Modeling of electric field and joule heating in breast tumor during electrop...Carlos A. Ramírez
— Electroporation consists in an electro-permeabilization of the cell membrane as a consequence of its exposure to an external electric field. Electrochemotherapy is an application of electroporation and represents a minimally invasive technique which is pretended to be applied in breast cancer treatment. The distribution of the electric field in tumoral tissue was obtained by simulation using finite elements technique.
This work presents a simulation of a breast carcinoma embedded in the healthy tissue under an electric field exposure through steel electrodes. The modeling of the current density and the temperature rise the electroporation whiting breast tissue and cancerous tissue seeks to observe by putting steel electrodes inside the deep tissue.
The effect of the electric field applied to deep tissue will depend on the geometry of the electrodes, Voltage applied through them and the kind of signal (time applied, voltage pulse train period, frequency pulses).
This document describes an experiment to study how yeast cells move when subjected to non-uniform electric fields (dielectrophoresis). Yeast cells were placed in a suspension between two pointed platinum electrode tips and exposed to alternating electric fields of varying frequency. The motion and clustering of cells at the electrode tips, where the electric field was strongest, was observed under a microscope over time. The clustering behavior depended on factors like field strength, frequency, suspension conductivity, and biological characteristics of the yeast cells.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Nuclear Isomerism
A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its nucleons (protons or neutrons). "
"Metastable" refers to the property of these nuclei whose excited states have half-lives longer than 100 to 1000 times the half-lives of the excited nuclear states that decay with a "prompt" half life (ordinarily on the order of 10−12 seconds). As a result, the term "metastable" is usually restricted to isomers with half-lives of 10−9 seconds or longer.
Augar Effect
The transition of a nucleus from an excited to the ground state may occur by the EJECTION OF ORBITAL ELECTRONS
It is an alternative GAMMA emission
IF the energy TRANSFERRED to the electrons in this process exceeds the electron binding energy EB ,The electron is ejected with a kinetic ENERGY
Ee =E - EBThe transition of a nucleus from an excited to the ground state may occur by the EJECTION OF ORBITAL ELECTRONS
It is an alternative GAMMA emission
IF the energy TRANSFERRED to the electrons in this process exceeds the electron binding energy EB ,The electron is ejected with a kinetic ENERGY
Thankyou....
Preliminary Studies on Immobilized Cells-Based Microbial Fuel Cell System on ...Conferenceproceedings
This document is an abstract for a paper presented at the 1st International Conference on Emerging Trends in Scientific Research in 2014. The paper studied a microbial fuel cell system using immobilized cells to generate electricity from wastewater. A single chamber microbial fuel cell was designed with an anode chamber and air cathode. Immobilizing electricigens in a polymeric matrix on an activated carbon support created close contact between the microbes and electrode, allowing high density electron transfer. This was expected to lower internal resistance and increase power production compared to traditional microbial fuel cells. The performance of the immobilized cell anode in the single chamber microbial fuel cell was evaluated based on open circuit voltage, closed circuit voltage, and polarization curve.
1) The document discusses mechanisms for generating seed magnetic fields in plasmas, including the Weibel instability caused by electron temperature anisotropy.
2) The Weibel instability arises when an anisotropic plasma with directional temperature dependence is perturbed by a magnetic field. This draws free energy from the electron temperature anisotropy to produce a growing magnetic field.
3) Other mechanisms discussed include magnetic field generation by non-parallel density and temperature gradients (Biermann battery), counterstreaming charged particle beams (current filamentation instability), and the ponderomotive forces of intense electromagnetic beams.
Modeling of electric field and joule heating in breast tumor during electrop...Carlos A. Ramírez
— Electroporation consists in an electro-permeabilization of the cell membrane as a consequence of its exposure to an external electric field. Electrochemotherapy is an application of electroporation and represents a minimally invasive technique which is pretended to be applied in breast cancer treatment. The distribution of the electric field in tumoral tissue was obtained by simulation using finite elements technique.
This work presents a simulation of a breast carcinoma embedded in the healthy tissue under an electric field exposure through steel electrodes. The modeling of the current density and the temperature rise the electroporation whiting breast tissue and cancerous tissue seeks to observe by putting steel electrodes inside the deep tissue.
The effect of the electric field applied to deep tissue will depend on the geometry of the electrodes, Voltage applied through them and the kind of signal (time applied, voltage pulse train period, frequency pulses).
This document describes an experiment to study how yeast cells move when subjected to non-uniform electric fields (dielectrophoresis). Yeast cells were placed in a suspension between two pointed platinum electrode tips and exposed to alternating electric fields of varying frequency. The motion and clustering of cells at the electrode tips, where the electric field was strongest, was observed under a microscope over time. The clustering behavior depended on factors like field strength, frequency, suspension conductivity, and biological characteristics of the yeast cells.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Nuclear Isomerism
A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its nucleons (protons or neutrons). "
"Metastable" refers to the property of these nuclei whose excited states have half-lives longer than 100 to 1000 times the half-lives of the excited nuclear states that decay with a "prompt" half life (ordinarily on the order of 10−12 seconds). As a result, the term "metastable" is usually restricted to isomers with half-lives of 10−9 seconds or longer.
Augar Effect
The transition of a nucleus from an excited to the ground state may occur by the EJECTION OF ORBITAL ELECTRONS
It is an alternative GAMMA emission
IF the energy TRANSFERRED to the electrons in this process exceeds the electron binding energy EB ,The electron is ejected with a kinetic ENERGY
Ee =E - EBThe transition of a nucleus from an excited to the ground state may occur by the EJECTION OF ORBITAL ELECTRONS
It is an alternative GAMMA emission
IF the energy TRANSFERRED to the electrons in this process exceeds the electron binding energy EB ,The electron is ejected with a kinetic ENERGY
Thankyou....
Preliminary Studies on Immobilized Cells-Based Microbial Fuel Cell System on ...Conferenceproceedings
This document is an abstract for a paper presented at the 1st International Conference on Emerging Trends in Scientific Research in 2014. The paper studied a microbial fuel cell system using immobilized cells to generate electricity from wastewater. A single chamber microbial fuel cell was designed with an anode chamber and air cathode. Immobilizing electricigens in a polymeric matrix on an activated carbon support created close contact between the microbes and electrode, allowing high density electron transfer. This was expected to lower internal resistance and increase power production compared to traditional microbial fuel cells. The performance of the immobilized cell anode in the single chamber microbial fuel cell was evaluated based on open circuit voltage, closed circuit voltage, and polarization curve.
1) The document discusses mechanisms for generating seed magnetic fields in plasmas, including the Weibel instability caused by electron temperature anisotropy.
2) The Weibel instability arises when an anisotropic plasma with directional temperature dependence is perturbed by a magnetic field. This draws free energy from the electron temperature anisotropy to produce a growing magnetic field.
3) Other mechanisms discussed include magnetic field generation by non-parallel density and temperature gradients (Biermann battery), counterstreaming charged particle beams (current filamentation instability), and the ponderomotive forces of intense electromagnetic beams.
