a microcontroller aimed at implementing a low-cost, modular process control system. The fuzzy system's construction is based on a classical proportional and derivative controller, where inputs of error and its derivate depend on the difference between the desired setpoint and the actual level; the goal is to control the water level of coupled tanks. The process is oriented to control based on the knowledge that facilitates the adjustment of the output variable without complex mathematical modeling. In different response tests of the fuzzy controller, a maximum over-impulse greater than 8% or a steady-state error greater than 2.1% was not evidenced when varying the setpoint.
IRJET- A Placement Method of Fuzzy based UPFC to Enhance Voltage Stability Ma...IRJET Journal
This document presents a method for placing a fuzzy logic-based unified power flow controller (UPFC) in a power system network to enhance dynamic voltage stability. Voltage stability indices, including the LQP index and voltage collapse point indicators (VCPI), are used to determine the weakest transmission line under dynamic load variations. The UPFC's shunt and series converters are controlled using fuzzy logic and PI controllers, respectively. Simulations in PSCAD show that placing the fuzzy-based UPFC on the weakest line identified by the indices significantly improves voltage stability in IEEE 5-bus and 14-bus test systems.
COMPARING OF SWITCHING FREQUENCY ON VECTOR CONTROLLED ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORijscai
Nowadays, asynchronous motors have wide range use in many industrial applications. Field oriented
control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) are commonly used methods in high performance vector
control for asynchronous motors. Therefore, it is very important to identify clearly advantages and
disadvantages of both systems in the selection of appropriate control methods for many industrial
applications. This paper aims to present a new and different perspective regarding the comparison of the
switching behaviours on the FOC and the DTC drivers. For this purpose, the experimental studies have
been carried out to compare the inverter switching frequencies and torque responses of the asynchronous
motor in the FOC and the DTC systems under different working conditions. The dSPACE 1103 controller
board was programmed with Matlab/Simulink software. As expected, the experimental studies showed that
the FOC controlled motors has a lessened torque ripple. On the other hand, the FOC controlled motor
switching frequency
Similar to Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD) (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and limestone powder to replace cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Tests were conducted on SCC mixes with 0-50% replacement of cement with GGBS and 0-20% replacement with limestone powder. The results showed that replacing 30% of cement with GGBS and 15% with limestone powder produced SCC with the highest compressive strength of 46MPa, meeting fresh property requirements. The study concluded that this ternary blend of cement, GGBS and limestone powder can improve SCC properties while reducing costs.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
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AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 6, Issue 7 (April 2013), PP. 15-22
15
A Novel Approach for Detection and Diagnosis of Process
and Sensor Faults in Electro-Hydraulic Actuator
Pulak Halder
Scientist, Research Centre Imarat, Hyderabad-500069, INDIA
Abstract:- This paper presents an novel approach for fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) of sensor as
well as process faults for Electro-Hydraulic Actuators (EHA) using a bank of residual generators, each
of which employs an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)-based parameter estimator. In traditional sensor
fault detection schemes, actual sensor measurements are compared with measurements reconstructed
using state estimators following an analytical redundancy approach. In contrast, we propose detection
of sensor faults by comparing estimated values of plant parameters, which deviate under fault, with
their nominal values. Since process faults usually manifest themselves in deviation of process
parameters, this leads to a unified approach to fault detection using parameter estimators. Fault
isolation is then achieved by using the set of detection flags, obtained by thresholding each of the
residuals, in a so-called diagnosis matrix (D-Matrix). Unlike several earlier works on FDI for electro-
hydraulic actuator systems, which do not address sensor faults, the present approach is capable of
detection and identification of both sensor and process faults. Numerical simulation results for an EHA
of a rocket demonstrate the efficacy of the method.
Keywords:- Fault detection, model parameters and physical parameter, EKF,
I. INTRODUCTION
In aerospace applications consequences of faults can be disastrous, and therefore fault detection and
diagnosis is of high importance in such systems. Fault Detection and Identification (FDI) systems based on
hardware redundancy and voting logic incur penalties in terms of space, weight and cost. Therefore an FDI
approach based on model-based analytical redundancy and real time digital signal processing enabled by
inexpensive, high-speed embedded processors provide an attractive technological alternative.
