This document analyzes electromagnetic pollution from high voltage power transmission lines in Nigeria. It measures electric and magnetic field levels from 132kV and 330kV lines in Bauchi and Gombe areas. Field measurements were taken within 450m horizontally and 1.5m vertically from the lines. Measured field levels for both general public and occupational exposures were found to be within safety limits set by ICNIRP. The highest magnetic field measured was 45mG and 100mG for public and occupational exposures, respectively. The highest electric fields were 130V/m for both exposure groups. These levels represent a small percentage of ICNIRP safety limits.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that measured magnetic field radiation from high-tension power lines located within Adekunle Ajasin University campus. Magnetic field measurements were taken at three sites near power lines using an electromagnetic field tester. Results showed magnetic field strength was highest directly under power lines and decreased with distance. All measured values were below international safety guidelines. The study concludes the campus environment is safe regarding magnetic fields from power lines, but efforts should still be made to reduce exposures.
Microwave radiation guidelines and debate during the last 50 yearsMikko Ahonen
This document discusses guidelines for microwave radiation exposure over the last 50 years. It describes how early guidelines focused on preventing thermal harm from high-level radar exposure based on military research. However, some studies found non-thermal biological effects. Guidelines now focus on SAR (specific absorption rate) measures, but these have limitations as they assume uniform tissue heating and do not consider effects from chronic or simultaneous exposures. New research on non-thermal effects and more accurate modeling of exposure is needed to develop improved safety guidelines.
1) Natural electromagnetic fields (EMFs) like the Schumann resonance have been shown to affect circadian rhythms in humans and animals, with rhythms changing to 33 hours when natural EMFs were removed.
2) Man-made EMFs like power-frequency transients and radiofrequency radiation from devices have been linked to health issues ranging from headaches to cancer, though results are mixed.
3) Further research is needed to better understand how natural and man-made EMFs interact with human biology and what levels may be safe or pose health risks.
Recent Trend in Electromagnetic Radiation and Compliance Assessments for 5G C...IJECEIAES
The deployment of the 5G networks will feature high proliferation of radio base station (RBS) in order to meet the increasing demand for bandwidth and also to provide wider coverage that will support more mobile users and the internet-of-things (IoT). The radio frequency (RF) waves from the large-scale deployment of the RBS and mobile devices will raise concerns on the level of electromagnetic (EM) radiation exposure to the public. Hence, in this paper, we provide an overview of the exposure limits, discuss some of the effects of the EM emission, reduction techniques and compliance assessment for the 5G communication systems. We discuss the open issues and give future directions.
Effects of Electromagnetism Exposure on Human EnvironmentKenko95
This document provides an overview of electromagnetism including its sources, uses, and effects. It discusses that electromagnetism comes from both natural sources like lightning and the Earth's magnetic field as well as artificial human-made sources like power outlets and mobile phones. The document also reviews several studies that have investigated both the potential harmful effects of electromagnetic exposure as well as some beneficial effects such as its use in suppressing cancer cell growth and reducing chemotherapy toxicity. While some research has linked electromagnetic fields to health issues, other studies have not found clear evidence of harm.
There has been increasing interest in wireless, miniaturized implantable medical devices for invivo and in situphysiological monitoring. Here, we present such an implant that uses a conventional ultrasound imager for wireless powering and data communication and acts as a probe for real-time temperature sensing, including the monitoring of body temperature and temperature changes resulting from therapeutic application of ultrasound.
Study on Health Effects of Mobile Tower Radiation on Human BeingsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the health effects of radiation from mobile phone towers on human beings in Kota City, Rajasthan, India. The study measured electromagnetic field radiation levels from 40 mobile towers across the city and found that 50% exceeded the permissible limits set by the Department of Telecommunications in India. It also conducted a public survey that found rising reports of health issues like headaches, depression, and sleep problems that residents associated with tower installation over the last decade. However, respondents were uncertain if the towers were definitively the cause. The study concluded that while no definitive scientific evidence proves mobile tower radiation causes harm, there does seem to be an increase in short and long-term diseases in the general population.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that measured magnetic field radiation from high-tension power lines located within Adekunle Ajasin University campus. Magnetic field measurements were taken at three sites near power lines using an electromagnetic field tester. Results showed magnetic field strength was highest directly under power lines and decreased with distance. All measured values were below international safety guidelines. The study concludes the campus environment is safe regarding magnetic fields from power lines, but efforts should still be made to reduce exposures.