The document discusses cell survival curves, which describe the relationship between radiation dose and the proportion of cells that survive. It provides details on direct and indirect radiation action, modes of cell death including mitotic and apoptotic death, and how survival curves are plotted based on in vitro experiments. It also covers models used to describe survival curves, including the single-target model, multi-target single-hit model, and linear quadratic model which accounts for both single and double particle events. The linear quadratic model is now widely used to model the effects of radiation therapy on tumor cells and normal tissues.
Electromagnetic waves are composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are created by vibrations between electric and magnetic fields. The electromagnetic spectrum is a group of electromagnetic waves that includes gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves. Each type of electromagnetic wave has different uses such as using gamma rays to kill cancer cells, using x-rays to take pictures of bones, and using visible light to enable vision.
The document summarizes research on the electrocaloric effect in ferroelectric nanowires compared to bulk materials. Key findings include:
1) The maximum electrocaloric response is reduced in nanowires compared to bulk, due to decreased spontaneous polarization and dielectric constant from reduced correlation length.
2) In polydomain nanowires, both the BaTiO3 and KNbO3 nanowires lose their electrocaloric properties, as the electric field is not well aligned with polarization in each domain.
3) The largest electrocaloric response occurs near phase transition temperatures where crystal structure changes and entropy is maximized, as shown in simulations of the electrocaloric temperature change.
The Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the Radiofrequency Dielectric Dispersion P...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
An alternative answer to the vital issues of power
production and wastewater treatment leads to the application of
microbial fuel cells. These present cells were constructed from
cheap Mfensi clay as ion-exchange-partition and anode chamber.
The performance of the cells has no significant variations in
relation to their volumes. Experimental results showed that the
maximum power densities of 69 mW/m2 and 55 mW/m2 were
obtained for Pot1 and Pot2 at 1000 Ω load respectively.
1. The document discusses various strategies to overcome tumor hypoxia, including improving oxygen delivery to tumors, using hypoxic cell radiosensitizers, and hypoxia-activated cytotoxic drugs.
2. It provides examples of compounds that have shown promise in improving tumor oxygenation, such as motexafin gadolinium, as well as hypoxia-activated cytotoxic drugs like tirapazamine.
3. Hypoxia-selective gene therapy is also discussed as a potential strategy to selectively kill hypoxic tumor cells.
This document summarizes three research studies on skin and keratinocytes:
1) The first study found elevated expression of osteopontin splice variants in nonmelanoma skin cancers compared to normal skin and adult keratinocytes. It also found that human adult keratinocytes expressed basal or induced levels of only two osteopontin variants.
2) The second study generated a mouse model lacking the desmoglein 1 protein and found it led to perinatal lethality and impaired skin barrier formation. Desmoglein 1 appears essential for normal epidermal morphogenesis.
3) The third study used fluorescence polarization microscopy and magnetic tweezers to investigate protein organization and force transmission at
Journal of Stem Cells Research, Reviews & Reports is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality Manuscripts in all related aspects covering Stem cell research that focuses on stem cells, which have a capacity to regenerate and develop into other types of cells namely, like kidney cells, liver cells, heart cells, etc. These circulate and function to replace dysfunctional cells, naturally maintaining optimal health. The Journal encourages all the current medical research that is focused on two particular types of stem cells -- adult and embryonic stem cells that are used in various stem cell therapies against many dreadful diseases.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed, open access journals in various fields of science and medicine with intent to bridge the gap between academia and research access.
Journal of Stem Cells Research, Reviews & Reports accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials on all the related aspects of Stem Cells and Cell-Based Therapies.
Lecture on Introduction of Semiconductor at North South University as the undergraduate course (ETE411)
=======================
Dr. Mashiur Rahman
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://mashiur.biggani.org
The researchers examined how the power level of reactive ion etching (RIE) affects the electrical characteristics of gallium nitride (GaN) trench metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). Samples were processed with RIE at power levels from 15W to 30W and then characterized through capacitance-voltage and current-voltage measurements. Higher RIE power levels were found to reduce the breakdown and flatband voltages of the devices, indicating that lower power RIE can produce transistors with less current leakage that can operate at higher voltages.
This document discusses a simulation of microwave cancer therapy using electromagnetic heating. It models an antenna geometry consisting of a thin coaxial cable with a ring-shaped slot cut into the outer conductor. The antenna operates at 2.45 GHz and is enclosed in a sleeve for hygienic purposes. The model couples the electromagnetic field generated by the antenna to a bioheat transfer equation to predict the steady-state temperature distribution in liver tissue for an input power of 10W. The results show the highest temperatures near the antenna, decreasing with distance due to blood perfusion cooling the tissue.
Dielectric Dilemma 1901.10805 v2 feb 4 2019Bob Eisenberg
A dielectric dilemma faces scientists because Maxwell's equations are poor approximations as usually written, with a single dielectric constant. Maxwell's equations are then not accurate enough to be useful in many applications. The dilemma can be partially resolved by a rederivation of conservation of current, where current is defined now to include the epolarization of the vacuumf ..0 .......... Conserveration of current becomes Kirchoff's current law with this definition, in the one dimensional circuits of our electronic technology. With this definition, Kirchoff's laws are valid whenever Maxwell's equations are valid, explaining why those laws reliably describe circuits that switch in nanoseconds.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This summary provides the key details about the document in 3 sentences:
The document analyzes the surface tension of osteoblast cells in a microchip. It studies how electrical pulses, electrode configuration, microchannel dimensions, and suspension media properties affect the surface tension of the inner and outer layers of osteoblast cell membranes. The document develops a 3D microfluidic model and electrical circuit model to investigate the membrane surface tension and how it is impacted by various parameters like pulse characteristics, electrodes, microchannel, and suspension media.
Dr. AVS Suresh, MD, DM, ECMO, Consultant Hemato-Oncologist, Chief Scientific Officer & Director, ClinSync, on the man-made as well as other kind of EMF radiation.
This document summarizes research on the dielectric properties of red blood cells (RBCs) and how they are affected by exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields. It discusses polarization mechanisms in biological materials and how dielectric properties are measured. Several studies found that prolonged exposure of rats to 50Hz magnetic fields with intensities of 0.2-3 mT caused structural changes to hemoglobin in RBCs, increasing their relative permittivity and conductivity over time. This suggests exposure may damage RBC function and metabolism, with downstream effects on organs. In conclusion, analyzing dielectric properties provides insight into electromagnetic field interactions with cells and how exposure may affect physiological processes.
This document discusses a study on the electromagnetic activity produced by oscillations of microtubules in cells. Microtubules are composed of electrically polar subunits that could generate electric fields when they vibrate mechanically. The study derives the electromagnetic field produced by an oscillating electric dipole to model the microtubule subunits. It then models microtubule networks in dividing and non-dividing cells and finds that the asymmetric network in a dividing cell produces a field that decays more slowly with distance. However, the calculated field intensities are very low and difficult to detect without sophisticated methods.