In, electro-hydraulic actuator (EHA) generally, three types of sensors used are LVDT and differential pressure
transducers for the cylinder and current sensor for servo valve actuating coil. Critical process parameters of an
EHA for Flex Nozzle Control (FNC) of a rocket are bulk modulus and flex-seal stiffness. Failure in the above
sensors and significant changes in the above process parameter have been considered in this paper. Note that in
any fault detection method employing a parameter estimator, sensor measurements are invariably used. Hence,
fault detection and diagnosis using parameter estimators are intrinsically sensitive both to process and sensor
faults and must be able to isolate individual faults.
The problems of parameter fault detection in electro-hydraulic actuator using EKF have been addressed
by several researchers in the past few years. An and Sepehri [1] developed and experimentally verified an EKF-
based scheme for leakage fault detection in hydraulic actuator. They also showed another EKF based scheme
capable of detecting the incorrect supply pressure fault [2]. Chinniah et. al. [3] presented the EKF based bulk
modulus and viscous damping coefficient estimation in a hydraulic actuation system. However, the above works
addressed single parameter estimation using EKF for fault detection. Note that as solutions to FDD of a system
these are incomplete since these methods are also susceptible to faults in the system other than the particular one
considered. Chinniah et. al. [4] had also presented a method of direct estimation of several physical parameters.
While this caters to several process faults simultaneously, still the effect of sensor faults is not addressed.
Moreover, direct estimation of physical parameters often lead to non-linear-in parameters formulations which
must be solved using iterative nonlinear optimization methods such as the Levenberg Marquardt method.
However, it is well known that physical parameters can be estimated indirectly, by first estimating a set of
model parameters using a linear-in-parameters approach, and then solving them out from the estimated model
parameters, under certain conditions of identification (Iserman, [5]). All the above works have considered that
sensors measurement used in parameter estimators are normal. But in practice there is always the possibility of a
sensor fault which may be misconstrued as a parametric fault.
This paper presents a multiple EKF based fault detection and isolation method which can handle single
failures either in sensors or process parameters simultaneously. Multiple EKFs, each with a distinct set of
excitation and measurement variables, are used for the estimation of various physical parameters of interest.
2. A Novel Approach for Detection and Diagnosis of Process and Sensor Faults in…
16
Finally, these estimated parameters are compared with their nominal values to detect sensor or parametric faults.
Note that prior knowledge of the normal range of values of the parameters is usually available for comparison in
residual generators, which is not the case for state estimation based approaches. To the best of the authors’
knowledge, a method of detection of both sensor and process faults in EHAs has not been reported yet.
This paper is organized as follows. Section 1, gives the introduction of Fault diagnosis. A typical model
of electro hydraulic actuation systems which is used for the validation of fault diagnosis method is discussed in
Section 2. Section 3, gives the brief description of EKF as fault detector. Section 4 highlights the simulation
results. Conclusions and future scope of work are given in Section 5.
II. A TYPICAL MODEL OF ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC ACTUATION SYSTEMS
In rockets or aircrafts control surface (fin/nozzle etc) is used for generating the control forces and
moments based on a suitable command from autopilot. The servo controller of the actuator receives the position
command from the autopilot, compares it with actuator position sensor’s (LVDT) output and drives an
appropriate amount of current through the hydraulic servo valve spool actuating coil. The hydraulic power
amplification in the servo valve is in turn used to generate the requisite forces and the motion to the main
cylinder of the EHA [5]. Exact positioning of the cylinder under varying load on the nozzle is achieved by
closed loop feedback control. Fig. 1. shows a typical block diagram of an EHA.
Fig.1: Typical Block Diagram of Electro-Hydraulic Actuator
Note that although the basic flow-pressure relationships of a valve is non-linear, under closed loop
high-gain feedback control, typically existing in EHAs for aerospace applications (e.g. rockets under thrust
vector control), the commanded displacement range of the servo-valve remains confined to about 10% of its full
scale value. For such applications, linear modelling of an EHA is appropriate and is recommended in application
notes of major global aerospace actuator manufacturers [6]. Accordingly, a linear model is used in the EKF
estimator.
The corresponding parameters for linear electro hydraulic actuator model are given in Table -1.