Microwave radiation guidelines and debate during the last 50 yearsMikko Ahonen
This document discusses guidelines for microwave radiation exposure over the last 50 years. It describes how early guidelines focused on preventing thermal harm from high-level radar exposure based on military research. However, some studies found non-thermal biological effects. Guidelines now focus on SAR (specific absorption rate) measures, but these have limitations as they assume uniform tissue heating and do not consider effects from chronic or simultaneous exposures. New research on non-thermal effects and more accurate modeling of exposure is needed to develop improved safety guidelines.
1) Natural electromagnetic fields (EMFs) like the Schumann resonance have been shown to affect circadian rhythms in humans and animals, with rhythms changing to 33 hours when natural EMFs were removed.
2) Man-made EMFs like power-frequency transients and radiofrequency radiation from devices have been linked to health issues ranging from headaches to cancer, though results are mixed.
3) Further research is needed to better understand how natural and man-made EMFs interact with human biology and what levels may be safe or pose health risks.
Recent Trend in Electromagnetic Radiation and Compliance Assessments for 5G C...IJECEIAES
The deployment of the 5G networks will feature high proliferation of radio base station (RBS) in order to meet the increasing demand for bandwidth and also to provide wider coverage that will support more mobile users and the internet-of-things (IoT). The radio frequency (RF) waves from the large-scale deployment of the RBS and mobile devices will raise concerns on the level of electromagnetic (EM) radiation exposure to the public. Hence, in this paper, we provide an overview of the exposure limits, discuss some of the effects of the EM emission, reduction techniques and compliance assessment for the 5G communication systems. We discuss the open issues and give future directions.
Effects of Electromagnetism Exposure on Human EnvironmentKenko95
This document provides an overview of electromagnetism including its sources, uses, and effects. It discusses that electromagnetism comes from both natural sources like lightning and the Earth's magnetic field as well as artificial human-made sources like power outlets and mobile phones. The document also reviews several studies that have investigated both the potential harmful effects of electromagnetic exposure as well as some beneficial effects such as its use in suppressing cancer cell growth and reducing chemotherapy toxicity. While some research has linked electromagnetic fields to health issues, other studies have not found clear evidence of harm.
There has been increasing interest in wireless, miniaturized implantable medical devices for invivo and in situphysiological monitoring. Here, we present such an implant that uses a conventional ultrasound imager for wireless powering and data communication and acts as a probe for real-time temperature sensing, including the monitoring of body temperature and temperature changes resulting from therapeutic application of ultrasound.
Study on Health Effects of Mobile Tower Radiation on Human BeingsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the health effects of radiation from mobile phone towers on human beings in Kota City, Rajasthan, India. The study measured electromagnetic field radiation levels from 40 mobile towers across the city and found that 50% exceeded the permissible limits set by the Department of Telecommunications in India. It also conducted a public survey that found rising reports of health issues like headaches, depression, and sleep problems that residents associated with tower installation over the last decade. However, respondents were uncertain if the towers were definitively the cause. The study concluded that while no definitive scientific evidence proves mobile tower radiation causes harm, there does seem to be an increase in short and long-term diseases in the general population.
Effects of Electromagnetism Exposure on Human Environment PaperKenko95
This document summarizes research on the effects of electromagnetic fields on humans. It discusses that electromagnetic fields can affect biological processes in the human body and may help cancer cells proliferate. However, electromagnetic fields are also used for medical diagnosis and therapy. The document reviews several studies that have investigated the effects of electromagnetic field exposure on immune cells, DNA damage, and pacemakers, finding mixed results. Some studies suggest electromagnetic fields may suppress tumor growth and have other potential health benefits in treating conditions like cancer, osteoporosis, and neurological disorders. Overall, the research presents both potential risks and benefits of electromagnetic field exposure for human health.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in physics, listing 18 chapters and the page numbers where their content can be found. It includes motion, forces, energy, circular motion, fluids, oscillations, waves, optics, heat, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, electronics, atomic and nuclear physics. Vector quantities and equilibrium are discussed in more detail, explaining concepts like scalars, vectors, addition and subtraction of vectors, and concurrent and coplanar forces. Torque, moment arm, angular velocity and acceleration are also defined.
Sa college emi compliance approaches and techniques in the deployment of mobi...jsk1950
1. The document discusses electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation from mobile communication antennas and compliance approaches.