Bioimpedance describes the passive electrical properties of biological materials and serves as an indirect transdu-
cing mechanism for physiological events, often in cases
where no specific transducer for that event exists. It is an
elegantly simple technique that requires only the applica-
tion of two or more electrodes. electrodes are equal, it is called a bipolar lead, in contrast
to a monopolar lead. With 3-(tetrapolar) or 4-(quadropo-
lar) electrode systems, separate current carrying and
signal pick-up electrodes exist. The impedance is then
transfer impedance (12): The signal is not picked up from
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The document studies the window effect of rectangular electrical pulses on the membrane potential of an osteoblast cell modeled as a dielectric. It presents an equivalent circuit model of the cell subjected to time domain electric fields such as rectangular pulses. The model includes separate charging time constants and relaxation times for the inner and outer cell membranes. Simulation results show that shorter pulse durations selectively affect the inner membrane more than the outer membrane, while longer pulses can fully charge both membranes. The window effect provides insight into bioelectric phenomena like electroporation and nanopore formation, with applications to cancer treatment.
The document summarizes research on how low electromagnetic fields interact with excitable cells. It discusses how the heart generates the largest electrical and magnetic fields in the body within the extremely low frequency range. It also describes how cardiac muscle cells are interconnected through intercalated discs and gap junctions to propagate electrical signals. Finally, it provides background on bioelectricity, biomagnetism, and how electrical and magnetic fields can induce currents in tissues.
Effects of Electromagnetism Exposure on Human Environment PaperKenko95
This document summarizes research on the effects of electromagnetic fields on humans. It discusses that electromagnetic fields can affect biological processes in the human body and may help cancer cells proliferate. However, electromagnetic fields are also used for medical diagnosis and therapy. The document reviews several studies that have investigated the effects of electromagnetic field exposure on immune cells, DNA damage, and pacemakers, finding mixed results. Some studies suggest electromagnetic fields may suppress tumor growth and have other potential health benefits in treating conditions like cancer, osteoporosis, and neurological disorders. Overall, the research presents both potential risks and benefits of electromagnetic field exposure for human health.
Effect of Combined Antenna Electromagnetic Power to Humandrboon
This paper investigates the effect of the combined signals from the nearby cellular towers that have toward population health in Thailand. We investigate the frequencies in the operating ranges of GSM 850/ 900/ 1800/ 1900/ and 2100 MHz. Both power and frequency of electromagnetic wave have influence to living cell. In theory, these combined signals strength can fluctuate the energy level of certain minerals that are key components of human internal organs. These minerals, such as K+, Ca++, and Na+, are crucial in maintaining the balance for healthy body. The damage to the living organ from the small amount of heat energy that caused by the vibration of polar dielectric, such as H2O is even less than the damage that is caused by displacement of electron in the these minerals. In theory the charged particle that originated from as such demonstrates property of electric vector (magnitude, phase and direction) which cause the living cell to be prone to oxidization and degenerated; it can deviate from its normality. Hence, this study is crucial to human and all livings.
The document discusses cell survival curves, which describe the relationship between radiation dose and the proportion of cells that survive. It provides details on direct and indirect radiation action, modes of cell death including mitotic and apoptotic death, and how survival curves are plotted based on in vitro experiments. It also covers models used to describe survival curves, including the single-target model, multi-target single-hit model, and linear quadratic model which accounts for both single and double particle events. The linear quadratic model is now widely used to model the effects of radiation therapy on tumor cells and normal tissues.
Electromagnetic waves are composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are created by vibrations between electric and magnetic fields. The electromagnetic spectrum is a group of electromagnetic waves that includes gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves. Each type of electromagnetic wave has different uses such as using gamma rays to kill cancer cells, using x-rays to take pictures of bones, and using visible light to enable vision.
The document summarizes research on the electrocaloric effect in ferroelectric nanowires compared to bulk materials. Key findings include:
1) The maximum electrocaloric response is reduced in nanowires compared to bulk, due to decreased spontaneous polarization and dielectric constant from reduced correlation length.
2) In polydomain nanowires, both the BaTiO3 and KNbO3 nanowires lose their electrocaloric properties, as the electric field is not well aligned with polarization in each domain.
3) The largest electrocaloric response occurs near phase transition temperatures where crystal structure changes and entropy is maximized, as shown in simulations of the electrocaloric temperature change.
The Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the Radiofrequency Dielectric Dispersion P...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
An alternative answer to the vital issues of power
production and wastewater treatment leads to the application of
microbial fuel cells. These present cells were constructed from
cheap Mfensi clay as ion-exchange-partition and anode chamber.
The performance of the cells has no significant variations in
relation to their volumes. Experimental results showed that the
maximum power densities of 69 mW/m2 and 55 mW/m2 were
obtained for Pot1 and Pot2 at 1000 Ω load respectively.
1. The document discusses various strategies to overcome tumor hypoxia, including improving oxygen delivery to tumors, using hypoxic cell radiosensitizers, and hypoxia-activated cytotoxic drugs.
2. It provides examples of compounds that have shown promise in improving tumor oxygenation, such as motexafin gadolinium, as well as hypoxia-activated cytotoxic drugs like tirapazamine.
3. Hypoxia-selective gene therapy is also discussed as a potential strategy to selectively kill hypoxic tumor cells.
This document summarizes three research studies on skin and keratinocytes:
1) The first study found elevated expression of osteopontin splice variants in nonmelanoma skin cancers compared to normal skin and adult keratinocytes. It also found that human adult keratinocytes expressed basal or induced levels of only two osteopontin variants.
2) The second study generated a mouse model lacking the desmoglein 1 protein and found it led to perinatal lethality and impaired skin barrier formation. Desmoglein 1 appears essential for normal epidermal morphogenesis.
3) The third study used fluorescence polarization microscopy and magnetic tweezers to investigate protein organization and force transmission at
Journal of Stem Cells Research, Reviews & Reports is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality Manuscripts in all related aspects covering Stem cell research that focuses on stem cells, which have a capacity to regenerate and develop into other types of cells namely, like kidney cells, liver cells, heart cells, etc. These circulate and function to replace dysfunctional cells, naturally maintaining optimal health. The Journal encourages all the current medical research that is focused on two particular types of stem cells -- adult and embryonic stem cells that are used in various stem cell therapies against many dreadful diseases.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed, open access journals in various fields of science and medicine with intent to bridge the gap between academia and research access.
Journal of Stem Cells Research, Reviews & Reports accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials on all the related aspects of Stem Cells and Cell-Based Therapies.
Lecture on Introduction of Semiconductor at North South University as the undergraduate course (ETE411)
=======================
Dr. Mashiur Rahman
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://mashiur.biggani.org
The researchers examined how the power level of reactive ion etching (RIE) affects the electrical characteristics of gallium nitride (GaN) trench metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). Samples were processed with RIE at power levels from 15W to 30W and then characterized through capacitance-voltage and current-voltage measurements. Higher RIE power levels were found to reduce the breakdown and flatband voltages of the devices, indicating that lower power RIE can produce transistors with less current leakage that can operate at higher voltages.