Table I: Actuator Parameters
Parameters Descriptions
C1g Flow-current coefficient Q/I at P =0
Bulk modulus
Vo Entrapped volume
C2g Flow- Pressure coefficient
A Actuator area
Jo Nozzle Inertia
Ksd Seal Stiffness
m Equivalent Load mass
beq Friction Coefficient
lT Torque arm length
kpfb Feed back Gain
kp Controller gain
ki Controller gain
kv Servo valve gain
v Servo valve Bandwidth
3. A Novel Approach for Detection and Diagnosis of Process and Sensor Faults in…
17
In this typical EHA, the piston position (x) is measured using an LVDT and used as feedback. The
other two measurements, namely, the differential pressure (Pm) and the servo valve coil current (ic) are used for
monitoring only. Note that many of the parameters in the above model, such as Tl , A , Vo , m are geometric
and inertial, The two critical process parameter that decide the performance of the actual system are, the bulk-
modulus () of the hydraulic fluid and the flex-seal stiffness (Ksd). These parameters can also change
considerably due to faults such as introduction of air bubbles into the fluid or degradation of the flex seal
material over time. Hence, changes in these parameters are considered as process faults for detection in this
paper. In this work it is assumed that there is no fault in current sensor. This is only for simplicity. Inclusion of
the current involves construction of a higher order state estimator. Moreover, the probability of failure of LVDT
and pressure transducer are more than servo coil current sensor since the former involves moving parts which
operate in a hydraulic high pressure environment, while the current sensor is electronic. Further, provision of
hardware (h/w) redundancy is much easier for the current sensor than for an LVDT and/or pressure transducer.
Hence, a state space model of the actuator is realized considering servo valve coil current(ic) which is a result of
applied desired position command (xd) to the overall closed loop EHA system as an input excitation. This
formulation reduces the order of the model from 5th to 3rd order and simplifies the estimation.
The complete 3rd order state space model of the actuator can be written as follows:
.
1 2 1x x w (2.1)
.
2 21 1 22 2 23 3 2. . .x A x A x A x w
.
3 32 2 33 3 31 3. . . cx A x A x B i w
Where
1 2 3: ( ); : ( ); : ( );mx position x x velocity v x differential pressure p
2
21 22- / . ; - /T eqA ksd ml A b m
23 32/ ; -4. . / oA A m A A V
33 2 31 1-4. . / ; 4. . /g o g oA C V B C V
Two critical physical parameters such as bulk-modulus () and flex-seal stiffness (Ksd) are to be
estimated simultaneously. Hence, the augmented state space model of the actuator which will be used in EKF
based estimators is as follows:
.
1 2 1x x w (2.2)
.
2 21 4 1 22 2 23 3 2. . .mx A x x A x A x w
.
3 32 5 2 33 3 31 3. . .m m m cx A x x A x B i w
.
4 4x w
.
5 5x w
Where 4x Ksd , 5x = and 21 32 33 31, , ,m m m mA A A B are the coefficiets similar to
21 32 33 31, , ,A A A B without the term andKsd . 1 5.....w w are system noise elements.
Applying the forward difference approximation to the above continuous state space model, Eqn. (2.3),
the discrete state space model of the actuation system is as follows:
1 1 2 1( 1) ( ) . ( ) . ( )x k x k T x k T w k (2.3)
2 21 4 1 22 2 23 3 2( 1) . ( ). ( ) (1 . ). ( ) . . ( ) . ( )mx k T A x k x k T A x k T A x k T w k
3 32 5 2 33 5 3 31 5 3( 1) . . ( ). ( ) (1 . . ( )). ( ) . . ( ). ( ) . ( )m m m cx k T A x k x k T A x k x k T B x k i k T w k
4 4 4( 1) ( ) . ( )x k x k T w k
5 5 5( 1) ( ) . ( )x k x k T w k
where T is 10sec
The linearized system matrix is:
i
k ki,j
j
ˆ(x ,u ,0)
x
f
(2.4)
4. A Novel Approach for Detection and Diagnosis of Process and Sensor Faults in…
18
Where,
11 44 55 12 21 21 4( ) ( ) ( ) 1, ( ) , ( ) . .mk k k k T k T A x
22 22 23 23 24 21 1( ) 1 . , ( ) . , ( ) . .mk T A k T A k T A x
32 32 5 33 33 5 35 32 2 33 3 31( ) . . , ( ) 1 . . , ( ) .( . . )m m m m m ck T A x k T A x k T A x A x B i
and rest are zero.
III. EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER (EKF) AS FAULT DETECTOR
The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is a very well-known algorithm for estimation of state in nonlinear
dynamic systems. It can also be used for simultaneous estimation of parameters and state for linear state-space
models. The EKF uses a linear Taylor series approximation for covariance update. In recent times other
algorithms that use higher order covariance updates and also on-line covariance estimation such as the
Unscented Kalman Filter have been reported. These are however, computationally intensive and may not be
feasible for high bandwidth real-time signal processing algorithms. In view of the above the EKF is used in this
paper. Basic equations of the EKF are presented below for completeness. Details can be found in many
references such as [4], [7], [8].
Given the following nonlinear system,
( 1) ( ( ), ( )) ( )X k f X k U k W k (3.1)
( ) ( ( )) ( )Z k h X k V k
Where f(·) and h(·) are the nonlinear system and measurement functions. It describes the system state
vector X(k), the measurement vector, Z(k) and system input vector U(k).W(k) and V(k) are the process and
measurement noise vectors respectively.
EKF prediction equations:
ˆ ˆ( 1) ( ( ), ( ))X k f X k U k
(3.2)
-
( 1) ( ) ( )T
P k P k Q k
EKF correction equations:
- - 1
( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )]T T
K k P k H HP k H R k
(3.3)
- -ˆ ˆ ˆ( ) ( ) ( )[ ( ) - ( ( ))]X k X k K k Z k h X k
-
( ) [ - ( ). ] ( )P k I K k H P k
K(k) is known as the Kalman gain. P(k), Q(k) and R(k) are the covariance matrices related to the state
vector, X(k), process noise vector, W(k), and measurement noise vector, V(k), respectively.
Note that in a given EKF formulation it may be possible to estimate the state vector for different choices of the
measurement vector, if observability exists [8], [9]. This property can be exploited to generate structured
residuals by constructing a residual vector, each component of which is derived from a particular member of a
bank of EKFs with a measurement vector that is distinct from those of the other member EKFs of the bank.
Below we describe how such a design is achieved for the EHA.
The over all configuration of the proposed fault detection scheme [10] is shown in Fig.2. The
measurements (Z) from actuator are position (x) and/or differential chamber pressure (Pm), along with servo
valve coil current (ic), which is used as the input for the system model used in the EKFs. Advantage of using this
servo valve coil current (ic) as excitation to the filter is that it reduces the number of states of the EKF improving
computational complexity, convergence and ease of tuning. In the EKFs the estimator states comprises, the plant
states as well as two parameters namely, the bulk-modulus () and the flex-seal stiffness (Ksd).
Fig.2: Schematic Diagram of EKF Based Fault Detector
5. A Novel Approach for Detection and Diagnosis of Process and Sensor Faults in…
19
EKF generates estimated state vectors, at each sampling instance using the
measurement, Z(k) and U(k). The physical parameter components in the estimated state are then compared with
their normal range of value to generate the Fault Flags. During normal operating condition, physical parameters
in the estimated states are expected to converge to their true values within the normal range and thus the residual
signals remains at relatively low levels due to transient estimation errors, measurement noise and/or modelling
uncertainties. Upon the onset of faults these physical parameter estimates are expected to diverge from the
normal range thus causing relatively larger residuals in turn triggering fault flags. The detailed structure of the
bank of observers is shown in Fig. 3.
:( , , , , )mX x v P Ksd
EKF Based Estimator (E2) Residual Generator #2
:( )Z x
cU i FS Flag_2
BM Flag_2
:( , , , , )mX x v P Ksd
EKF Based Estimator (E1) Residual Generator #1
: ( , )mZ x P
cU i FS Flag_1
BM Flag_1
Nominal Value
Ksd = 800kg-m/deg; = 7000kg/cm2
: ( )mZ P
:( , , , , )mX x v P Ksd
EKF Based Estimator (E3) Residual Generator #3
cU i FS Flag_3
BM Flag_3
Fig.3: Multiple EKFs for Fault Detection
As shown in Fig. 3, in this case, a bank of three EKF based estimators (E1, E2 and E3) are used for
states/parameters estimation in parallel. Note that for each one the measurement vector is distinct. The estimator
E1 uses both the measurements, position (x) and differential pressure (Pm) where as estimator E2 uses only one
measurement position (x) and similarly estimator E3 uses only the differential pressure (Pm). For each these
estimators the state vector is observable from its measurements. Using this bank of EKFs, under a single fault
assumption, it is possible to detect and isolate different sensors and parameteric faults in actuator, structured
residual generation scheme as described below.