2. It covers topics like EMF radiation, non-ionizing radiation, mobile network architecture, radiation effects on human health, and regulatory safety limits.
3. Measurement techniques for assessing EMF exposure are presented, including calculating total equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) and classifying sites based on accessibility and compliance with exposure limits.
Biophysical fields. color coronal spectral analysis.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on registering various types of non-ionizing radiation emitted from the human body using different biophysical methods. It discusses detecting electromagnetic waves, infrared radiation, thermal radiation and bioluminescence from the body through methods like infrared thermography, electromagnetic field registration, and biophoton detection. It also describes analyzing the specific photon emission from parts of the body using color coronal spectral analysis with gas electrical discharge, which found photon emissions in the visible light spectrum that correspond to different colors and energies. The research aims to evaluate biophysical methods for registering different non-ionizing radiation wave types emitted from the human body.
The importance-of-radiofrequency-safety-into-occupational-safety-courseworkPaul Andrew
This document discusses radiofrequency (RF) safety and its importance in occupational safety education. It begins by introducing RF energy and its widespread uses. It then discusses the potential hazards of RF exposure, including thermal effects from high power densities. While non-thermal effects are still being researched, standards are based on exposure levels where harmful thermal effects occur. The document outlines various regulatory agencies that set RF exposure guidelines, including the FCC and OSHA. It emphasizes that typical safety education programs do not cover RF hazards, despite their importance in some workplaces.
This document summarizes research on cell phone tower radiation and associated health risks. It discusses:
1) Radiation levels from cell towers are much higher than needed for communication near the towers, exposing some residents to radiation levels equivalent to being in a microwave oven for 19 minutes per day.
2) International safety guidelines vary widely, with some countries adopting limits 100-1000 times lower than India's guidelines.
3) Numerous studies have found health effects from radiation levels below current safety guidelines, including increased cancer risk, DNA damage, and effects on brain function, fertility, and more. Therefore, current safety limits may not adequately protect public health.
4) Both thermal and non-thermal effects of radiation need
The document provides an overview of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). It defines EMI and EMC, discusses sources of EMI including natural and man-made sources. Case studies of accidents caused by EMI are presented. Techniques for controlling EMI such as grounding, shielding and filtering are described. Military and civilian EMC standards are also discussed. The document concludes that EMC means that equipment operates correctly in the presence of EMI without itself causing intolerable interference.
This document provides an overview of medical electronics course material covering biopotential recording and measurement. It discusses the origin of biopotentials from cellular electrical activity and the volume conductor fields that link this activity to external recordings. It covers biopotential electrodes and the electrode-electrolyte interface, including half-cell potentials, polarization, and the Nernst equation. Example biopotentials discussed include ECG, EEG, and EMG. The document also lists topics to be covered in subsequent units, such as biomedical measurement techniques, assist devices, radiological equipment, and recent trends.
Presentation on emc testing and measurementRajat Soni
discuss the options for EMC testing for compliance with the EMC Directive from the point of view of a manufacturer who wishes to achieve as much progress as possible, in-house, on a limited budget. It is not addressed to test houses nor to those manufacturers who have the resources to emulate most or all of the facilities of an accredited test house in their own premises. There are many small-to-medium sized enterprises who are able to dedicate a modest budget of several thousands or tens of thousands of pounds to an in-house EMC test set-up and who wish to gain the maximum benefit from so doing.
Electromagnetic fields from Power lines, Wiring & AppliancesGreenFacts
Because electricity is so much a part of our lives, there are electromagnetic fields (EMF) around us most of the time. Overhead power lines, wiring in buildings and electrical appliances generate “Extremely Low Frequency” (ELF) electromagnetic fields. Can such ELF fields cause cancer, leukaemia or other health effects?
This document discusses EMI/EMC in mobile communication. It provides an outline of the presentation including fundamentals of EMI/EMC, concepts in mobile communication, EMC problems, mobile phone design, evaluation methods and healthcare issues. Key topics covered include sources of EMI, EMC countermeasures, standards, problems like interference and solutions like filtering components. Evaluation methods like MCL and Monte Carlo modeling are also summarized.
Mobile communication radio-waves_and_safety_3_oct_12_finalshashisandur
This document discusses radio waves used in cellular communication systems and their interaction with the human body. It provides the following key points:
1) Radio waves are used to transmit information between mobile phones and cell towers. Mobile phones emit low-power radio waves, while cell towers emit more powerful radio waves but from a greater distance.