This document discusses a simulation of microwave cancer therapy using electromagnetic heating. It models an antenna geometry consisting of a thin coaxial cable with a ring-shaped slot cut into the outer conductor. The antenna operates at 2.45 GHz and is enclosed in a sleeve for hygienic purposes. The model couples the electromagnetic field generated by the antenna to a bioheat transfer equation to predict the steady-state temperature distribution in liver tissue for an input power of 10W. The results show the highest temperatures near the antenna, decreasing with distance due to blood perfusion cooling the tissue.
Dielectric Dilemma 1901.10805 v2 feb 4 2019Bob Eisenberg
A dielectric dilemma faces scientists because Maxwell's equations are poor approximations as usually written, with a single dielectric constant. Maxwell's equations are then not accurate enough to be useful in many applications. The dilemma can be partially resolved by a rederivation of conservation of current, where current is defined now to include the epolarization of the vacuumf ..0 .......... Conserveration of current becomes Kirchoff's current law with this definition, in the one dimensional circuits of our electronic technology. With this definition, Kirchoff's laws are valid whenever Maxwell's equations are valid, explaining why those laws reliably describe circuits that switch in nanoseconds.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This summary provides the key details about the document in 3 sentences:
The document analyzes the surface tension of osteoblast cells in a microchip. It studies how electrical pulses, electrode configuration, microchannel dimensions, and suspension media properties affect the surface tension of the inner and outer layers of osteoblast cell membranes. The document develops a 3D microfluidic model and electrical circuit model to investigate the membrane surface tension and how it is impacted by various parameters like pulse characteristics, electrodes, microchannel, and suspension media.
Dr. AVS Suresh, MD, DM, ECMO, Consultant Hemato-Oncologist, Chief Scientific Officer & Director, ClinSync, on the man-made as well as other kind of EMF radiation.
This document summarizes research on the dielectric properties of red blood cells (RBCs) and how they are affected by exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields. It discusses polarization mechanisms in biological materials and how dielectric properties are measured. Several studies found that prolonged exposure of rats to 50Hz magnetic fields with intensities of 0.2-3 mT caused structural changes to hemoglobin in RBCs, increasing their relative permittivity and conductivity over time. This suggests exposure may damage RBC function and metabolism, with downstream effects on organs. In conclusion, analyzing dielectric properties provides insight into electromagnetic field interactions with cells and how exposure may affect physiological processes.
This document discusses a study on the electromagnetic activity produced by oscillations of microtubules in cells. Microtubules are composed of electrically polar subunits that could generate electric fields when they vibrate mechanically. The study derives the electromagnetic field produced by an oscillating electric dipole to model the microtubule subunits. It then models microtubule networks in dividing and non-dividing cells and finds that the asymmetric network in a dividing cell produces a field that decays more slowly with distance. However, the calculated field intensities are very low and difficult to detect without sophisticated methods.
Bioimpedance describes the passive electrical properties of biological materials and serves as an indirect transdu-
cing mechanism for physiological events, often in cases
where no specific transducer for that event exists. It is an
elegantly simple technique that requires only the applica-
tion of two or more electrodes. electrodes are equal, it is called a bipolar lead, in contrast
to a monopolar lead. With 3-(tetrapolar) or 4-(quadropo-
lar) electrode systems, separate current carrying and
signal pick-up electrodes exist. The impedance is then
transfer impedance (12): The signal is not picked up from
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The document studies the window effect of rectangular electrical pulses on the membrane potential of an osteoblast cell modeled as a dielectric. It presents an equivalent circuit model of the cell subjected to time domain electric fields such as rectangular pulses. The model includes separate charging time constants and relaxation times for the inner and outer cell membranes. Simulation results show that shorter pulse durations selectively affect the inner membrane more than the outer membrane, while longer pulses can fully charge both membranes. The window effect provides insight into bioelectric phenomena like electroporation and nanopore formation, with applications to cancer treatment.
The document summarizes research on how low electromagnetic fields interact with excitable cells. It discusses how the heart generates the largest electrical and magnetic fields in the body within the extremely low frequency range. It also describes how cardiac muscle cells are interconnected through intercalated discs and gap junctions to propagate electrical signals. Finally, it provides background on bioelectricity, biomagnetism, and how electrical and magnetic fields can induce currents in tissues.
Effects of Electromagnetism Exposure on Human Environment PaperKenko95
This document summarizes research on the effects of electromagnetic fields on humans. It discusses that electromagnetic fields can affect biological processes in the human body and may help cancer cells proliferate. However, electromagnetic fields are also used for medical diagnosis and therapy. The document reviews several studies that have investigated the effects of electromagnetic field exposure on immune cells, DNA damage, and pacemakers, finding mixed results. Some studies suggest electromagnetic fields may suppress tumor growth and have other potential health benefits in treating conditions like cancer, osteoporosis, and neurological disorders. Overall, the research presents both potential risks and benefits of electromagnetic field exposure for human health.
Effect of Combined Antenna Electromagnetic Power to Humandrboon
This paper investigates the effect of the combined signals from the nearby cellular towers that have toward population health in Thailand. We investigate the frequencies in the operating ranges of GSM 850/ 900/ 1800/ 1900/ and 2100 MHz. Both power and frequency of electromagnetic wave have influence to living cell. In theory, these combined signals strength can fluctuate the energy level of certain minerals that are key components of human internal organs. These minerals, such as K+, Ca++, and Na+, are crucial in maintaining the balance for healthy body. The damage to the living organ from the small amount of heat energy that caused by the vibration of polar dielectric, such as H2O is even less than the damage that is caused by displacement of electron in the these minerals. In theory the charged particle that originated from as such demonstrates property of electric vector (magnitude, phase and direction) which cause the living cell to be prone to oxidization and degenerated; it can deviate from its normality. Hence, this study is crucial to human and all livings.
Biophysical fields. color coronal spectral analysis.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on registering various types of non-ionizing radiation emitted from the human body using different biophysical methods. It discusses detecting electromagnetic waves, infrared radiation, thermal radiation and bioluminescence from the body through methods like infrared thermography, electromagnetic field registration, and biophoton detection. It also describes analyzing the specific photon emission from parts of the body using color coronal spectral analysis with gas electrical discharge, which found photon emissions in the visible light spectrum that correspond to different colors and energies. The research aims to evaluate biophysical methods for registering different non-ionizing radiation wave types emitted from the human body.
Biophysical fields. color coronal spectral analysis.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on registering various types of non-ionizing radiation emitted from the human body using different biophysical methods. It discusses detecting electromagnetic waves, infrared radiation, thermal radiation and bioluminescence from the body through methods like infrared thermography, electromagnetic field registration, and biophoton detection. It also describes analyzing the specific photon emission from parts of the body using color coronal spectral analysis with gas electrical discharge, which found photon emissions in the visible light spectrum corresponding to different colors and their energies in electronvolts.