There are three residual generators corresponding to three estimators. Each residual generator uses two
estimated parameters and compares with their nominal range of values. A simple thresholding scheme is used
here, where residual signals are compared against some known constant threshold values and fault flags are set
if it crosses the threshold. More advanced schemes such as the Sequential Probability Ratio Test or Generalized
Liklihood Ratio Test etc. can also be implemented if a priori statistical knowledge of fault statistics exists. Each
residual generator produces two boolean fault flags namely the ‘FS flag’ and the ‘BM flag’ for flex-seal stiffness
(Ksd) and bulk-modulus () respectively. Thus corresponding to the estimators E1, E2 and E3 a total of six flags
are generated as shown in Fig 3.
So called fault diagnosis matrix or the D-Matrix is obtained by using all these fault flags.
Table I: Fault Diagnosis Matrix (D-Matrix)
In D-Matrix each row indicates the type of faults. It is to be highlighted that the distinct nature of each
row allows easily diagnosing the type of fault.
Parametric fault: If all three flags corresponding to a particular parameter show high then there is a fault in that
particular parameter.
If some of the flags but not all, corresponding to both the parameters show high then there is a possibility of
sensor failure which can be identified by the following logics:
ˆ ( )X k
6. A Novel Approach for Detection and Diagnosis of Process and Sensor Faults in…
20
LVDT failure: If the flags obtained from estimators E1 and E2 show high but not the same obtained from
estimator E3 then there is a fault in position sensor, i.e. LVDT failure. Since, the estimators E1 and E2 use
LVDT output (position (x)) as measurement whereas estimator E3 doesn’t. It uses differential pressure (Pm) as
measurement.
Pressure Transducer Failure: Similarly, if flags obtained from estimators E1 and E3 show high but not the
same obtained from estimator E2 then there is a fault in pressure sensor, i.e. pressure transducer failure. Except
the estimator E2 all other estimators use the output of pressure transducer as measurement.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Real time simulations with full order model of hydraulic actuator-driven flex-nozzle control system
were carried out in OPAL-RT/RT-LAB (Real time Simulation Computer) to simultaneously estimate the bulk-
modulus and flex-seal stiffness as shown in Fig. 4.
A signal having a dc with a sine wave of 3Hz frequency ( 0.5 +0.5Sin18t) was used as a input to the truth model
of the electro hydraulic actuation system. Corresponding srvo valve’s coil current was used as an excitation to
the EKFs. The estimated physical parameters such as bulk-modulus () and flex-seal stiffness (Ksd) are
compared with their nominal values (7000 kg/cm2 and 800 kg-m/deg) to generate the residuals. Fault is
identified by observing the variation of the residual signals. Fault flags are set based on the threshold value and
a fault diagnosis matrix (D-Matrix) is formed using the same.
Input Signal Actuator
Estimator-1
Estimator-2 Fault Detector
ic
pm Estimator-3
ic
pm
x
x
ic
Fig.4: Typical Simulation block diagram in MATLAB®/SIMULINK
In simulation, it was found that the EKF based estimators (E1, E2 and E3) estimated the states (x, v,
Pm) and physical parameters namely flex-seal stiffness(Ksd) and bulk-modulus () accurately.
In simulation the following faults were created.
i. LVDT signal failure
ii. Pressure Transducer signal failure
iii. Flex-Seal Stiffness fault
iv. Bulk-modulus fault
During each fault a distinct pattern of fault flags were obatined which were used for fault diagnosis
matrix (D-Matrix) formulation (Table-2).
In support of the D-Matrix, simulation results of all the fault are given in Fig.5 to Fig.8. Fault isolation logic had
performed successfully.
LVDT fault was created at 0.15sec. From the simulation results it was clearly observed that estimated
signals which were obtained from the estimators, E1 and E2 were diverging. But estimator E3 gave proper
estimation (Fig. 5). Fault flags corresponding to E1 and E2 i.e. ‘FS Flag_1’, ‘FS Flag_2’, ‘BM Flag_1’ and
‘BM Flag_2’ were high (1). As per D-matrix, the status of the flags clearly proved that there was a fault in
LVDT. Similarly a fault was crated in pressur transducer at 0.3sec. Simulation result (Fig. 6) showed that
estimator E2 estimates both the physical parameters correctly where as estimator E1 and E3 fail. Corresponding
fault flags were set (‘FS Flag_1’, ‘FS Flag_3’, ‘BM Flag_1’ and ‘BM Flag_3’ are high) which prove the fault in
pressure transducer as per D-Matrix.