2) Exposure to radio waves is measured by the specific absorption rate (SAR), which indicates the amount of radio wave power absorbed by the body. SAR values are regulated for mobile phones and cell towers to ensure safe exposure levels.
3) While some studies have linked heavy mobile phone use to small increases in brain temperature, international research has not found conclusive evidence of adverse health effects
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This summary provides the key details about the document in 3 sentences:
The document analyzes the surface tension of osteoblast cells in a microchip. It studies how electrical pulses, electrode configuration, microchannel dimensions, and suspension media properties affect the surface tension of the inner and outer layers of osteoblast cell membranes. The document develops a 3D microfluidic model and electrical circuit model to investigate the membrane surface tension and how it is impacted by various parameters like pulse characteristics, electrodes, microchannel, and suspension media.
Ion beam irradiation of polycarbonate_TESTMircea Chipara
Ion beam irradiation was used to study the effects on polycarbonate polymers. Ion beams can excite atoms and molecules, generate phonons and heat samples. This can lead to breaking of chemical bonds, ionizations, and formation of radicals and defects. Radicals generated by ion beams can cause macromolecular chain scission or crosslinking. Spectroscopic analysis using ESR, UV-VIS and luminescence revealed that ion beam irradiation generates free radicals along particle tracks coupled by exchange interactions. The concentration of free radicals and deposited dose depends on penetration depth and linear energy transfer.
Jagdish Bhatt's 2015 master's thesis studied using ultrasound to monitor changes in biological tissues and gelatin phantoms induced by external electric fields. The study analyzed signal spectrum mean at the modulation frequency, root-mean-square noise in the spectrum, and signal-to-noise ratio during application of low-frequency alternating electric currents. Results showed the electric current imaging with modulation contrast signal-to-noise ratio indicated existence of electric current but was not directly related to samples' electro-kinetic properties, and signal-to-noise ratio varied spatially even in homogeneous samples, hindering the method's clinical use.
ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR MEASURING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF THE GSM SYSTE...IJCNCJournal
This paper discusses three subjects. In the first section Study And Evaluation Of Mobile Network While in
the second section, Radiated Power Density ability of cellular stations. In the third section compare the
results with the International Standards and safety limits recommended by the ICNIRP to ensure
compliance with the terms and the extent of their impact on human health, on the other hand, through the
results of theoretical analysis and benchmark Mathematical Analysis And Practical Measurement.
Extremely efficient photocurrent generation in carbon nanotube photodiodesMitchellSenger1
This document summarizes research on generating photocurrent in carbon nanotube photodiodes. It finds that applying a strong axial electric field can enable extremely efficient photocurrent generation. Photocurrent quantum efficiency was found to increase dramatically with higher applied fields, reaching over 60% at fields above 10 V/μm. Larger-diameter carbon nanotubes exhibited higher efficiencies at high fields due to their weaker exciton binding energies. The research provides evidence that impact ionization, the generation of multiple electron-hole pairs from single photon absorption, occurs at room temperature and is responsible for the high efficiencies observed at high fields.
This document discusses cell phone and cell tower radiation hazards and potential solutions. It provides background on how cell phones and towers operate and sources of radiation exposure. It describes thermal and non-thermal effects of microwave radiation on the human body, including increased cancer risk, DNA damage, and other biological effects. Case studies are presented showing higher cancer rates near cell towers. Standards for safe radiation levels are compared across countries. Suggested solutions include reducing cell tower transmission power and installing more low-power towers to address safety and health concerns while still providing cellular coverage.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Power transmission lines electromagnetic pollution with consideration of soil...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The alternating current (AC) total interference of power lines may pose a threat to personnel and equipment in its vicinity. The main objective of this work is to determine the electromagnetic distribution and induced voltages on human body, equipment, and houses due to the AC total interference for different soil resistivities. The electromagnetic field and induced voltages may cause health problems to the human body and put it at risk. Two main approaches were used to compute the electromagnetic and induced voltages, namely the field approach, which is based on electromagnetic field distribution, and the circuit approach, which uses the circuit grounding analysis to compute the conductive interference and then uses the circuit based models to compute the inductive interference. Human body, steel houses and 10-km-long transmission line were modelled. The soil resistivity was varied, and the induced voltages obtained from both approaches were compared. Soil resistivity and soil structure are important parameters that affect the AC interference level. The results show that the touch voltage increases when the distance between electromagnetic source and human body increases. For high soil resistivity, the danger of the touch voltage becomes more prominent compared to that for low soil resistivity. Power system voltage level and soil resistivity are two key factors influencing the induced voltage level.