Effects of electric field on histopathological study, electrical properties a...inventy
The present work was undertaken in order to investigate the effects of electric field (EF) of strength 50Hz-3KV/m on the histopathology, dielectric properties and liver function tests in albino rats. Fifty male albino rats were equally divided into three groups namely A, B, and C. Animals of group A used as control group which didn't receive any treatment . Animals of group B was divided into two subgroups namely B1 and B2 which were discretely exposed to 50HZ, 3KV/m electric field for a period of 15 day (8 hours/day, 5day/week). Group B2 animals were left to survive and housed at normal environmental conditions similar to control group A for a period of 15 day post exposed. Animals of group C are divided into two subgroups namely C1 and C2 were discretely exposed to the electric field for a period of 30 day (8 hours/day, 5day/week). Group C2 animals were left to survive and housed at normal environmental conditions similar to control group A for a period of 15 day post exposed. At the end of this period, blood and tissues samples were collected from all groups for experimental investigations. The dielectric constant (έ), electrical conductivity (σ) was measured in frequency range 42Hz-5MHz to investigate any changes in liver structure through studding histopathological examination. Also, the liver function was studied through analysis of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvie transaminase (GPT) and total protein (TP) after exposure to electric field this biochemical parameters have been evaluated in the blood serum of rats. The obtained results show high significant changes in the value of έ and σ of liver tissues for all groups exposed to EF as compared with control group. The levels of GOT and GPT were increased up to four times their values during the period of exposure to EF. These variations were recovered during two week after stopping exposure but they did not return to its original control values before exposure. On microscopic level; liver histological observations in liver cells which revealed some alterations including hepatic tissue with two portal tracts showing mild florous expansion and a dilated central vein, also ghosts of hepatocytes denoting necrotic changes also shows hepatic tissue with dilated central veins engorged with blood and splitting out to adjacent hepatocytes.
This study used finite element analysis to simulate the electric field distribution inside an in-vitro cell solution for different electric pulse amplitudes. Breast cancer cells in a cuvette with parallel aluminum plate electrodes were subjected to 8 square pulses at amplitudes of 400V and 800V. The capacitance of the cuvette was calculated analytically and numerically, and the accuracy of the model was tested. The electric field distribution was found to be 1998.7-2001.3 V/cm. At 400V the electric field was 4.48x10^-13 V/m, resulting in a membrane potential of 0.56-0.81V. At 800V the electric field was 5.51x10^-11 V
Bio-impedance detector for Staphylococcus aureus exposed to magnetic fieldsجنة الربيع
This document discusses a study that used bioimpedance measurements to analyze the effect of magnetic fields on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The study found that exposure to DC magnetic fields caused impedance to fall, indicating inhibited bacterial growth. In contrast, exposure to AC magnetic fields caused impedance to increase, enhancing bacterial growth. An impedance system was constructed to measure the impedance of bacterial samples over time and under different magnetic field conditions. Statistical analysis found significant differences in impedance between control samples and samples exposed to DC or AC magnetic fields.
This document summarizes research on the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on inflammatory pain mechanisms. It discusses how EMFs from devices like TENS and tDCS may modulate inflammatory processes through effects on cell signaling pathways and molecules involved in pain and inflammation, like calcium influx, cAMP, cGMP, Cox-2, and cytokines. Animal studies show that EMFs from these devices can reduce hyperalgesia and influence neurotransmitters associated with pain relief. The frequency of EMF exposure appears important, with some studies finding pain relief at low but not high frequencies. EMFs may provide an alternative or complementary approach for treating chronic inflammatory pain conditions.
The document summarizes a study on the effects of human tissue on the performance of a loop antenna. It discusses how the human body, being a lossy dielectric medium, interacts with the near field of antennas. This interaction causes changes to the antenna characteristics, reduces performance through power absorption in biological tissues, and changes the antenna impedance. The study specifically examines a rectangular loop antenna placed near a simplified three-layer model of the human torso. Results show the antenna's reflection coefficient and radiation pattern are affected by the distance between the antenna and body, as well as variations in the thickness of the lowest muscle layer to account for cardiac activity.
This document discusses different types of energy modalities used in surgery including monopolar, bipolar, ultrasonic, and plasma kinetic technologies. Monopolar energy uses an active electrode at the surgical site and a return electrode elsewhere on the patient's body, allowing for tissue cutting, coagulation, and desiccation. Bipolar energy passes between two close electrodes, minimizing collateral damage. Advanced bipolar technologies like Ligasure, Plasma Kinetic Gyrus, and Enseal can additionally seal and transect tissue. Ultrasonic devices use high frequency vibrations to denature proteins for coagulation and mechanical cutting. The effects of different energies on tissue are described, noting temperatures at which protein denaturation and
1) Electrogenic pumps like the Na+/K+ ATPase transport ions across membranes using energy from ATP hydrolysis. This leads to a net movement of charge across the membrane.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY ON CELL BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND ON THIS BASIS INVESTIGATION OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP OF DISEASES
1. Traditional Review:
EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITYONCELL BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGYAND ONTHIS
BASIS INVESTIGATIONOF THEPATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP OF
DISEASES
SIMDI E 1, OZCAN K 2
UludagUniversity Medical Faculty 1
İstanbul University Electric Electronic Faculty 2
Contact adress:ertuncsimdi@gmail.com
ARTICLE KEYWORDS: Electric,Frequency, Cell,Hemolysis,Fusion,Resonance, Low grade cancer
treatment, Electrical Hemolisis,Electromangetic Hypersentivity
Abstract
The content of this study examines the behavior of cells,tissuesunder lowmedium and high
frequency electric fields with a comprehensive literaturesearch.For this review, 300 articles related
to the subjectwere scanned and 32 of them were used. The purpose of this compilation isto provi de
a basis for future research.
Introduction
The content of this work is generally on the lowest frequency electrical - butthe most emphasis is on
the Extremely Low Frequency - electrical and magnetic fields (ELF, MF, HF, EMF) to medium and high
frequencies, tissue,and organs.Purpose of the study; basingour hypotheses on our scientific beliefs
and making a literaturereview to ensure that our research in the comingperiod is based on
physiological changes in thebiological effects of electricity on the cell in general and autism,major
depression,atherosclerosis,iron deficiency anemia,especially cancer in pathological events,
therapeutic roleand potential therapeutic effects. We aimto prevent the killingof chemically
damaged, uncontrolled tumors by electrical resonance,or the division of the river into pieces.In
physics,the resonanceis known as the infiniteamplitudeof the amplitude.If you excite an oscillator
in the same phasewith a frequency equal to the operating frequency, you will caus eresonanceto
occur.The most obvious example of is the Tacoma Narrows bridge. The bridge resonated and soon
became a place. When excited, each material has a resonancefrequency. If the frequency is adjusted
by the same orally and increased by an external force, each item can be divided into its parts.This
principleisthe principlethatNikola Tesla uses when trying to make an earthquake machinein his
2. time. We scanned more than a hundred articles,confirmingthatthe cancerous cells weredamaged
under low frequency electric field and that their structure was deteriorated.