To introduce the fault in flex-seal stiffness, the value of the same was increased to 1800 kg-m/deg in
the truth model and during simulation it was observed that all three estimators (E1, E2 and E3) had successfully
estimated this new value (Fig. 7) and all the fault flags corresponding to flex-seal stiffness i.e ‘FS flag_1’, ‘FS
flag_2’ and ‘FS flag_3’ were set to high (1).
7. A Novel Approach for Detection and Diagnosis of Process and Sensor Faults in…
21
Similarly to simulate the fault in bulk-modulus, the value of the bulk-modulus in the truth model was
decreased to 1000 kg/cm2
. Simulation result (Fig. 8) showed estimated this new value of bulk-modulus which
set all the fault flags corresponding to bulk-modulus i.e. ‘BM flag_1’, ‘BM flag_2’ and ‘BM flag_3’ to high (1).
As per D-matrix, the status of the flags clearly proved the fault in flex-seal stiffness and Bulk-moduls.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
500
1000
1500
2000
SealStiffness
Nom val
E1
E2
E3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
BulkModulus
Time(sec)
Nom val
E1
E2
E3
Fig.5: Estimated Physical Parameters during LVDT fault
Fig.6: Estimated Physical Parameters during Pressure Transducers fault
Fig.7: Estimated Physical Parameters during Flex-Seal Stiffness fault
8. A Novel Approach for Detection and Diagnosis of Process and Sensor Faults in…
22
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
500
1000
1500
2000
SealStiffness
Nom val
E1
E2
E3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
BulkModulus
Time(sec)
Nom val
E1
E2
E3
Fig.8: Estimated Physical Parameters during Bulk-Modulus fault
V. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE OF THE WORK
This paper presents, the sensor and process fault (in the form of parametric deviations) detection using
Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) in an electro-hydraulic actuator driven flex nozzle control system. Multiple
EKFs are used to detect the sensor and process faults. The D-matrix obtained from the estimated signals has
shown the successful isolation of sensor or parametric fault in electrohydraulic actuation systems. The present
approach described in this paper can be used for conitinuous health monitoring of an electro hydraulic actuator
of tactical aerospace vehicle with respect to process or sensor fault.
REFERENCES
[1] An. Li. N. Sepehri, Hydraulic actuator circuit fault detection using extended Kalman filter, Proceedings
of American Control Conference-03.Vol.5, pp.4261–4266J.
[2] An. Li. N. Sepehri, Hydraulic Actuator Leakage Fault Detection Using Extended Kalman Filter,
International Journal of Fluid Power, Vol. 6 Number 1 March 2005
[3] Y. Chinniah, R. Burton and S. Habibi Viscous damping coefficient and effective bulk-modulus
estimation in a high performance hydrostatic system using extended Kalman filter, International
Journal of Fluid Power Vol.4, pp. 27-34, 2003
[4] Y. Chinniah, Fault Detection in the Electro-hydraulic Actuator Using Extended Kalman Filter, Ph. D
Thesis.
[5] H.E. Merrit, 1967, Hydraulic control systems, Wiley Inc.
[6] MOOG Technical Bulletin 103, Moog Inc, Control Division, East Aurora, NY.
[7] R. Brown and P. Hwang, 1997, Introduction to Random Signals and Applied Kalman Filtering, 3rd
Edition, John Wiley &Sons.
[8] Pulak Halder, S. Mukhopadhyay, S. K. Chaudhuri, T. K. Ghoshal, Flex Seal Stiffness Estimation in
Flex Nozzle Control System Using Extended Kalman Filter, Proceedings of IEEE-ICIT, 2006, INDIA.
[9] Pulak Halder, S. Mukhopadhyay, S. K. Chaudhuri, T. K. Ghoshal, Detection of Parametric Fault in
Electro-hydraulic Actuator using EKF, Proceedings of IEEE-ICEAE, 2009, INDIA.
[10] Pulak Halder, S. Mukhopadhyay, S. K. Chaudhuri, T. K. Ghoshal, Detection and Diagnosis of Process
and Sensor Fault in Electro Hydraulic Actuator, Proceedings of ACODS-2012, INDIA.