Effects of Electromagnetism Exposure on Human Environment PaperKenko95
This document summarizes research on the effects of electromagnetic fields on humans. It discusses that electromagnetic fields can affect biological processes in the human body and may help cancer cells proliferate. However, electromagnetic fields are also used for medical diagnosis and therapy. The document reviews several studies that have investigated the effects of electromagnetic field exposure on immune cells, DNA damage, and pacemakers, finding mixed results. Some studies suggest electromagnetic fields may suppress tumor growth and have other potential health benefits in treating conditions like cancer, osteoporosis, and neurological disorders. Overall, the research presents both potential risks and benefits of electromagnetic field exposure for human health.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in physics, listing 18 chapters and the page numbers where their content can be found. It includes motion, forces, energy, circular motion, fluids, oscillations, waves, optics, heat, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, electronics, atomic and nuclear physics. Vector quantities and equilibrium are discussed in more detail, explaining concepts like scalars, vectors, addition and subtraction of vectors, and concurrent and coplanar forces. Torque, moment arm, angular velocity and acceleration are also defined.
Sa college emi compliance approaches and techniques in the deployment of mobi...jsk1950
1. The document discusses electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation from mobile communication antennas and compliance approaches.
2. It covers topics like EMF radiation, non-ionizing radiation, mobile network architecture, radiation effects on human health, and regulatory safety limits.
3. Measurement techniques for assessing EMF exposure are presented, including calculating total equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) and classifying sites based on accessibility and compliance with exposure limits.
Biophysical fields. color coronal spectral analysis.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on registering various types of non-ionizing radiation emitted from the human body using different biophysical methods. It discusses detecting electromagnetic waves, infrared radiation, thermal radiation and bioluminescence from the body through methods like infrared thermography, electromagnetic field registration, and biophoton detection. It also describes analyzing the specific photon emission from parts of the body using color coronal spectral analysis with gas electrical discharge, which found photon emissions in the visible light spectrum that correspond to different colors and energies. The research aims to evaluate biophysical methods for registering different non-ionizing radiation wave types emitted from the human body.
The importance-of-radiofrequency-safety-into-occupational-safety-courseworkPaul Andrew
This document discusses radiofrequency (RF) safety and its importance in occupational safety education. It begins by introducing RF energy and its widespread uses. It then discusses the potential hazards of RF exposure, including thermal effects from high power densities. While non-thermal effects are still being researched, standards are based on exposure levels where harmful thermal effects occur. The document outlines various regulatory agencies that set RF exposure guidelines, including the FCC and OSHA. It emphasizes that typical safety education programs do not cover RF hazards, despite their importance in some workplaces.
This document summarizes research on cell phone tower radiation and associated health risks. It discusses:
1) Radiation levels from cell towers are much higher than needed for communication near the towers, exposing some residents to radiation levels equivalent to being in a microwave oven for 19 minutes per day.
2) International safety guidelines vary widely, with some countries adopting limits 100-1000 times lower than India's guidelines.
3) Numerous studies have found health effects from radiation levels below current safety guidelines, including increased cancer risk, DNA damage, and effects on brain function, fertility, and more. Therefore, current safety limits may not adequately protect public health.
4) Both thermal and non-thermal effects of radiation need
The document provides an overview of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). It defines EMI and EMC, discusses sources of EMI including natural and man-made sources. Case studies of accidents caused by EMI are presented. Techniques for controlling EMI such as grounding, shielding and filtering are described. Military and civilian EMC standards are also discussed. The document concludes that EMC means that equipment operates correctly in the presence of EMI without itself causing intolerable interference.
This document provides an overview of medical electronics course material covering biopotential recording and measurement. It discusses the origin of biopotentials from cellular electrical activity and the volume conductor fields that link this activity to external recordings. It covers biopotential electrodes and the electrode-electrolyte interface, including half-cell potentials, polarization, and the Nernst equation. Example biopotentials discussed include ECG, EEG, and EMG. The document also lists topics to be covered in subsequent units, such as biomedical measurement techniques, assist devices, radiological equipment, and recent trends.