Figure 1: Narrows Bridge and its resonancedisintegration
Discussion
An electric field is generated by the charged particles.Electric fields arediscussed in two branches:
physics,electrostaticsand electrodynamics.Electrostaticrelateto unchangingelectric fields,and
electrodynamics relates to changes in electric fields.In addition,electronic fields havean effect on
the magnetic flux. Electric currents can be used to create a magnetic field and magnetic fields can be
used to generate an electric current. The electric field equation E = F / q, E where the electric field is
the energy, F is the power of the particle,and q is the chargeof the particle.The strength of an
electric field is the units named for Newton and Charles-Augustin in honor of Coulomb. Danish
physicistand chemistHans Christian Ørsted (1777-1851) firstnoticed the electric fields that affected
magnetism when he taught at the University of Copenhagen. When he passed an electric wire
through a magnetic compass,he noticed that the compass needle moved. Later, experiments were
conducted to verify the relationship between electricity and magnetism, which indicates thatelectric
fields aremagnetic. Electric fields and magnetic fields areintertwined. Faraday's work was expanded
by the Scottish mathematician James Clerk Maxwell (1831-79),who elaborated on the relationship
between electricity and magnetism. The Maxwell equations builton the Faraday's law clearly indicate
the relationship between magnetism and electricity and showhow magnetism and electricity interact
with each other. Maxwell's equations arethe cornerstone of electromagnetic theory. (1)
Figure 2: A simpledescription of the electromagnetic theory, the interaction of negative and positive
charges with each other
3. Basic Cell Structure and Electrical Properties
Galvanic was proven by showingthe muscularisation asa resultof the sciatic nervefrog that is
electrically charged in livingthings as well.However, it was an electrical potential in the membranes
of all livingcells,and had to wait until the 1940s to prove that some cells (excitablecellssuch as
nerves and muscles) changed in such a potentially shorttime, creatingan action potential.The reason
for this was that the cells studied had very narrowdiameters (20 μ), but the tip diameters of the
electrodes connected to electronic devices were much wider. (2)
As a resultof longinvestigations,a largenerve cell was found in the ink.Hodgkin and Huxley first
prove the existence of the membrane potential in the cell membrane by insertingan electrode into
the giantnerve fiber of this fish (about1000 μ diameter). Accordingto this measure, there was a
potential difference of about -70 mV between the insideand the outside of a nerve cell even at
rest.(3)
The passageof matter through the cell membrane, which is a barrier separatingthecell from the
outside, is by diffusion.The membrane present in all cellsisbetween 60 and 90 mV in excitablecells
such as potent nerve and muscle.To balancethe negative chargein the cell,the K + ions that can
easily passthrough the cell membrane fill theinsideof the cell.However, sincethe permeability of
the cell membrane to Na + ions is not high,Na + ions can not enter the cell.The membrane
(membrane) found in all livingcells can betransformed into potential for action in a very short period
of time in some potential cells.(4,5,6,7)
Pathophysiological and physiological effects of the electric field on pathological and normal cells
Significantslowingdown of electrical field tumor growth by 100-300 KHZ Comprehensive destruction
of tumor cells within 3-6 days Firsteffect on the mitotic cycleSecond effect on the cell is a sudden
breakdown, It occurs 24 hours a day.The animal has been tested in malignanttumors and cell
cultures.(8)
Figure 3: Explanation of the wave lengths of the electrical frequency ranges and explanation of the
definitions correspondingto the frequency range
In contrastto the magnetic field,the electric field has been investigated to determine if itcan cause
cancer in terms of cancer.But there is not enough evidence. (9) When applied to a chronic 60 hertz
electric field (30 days,20 hours a day), the pineal gland reduces or even reduces the production of
melatonin. Due to this,estrogen production increases (melatonin suppresses estrogen production)
and thus the mass or cancer that develops in the breastgrows. (10) An oscillatingexternal electric
field imposes an oscillatingforceon each of the free ions on both sides of all plasma membranes,
which can move through the membrane through the membrane transition proteins.This external
4. oscillatory forcecauses a forced oscillation of each free ion. When the forced vibrations of ions
exceed their amplitude critical values,thevibratingions may give an incorrectsignal to turn on and
off the voltage-gated (or even mechanically-closed) channels,thereby impairingthe electrochemical
stability of the plasma membrane and consequently ending the entire cell function.(11) Moderate
frequency, (12) Loss of PKC activity in cytosol was observed in cells exposed to EF without PMA
(100-1,000 mV / cm), but no concomitant increasein particlePKC activity was observed.In the
presence of PMA, EFs (33-330 mV / cm) also reduced the expected PKC activity fromcytosol and
contributed to the increasein PKC activity in the particlefraction.PMA = Phorbol 12-Myristate
13-Acetate (PMA) In this experiment, cells were incubated in the presence or absence of 2 μM
phorbol 12-myristate13-acetate (PMA) at 37 ° C for 60 hours Hertz AC sinusoidal EFs (1.5-1.000 mV /
cm pp) were applied.(13)
Figure 4: Specific behavior of endothelial cells under electric field (14)
Figure 5: Regeneration of damaged neuronal cells under electric field exposure
Recently, it has been shown that lowdensity, intermediate frequency, electric fields inhibitcancer cell
growth by an in vitro anti-microtubuleaction mechanism.Usingimplanteelectrodes, it was shown
that these areas prevent the growth of dermal tumors in mice. This study extends these findings to
5. additional cell lines [human breastcarcinoma;MDA-MB-231 and human non-small cell lung
carcinoma (H1299)] and animal tumor models (intradermal B16F1 melanoma and intracranial F-98
glioma) usingexternally sealed electrodes.These findings led to the initiation of a pilotclinical study
of the effects of TTFields in 10 patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). The median time to
progression of the diseasein these patients was 26.1 weeks and median overall survival was 62.2
weeks. In terms of diseaseprogression,this timeis twiceas much as the lifeexpectancy normally
expected. The only sideeffect was a mild contactdermatitis.(TTfields = tumor threating fields) (15)
Figure 6: A graph shows that 72 hours in 60 kV / cm electric field under reduced mitotic index of cells
and 72 hours later showingenhanced (16)Interestingly,unlikethe metastatic ratprostate cancer cell
line,a weak metastatic cell linedid notrespond to similar EF forces.(17) This electrical model for
biological cellsallows us to predictthat the probability of electric field interaction with intracellular
structures increases when the outer membrane is shorter than the chargingtime (chargingtime).
Experimental studies of shortperiods such as 10 ns confirmed that human cells were exposed to
pulsed electric fields up to 300 nV / cm wide confirmed this hypothesis.Observed effects are
disruption of intracellular granulemembranes without permanent damage to the cell membrane,
abrupt increases in intracellularfreecalciumlevels,and increased expression of genes. In the
increasingelectric fields,application of micronucleus seconds envelopes induces apoptosis
(programmed cell death) in biological cells,which has been shown to reduce the growth of tumors.
Possibleeffects of intracellular electro-effect are to regulate cell functions and inducetumors to
regulate cell function (causingcell immobilization) by improvinggene transfer in the nucleus.(18) PEF
(Pulsed electric fields) causecell and organellebreakdown in many cells.(19) Cells were exposed to
exogenous electric fields with physiological force(0.1-4.0 V cm-1), their reactions recorded by light
microscopy and analyzed by a quantitativemonitoringmethod. Voltage-gated Na + channel activity
was pharmacologically modulated usinga specificchannel blocker (tetrodotoxin) or opener
(veratridin) concentrations.The results showed that MAT-LyLu cells with high metastatic (Na-K
channel open or higher) migrated to the catheter and reacted too much to the application of the
electric field.On the contrary,weak metastatic At-2 cells (thosewith closed NA-K channels) did not
respond to this.(20) Galvanotactic and electro (pato) physiological traits may beuseful for diagnosis.
The properties of electrical tissues arelikely to change in malignancies(Jossinet,1998;Toso et al.,
2000).Supposingthat endogenous TEPs facilitategalvanotaxis,itmay be possibleto suppress cell
migration in vivo.Treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma can bedone by electrotherapy. (21) It is
based on a 7-day comparison between rats treated with a combination of 50 Hz EF with a density of
17.5 kV / m for 15 minutes per day. This data shows that the ELF EF used in this study reduces the
oxidativestress-induced ratlipid peroxidelevel.(22) The sensorimotor system, includingthetonic
motor control cerebellar areas,includesoscillatory activation synchronization with lowfrequency
(5-30 Hz). (23)
6. Figure 7: Oscillation of cerebellar golgi cells under electrically low-frequency exposure
Exposure of human erythrocytes under a few kV / cm high voltage pulseunder isotonic conditions
leads to complete hemolysis of red cells.Experiments made here show that hemolysis is caused by
the effect of the electric field.(24)
Voltage vibra- tion of the erythrocyte suspension can createa transmembrane potential alongthe cell
membrane and open pores in the red cells ata critical point.Reduce the pore size of erythrocytes in
the isotonic saline.They allowthe passageof potassiumand sodiumions butdo not allowthe
passageof sucroseand hemoglobin molecules.Pores arelarger under low ionic conditionsand allow
sucrosemolecules to pass,but under no circumstances can thehemoglobin pass directly as a
consequence of the voltage pulse.Kinetic measurements show that the hemolysis of erythrocytes
follows a step-by-step mechanism: the leakage of ions leads to an osmotic imbalance,which causes a
colloidal hemolysisof red cells.(24)
Figure 8: Electrical hemolysis:Hemolysis of cells under electric field (24)
7. Figure 9: A simplediagramof activecell proliferation and cellular arrest
When we compare cardiac arrestto arrest of a cell,there is an electrical difference.In cell arrest,
electricity may play a role as an initiator,notas a rescuer role. However, cardiac arrestplaysa role.
However, in a healthy heart, for example, in a study where dogs were given chest alternativeflowof
60 CPS, the risk of ventricular fibrillation was increased.This risk is greater in ventricular tachycardia.
(25)
EMF and ELF have been shown to have directeffects on the cell membrane level. It has been
shown to induce redistribution of membrane receptors for transferrin and low-density lipoprotein.
(Cho et al,1994)
The resultis that each hair cell containsits own electrical resonancemechanism,which is the
majority of the frequency selection of the receptor potential. All cells also showevidenceof a large
band-pass filter;the high frequency part can be produced by the middleear movement. (26) The
connection oscillationsin hisbrain arerelated to different behavioral situations.The internal
resonanceproperties of neurons form the basis of these vibrations.Hypocampus CA1 pyramidal
neurons resonate at the theta (θ) frequencies (2-7 Hz). To investigatethe mechanisms underlying
tetra resonance,full-cell assayswere performed on CA1 pyramidal cells(n = 73) in rat hippocampal
slices.Currents oscillatingatdifferent frequencies (ZAP protocol) showed a net resonance with peak
impedance at ≈33 ° C at 2-5 Hz (≈7 Hz at ≈38 ° C). (27)
Figure 10: Brain waves and electrical frequencies
One study examined plasma lipid peroxidelevels in Sprague-Dawley rats and the effects of exposure
to extremely low frequency electric fields (ELF EFs) on antioxidantactivity (AOA). The test is based on
a 7-day comparison between the oxidativeagent 2,2'-azobis (2-aminopropane) dihydrochloride
(AAPH) and the rats treated with a combination of 50 Hz EF with a concentration of 17.5 kV / m for 15
8. minutes per day. This data shows that the ELF EF used in this study affects an oxidativestressed rat
lipid peroxidelevel.(22)
Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity Syndrome (EHS)
It is thought that the prevalence of nafta is closeto 10 percent. It occurs with nonspecific symptoms;
redness, tingling,and burning,as well as neurasthenic and vegetative symptoms (fatigue, fatigue,
difficulty concentrating,dizziness,nausea,heartstiffness,and digestivedisturbances).This syndrome
was firstmentioned in 1996 at International Programon Chemical Safety (IPCS).
Three factors have been identified that causegore environmental effects;
1) Chemical factors
2) Immunological factors
3) Electromagnetic factors
The interesting information is thatEMF severity is notrelated to the severity of symptoms. (28)
Electrical Hemolysis
Cells aresomehow hemolyzed by some electrical effects on the cell.Exposure of human erythrocytes
under a few kV / cm high voltage pulseunder isotonic conditionsleadsto complete hemolysis of red
cells.Experiments made here show that hemolysis is caused by the influenceof the electric field.
Voltage vibra- tion of the erythrocyte suspension can create a transmembrane potential alongthe cell
membrane and open pores in the red cells ata critical point.Reduce erythrocyte pores in the isotonic
saline.They allowthe passageof potassiumand sodiumions but do not allowthe passageof sucrose
and hemoglobin molecules.
Pores are larger under low ionic conditionsand allowsucrosemolecules to pass,butunder no
circumstances can hemoglobin pass directly as a consequenceof the voltage pulse. Becauseit's a big
molecule.
(29)
Membrane Fusion Phenomen
One study was performed with cells treated with trypsin or neuroaminidaseand with cells not treated
with anything. After fixed time (pulse) after certain time intervals (pulse) and followingthe
orientation of the doublets in the static electric field.Surprisingly,a high diffusion constantof about3
x 10 cm2 / s was obtained ata surprisingrate,and a delay in diffusion kineticswas observed in cells
treated with neuraminidase,and this fusion may be due to limited growth.The data show that
protease treatment triggers an electric field-induced cell-cell fusion.(30) The DC field provides
dielectric breakdown of the cell membrane to induceonly the cell fusion,whilethe oscillatingelectric
field does not only produce a dielectric breakdown,but also can lead to structural fatigueat the same
time.