Presentation on emc testing and measurementRajat Soni
discuss the options for EMC testing for compliance with the EMC Directive from the point of view of a manufacturer who wishes to achieve as much progress as possible, in-house, on a limited budget. It is not addressed to test houses nor to those manufacturers who have the resources to emulate most or all of the facilities of an accredited test house in their own premises. There are many small-to-medium sized enterprises who are able to dedicate a modest budget of several thousands or tens of thousands of pounds to an in-house EMC test set-up and who wish to gain the maximum benefit from so doing.
Electromagnetic fields from Power lines, Wiring & AppliancesGreenFacts
Because electricity is so much a part of our lives, there are electromagnetic fields (EMF) around us most of the time. Overhead power lines, wiring in buildings and electrical appliances generate “Extremely Low Frequency” (ELF) electromagnetic fields. Can such ELF fields cause cancer, leukaemia or other health effects?
This document discusses EMI/EMC in mobile communication. It provides an outline of the presentation including fundamentals of EMI/EMC, concepts in mobile communication, EMC problems, mobile phone design, evaluation methods and healthcare issues. Key topics covered include sources of EMI, EMC countermeasures, standards, problems like interference and solutions like filtering components. Evaluation methods like MCL and Monte Carlo modeling are also summarized.
Mobile communication radio-waves_and_safety_3_oct_12_finalshashisandur
This document discusses radio waves used in cellular communication systems and their interaction with the human body. It provides the following key points:
1) Radio waves are used to transmit information between mobile phones and cell towers. Mobile phones emit low-power radio waves, while cell towers emit more powerful radio waves but from a greater distance.
2) Exposure to radio waves is measured by the specific absorption rate (SAR), which indicates the amount of radio wave power absorbed by the body. SAR values are regulated for mobile phones and cell towers to ensure safe exposure levels.
3) While some studies have linked heavy mobile phone use to small increases in brain temperature, international research has not found conclusive evidence of adverse health effects
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This summary provides the key details about the document in 3 sentences:
The document analyzes the surface tension of osteoblast cells in a microchip. It studies how electrical pulses, electrode configuration, microchannel dimensions, and suspension media properties affect the surface tension of the inner and outer layers of osteoblast cell membranes. The document develops a 3D microfluidic model and electrical circuit model to investigate the membrane surface tension and how it is impacted by various parameters like pulse characteristics, electrodes, microchannel, and suspension media.
Ion beam irradiation of polycarbonate_TESTMircea Chipara
Ion beam irradiation was used to study the effects on polycarbonate polymers. Ion beams can excite atoms and molecules, generate phonons and heat samples. This can lead to breaking of chemical bonds, ionizations, and formation of radicals and defects. Radicals generated by ion beams can cause macromolecular chain scission or crosslinking. Spectroscopic analysis using ESR, UV-VIS and luminescence revealed that ion beam irradiation generates free radicals along particle tracks coupled by exchange interactions. The concentration of free radicals and deposited dose depends on penetration depth and linear energy transfer.
Jagdish Bhatt's 2015 master's thesis studied using ultrasound to monitor changes in biological tissues and gelatin phantoms induced by external electric fields. The study analyzed signal spectrum mean at the modulation frequency, root-mean-square noise in the spectrum, and signal-to-noise ratio during application of low-frequency alternating electric currents. Results showed the electric current imaging with modulation contrast signal-to-noise ratio indicated existence of electric current but was not directly related to samples' electro-kinetic properties, and signal-to-noise ratio varied spatially even in homogeneous samples, hindering the method's clinical use.
ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR MEASURING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF THE GSM SYSTE...IJCNCJournal
This paper discusses three subjects. In the first section Study And Evaluation Of Mobile Network While in
the second section, Radiated Power Density ability of cellular stations. In the third section compare the
results with the International Standards and safety limits recommended by the ICNIRP to ensure
compliance with the terms and the extent of their impact on human health, on the other hand, through the
results of theoretical analysis and benchmark Mathematical Analysis And Practical Measurement.
Extremely efficient photocurrent generation in carbon nanotube photodiodesMitchellSenger1
This document summarizes research on generating photocurrent in carbon nanotube photodiodes. It finds that applying a strong axial electric field can enable extremely efficient photocurrent generation. Photocurrent quantum efficiency was found to increase dramatically with higher applied fields, reaching over 60% at fields above 10 V/μm. Larger-diameter carbon nanotubes exhibited higher efficiencies at high fields due to their weaker exciton binding energies. The research provides evidence that impact ionization, the generation of multiple electron-hole pairs from single photon absorption, occurs at room temperature and is responsible for the high efficiencies observed at high fields.
This document discusses cell phone and cell tower radiation hazards and potential solutions. It provides background on how cell phones and towers operate and sources of radiation exposure. It describes thermal and non-thermal effects of microwave radiation on the human body, including increased cancer risk, DNA damage, and other biological effects. Case studies are presented showing higher cancer rates near cell towers. Standards for safe radiation levels are compared across countries. Suggested solutions include reducing cell tower transmission power and installing more low-power towers to address safety and health concerns while still providing cellular coverage.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Power transmission lines electromagnetic pollution with consideration of soil...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The alternating current (AC) total interference of power lines may pose a threat to personnel and equipment in its vicinity. The main objective of this work is to determine the electromagnetic distribution and induced voltages on human body, equipment, and houses due to the AC total interference for different soil resistivities. The electromagnetic field and induced voltages may cause health problems to the human body and put it at risk. Two main approaches were used to compute the electromagnetic and induced voltages, namely the field approach, which is based on electromagnetic field distribution, and the circuit approach, which uses the circuit grounding analysis to compute the conductive interference and then uses the circuit based models to compute the inductive interference. Human body, steel houses and 10-km-long transmission line were modelled. The soil resistivity was varied, and the induced voltages obtained from both approaches were compared. Soil resistivity and soil structure are important parameters that affect the AC interference level. The results show that the touch voltage increases when the distance between electromagnetic source and human body increases. For high soil resistivity, the danger of the touch voltage becomes more prominent compared to that for low soil resistivity. Power system voltage level and soil resistivity are two key factors influencing the induced voltage level.
1. The document discusses the course Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility (EIE 521). It outlines sources of electromagnetic interference (EMI) such as lightning, electrostatic discharge, and radio frequency emitters.
2. Standards governing electromagnetic compatibility refer to electromagnetic interference/radio frequency interference caused by stray voltages between electronic systems creating undesirable effects ranging from minor to serious.
3. With increased use of electronics, electromagnetic interference/radio frequency interference is a growing concern that can damage electronics or cause malfunctions impacting critical systems.
Effects of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) On Implantable Medical Devices (IMD)mohamed albanna
The document discusses the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on implantable medical devices (IMDs) such as pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. EMFs from sources like mobile phones and security systems can interfere with IMDs and potentially cause malfunctions or incorrect treatments. IMDs are negatively impacted by EMFs inducing currents and voltages in their circuits. The effects depend on factors like the EMF intensity, frequency, and distance from the source. EMFs can potentially disable therapies, induce shocks, or reprogram the devices, posing risks to patients.
The Obstetric Gynaecologis - 2019 - El‐Sayed - Safe use of electrosurgery i...Amer Raza
This document discusses safe use of electrosurgery in gynecological laparoscopic surgery. It begins with an introduction to electrosurgery and its history. Key aspects covered include the basics of electrosurgery physics, mechanisms of different tissue effects, types of electrosurgical instruments including monopolar and bipolar, and factors that influence electrosurgical outcomes. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding electrosurgery fundamentals to perform surgery safely and avoiding complications. Formal training in surgical energy use for all operating room staff is recommended.
Proximity Effects of High Voltage Transmission Lines on HumansIDES Editor
Recently new threats to humans are observed from
electromagnetic radiation from various sources like mobile
phones, transmission lines and many more. For providing
continuous and uninterrupted supply of electric power to
consumer’s maintenance operation of high voltage power lines
are often performed with systems energized or live. This is
referred as Hot Line maintenance or live line maintenance
in this paper authors are concentrating on effects due to high
voltage transmission lines on persons involved in this live
line maintenance. The main aim of this paper is to create a
model for health hazards in high voltage transmission lines. In
this paper just a theoretical approach is presented, in coming
days the model suggested will be prepared with ANSYS or
MATLAB. The results of actual field reading will be compared
with the mathematical model and will be presented as next
part of research work.