On the other hand, the oscillatingelectric field does notonly produce a dielectric breakdown,but it
can also producea sonic motion that can bringstructural fatigueto the membrane. Thus, a
combination of a DC field and a swingingfield is expected to increasethe efficiency of cell poration
and cell fusion.(31) Here, high density, DC-shifted RF (radio frequency) electric field pulses were used
to inducecell density and cell fusion.Fusion experiments were performed on human red blood cells.
9. The porination experiments were performed in a fibroblastcell cultureusinga molecular probe(a
marker gene is chloramphenicol acetyltransferase,a DNA plasmid containingCAT). (32) Cell fusion
plays a very importantrole in modern biotechnology.For example, a key procedure in genetic
engineering is the introduction of exogenous genetic material into a host cell.The insertion of such
genes is carried out by permeabilizingthe cell membrane to permit entry of the genetic material or by
fusingthe host cell with a cell containingthe desired genetic material.(Fusion) (32) Furthermore, cell
fusion can be achieved by continuously dividingcancer cellssuch as myeloma cells (Galfreetal.,
1977; Lo et al., 1984) and the production of monoclonal antibodies which requirethe assembly of
antibody producingcells.In addition,cell fusion can beused as a microinjection techniquewhen
drugs that normally do not enter a cell areadministered.(Schlegel and Lieber, 1987).
Figure 11: Behavior between cells under fusion and cell death under electric field
Membrane Electroporation Fenomeni
The electric field is the change of membrane permeability of cells.Therapeutic models arebeing
developed usingthis phenomenon today. (32)
RESULTS
As a result, we generally transferred the effects of the electric field on the cell with new treatment
methods in the context of a comprehensive review. This information will providesomenew
treatment methods in the future. However, these methods of treatment areas reliableas other
methods and will providenew scientific articles likethis reviewwhich will be done in this regard.
The real reason for doingthis compilation is to providesolid evidencefor our hypotheses. Therefore,
we wanted to includehypotheses that we have created on the basis of compilation beforepassingto
the conclusion.
Oxidativestress lies atthe root of many diseases as isknown.The roleof oxidativestress in a disease,
such as autism,in which the causeis unknown and can not be cured, is now accepted reality.
Reducing the oxidativestress of electrical waves has led to the use of electric waves in the firsttwo
years,which play a rolein the development of autism. Accordingto this hypothesis we have
developed from this compilation,theuse of ELF in the firsttwo years will reducethe symptoms of
autism.Is itpossibleto use ELF, which can affect the brain with mechanisms thatare still notfully
known in the brain for oxidativestress,which is especially noticed in the firsttwo years of autism?
Can the mother's stomach be used for risky individualsand risky individuals? The answer to these
10. questions can be found in the future. UsingELF in high-risk individualsmay prevent the development
of autism.Depression pathophysiology has been a curiosity for many years and is notfully
enlightened. Several hypotheses have been put forward. In our current knowledge, the
pathophysiology hypothesis of depression is oneof the most accepted hypotheses. Here, prefrontal
cortex neurons explain dementia of atrophy in behavioral signs of depression such as slowingmood
changes. If we think that every neuron in the neurons' dendritic atrophy brain is makinghundreds of
thousands of synapses,and the synapses arecreatinga certain electric field,the prefrontal cortex will
be an electric field loss.Reconstitutingthis electric field with ELF can amelioratethe symptoms of
depression caused by prefrontal cortex. In most cancers itis difficultto get a chemotherapeutic drug
into cancer cells.If electroporation with an oscillatingelectric field,or perhaps electrofusion,can be
provided, chemotherapeutic drugs can be introduced into the cancer cells.In other diseases,other
drugs may be introduced into the cell.We recommend the useof RF field and AC electric field
together to create electrophoresis (and / or electrofusion).
Could we say that the reduction of prefrontal cortex electric field in depressed people further
increases the dentritic atrophy, and that the reason for the progression of depression and lack of
responsiveness,particularly in unfavorablepeople? Can the ELF be passed to the depressivedisorder
to reduce the electric field in the prefrontal cortex? Can ELF increasedendritic branching? These
questions can be given as a result of the compilation wehave made. Let us firstsay the presentation.
Normally,nerve cells do not break apartif they have a general look. But there are two exceptions.
There are two parts of the cell division.Dentat girus and hippocampus.But even in these, the division
is atthe lower levels.In the pathophysiologic hypothesis wehave justdescribed in depression,the
gore hippocampus cell division slows down and even stops.This,in turn, makes thinkingand focus
difficult,increasingforgetfulness.This focus on depression explains theproblem of forgetfulness,
slowingthought. 50% of the world population in the 2020s will besufferingfrom depression and
depression will riseto the firstplacein the morbid.After that, the depression models will need
more.LF and other frekans in the electric waves due to the influenceof the cell metabolismthat we
mentioned in the previous slides,firstly stop the cell division of the hippocampus,Can we
experimentally create the reminiscenceeffects, and perhaps providean experimental depression
model?
We intend to prevent the subsequent killingof chemically damaged,uncontrolled dividingtumors by
electrical resonancein our future studies,or otherwise preventing them from being cleaved. In
physics,the resonanceis known as the infiniteamplitudeof the amplitude.If you make an excitation
at the same phasewith a frequency equal to the operating frequency, you will causeresonanceto
occur.The most obvious example of this is the Tacoma Narrows bridge. The bridgeresonated and
soon became a place.When excited, each material has a resonancefrequency. If the frequency is
adjusted by the same orally and increased by an external force, each item can be divided into its
parts.This principleis the principlethatNikola Tesla uses when trying to make an earthquake
machinein his time. We will usethe same principlefor livingorganisms and cells.In the direction of
the sourcescans we make, we are aimingto stimulatethe cell from the outside by usingsound,
electricity,electric field and by usingthis stimulus to resonate the cell or tissue.After we scanned
dozens of articles,we confirmed that the cancerous cells were damaged under low-frequency electric
field and that their structure was deteriorated. Our next work will be to design the cells so that they
can find the frequencies of operation and warn them from the outsidethat they areleastlikely to
harm healthy cells in the environment. With the help of electrical resonance,the tumors to provide
the resonanceof the cells;organ,tissue,cell,and molecular levels.
As we discussed in thediscussion,ELF decreases proteinaseC activity and increases protein kinaseA
activity.Protein kinasehas adverseeffects on C atherosclerosisand proteininaseplaysa protective
rolefor atherosclerosis.In this situation,ELF may play a rolein the treatment of atherosclerosis.
11. Anxiety disorders in theanxiety disorder and almostthe samesymptoms as the anxiety disorder in
the anxiety disorder (anxiety disorders,12%).he led this thought.
In anxiety disorders,the progressivechangein electrical frequencies may be at the basis of the vicious
cycle,which is the most stressful and the causeof inability to withdraw. We will notforget that the
brain is oneof the most affected organs from both EMF and ELF. This led us to think about it.
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