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Analysis of electromagnetic pollution due to high voltage transmission lines
1. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.2, No.7, 2012
Analysis of Electromagnetic Pollution due to High Voltage
Transmission Lines
Aliyu Ozovehe1 Maina Ibrahim 2 Ali Hamdallah3
1. Trifield Technology Limited, Abuja, Nigeria
Tel: +2348022222899 aliyu123oz@gmail.com
2. Physics Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
Tel: +60108894322 imaina32@yahoo.com
3.Department of Science and Environmental Education, University of Abuja University, Nigeria
Tel: +234802990670 hamdallah123oz@gmail.com
Abstract
The International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA) recommends measuring the electric field and the
magnetic field strength for evaluation of electromagnetic pollution from power lines. This paper, therefore
practically examined the fields pollution from 132 kV and 330 kV lines in Bauchi/Gombe areas in Nigeria as a
case study. The evaluation is based on the safety limits recommendations of International Committee on
Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP, 1998). In the measurement, Trifield metre was used to measure
the fields in the vicinity of the lines with horizontal distance ranging from 0 – 450 m and vertical distance of 1.5
m. In the assessment, general public and occupational exposure levels from the power lines were sampled. For
the general public, the highest magnetic flux density and electric field strength measured is 45 mG and 130 V/m
which is 4.5 % and 2.6 % of the ICNIRP, 1998 exposure limit. The highest magnetic flux density and electric
field strength measured is 100 mG and 130 V/m respectively which correspond to 2 % and 1.3 % of the ICNIRP,
1998 exposure limit for the occupational worker. The result showed that the measured fields are within safety
limit.
Keywords: ICNIRP, EMC, Right-of -Way, Safety Distance, Electromagnetic Pollution, Occupational and
General Public Exposure.
1.Introduction
A time – varying electric and magnetic fields are induced in the vicinity of alternating current power
transmission systems. While electric field is always linked with the presence of charges, a magnetic field always
appears when electric current flows. To characterize power line electromagnetic fields, the strength, frequency,
and orientation of the electric and magnetic fields have to be determined. Under power lines, the electric field
has its major component oriented vertically (perpendicular to the Earth's surface), while the main magnetic field
component is horizontal (parallel to the Earth's surface). In the vicinity of transmission lines, the electric field, E
and magnetic field, H fields are typically of the order of a few thousands of volts per metre (V/m) and a few
hundreds of milligauss (mG), respectively.
High voltage (HV) transmission lines at 50 or 60 Hz are the dominant source of electromagnetic field
pollution of extremely low frequency (ELF) in our environment. It has been confirmed that life is not safe under
this high HV power lines. Apart from the consequence of electric shock that can happen, the magnetic field
created around the wire by the flowing current can have adverse biological effects on human like neurological,
cardiovascular disorders and low sperm count in the workers who regularly service the line (Aliyu et al, 2011a
and Siaka, 2010).
Hitherto, these HV grids are deployed far away from where there are high human activities. But with
increasing growth of our cities and lack of proper enforcement of rules and regulations, home towns have now
extended to these grid lines. Therefore, there is need to measure exposure levels in vicinity of the lines for risk
assessment.
To mitigate the effect of electromagnetic (EM) pollution from power lines on human beings living/working
close to the lines, the authority, Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) makes it clear that any building
constructed along the HV lines must give a right-of-way (RoW) of 15 m and 25 m for 132 kV and 330 kV lines
respectively (Aliyu et al, 2011b). Based on this guideline, an attempt is made in this work to measure the
magnitude of electric field and magnetic field in the vicinity of the lines at the specified distance and beyond
using Trifield metre (model 100XE) for evaluating the fields and compare with ICNIRP, 1998 recommendations
in order to access the level of pollution due to the field and to know if the RoW is safe for human beings.
Analysis of electric and magnetic field pollution due to parallel lines of 132 kV and 330 kV HV grids
1
2. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.2, No.7, 2012
as shown in Figure 1, from Jos through Bauchi ( Yalwan Kagadama – Tsakani – Gudum and Substation at
Gudum ) to Gombe (Gombe – Potiskum and Substation at Gombe) in Nigeria is presented. International/local
standards on the assessment of risks from occupational and general population exposure to power line fields are
used in the analysis.
2 Electromagnetic Pollution from Power Lines
A major source of extremely low frequency radiation is the high voltage electrical transmission lines. The lines can
produce high losses that might bend the earth's ionosphere and long term exposure to the field from the line may
result in health risk which makes it a major threat to our health. An animal or human body does not appreciably
affect a magnetic field but the field induces subtle electric current within the body. There are two types of
electric current caused by magnetic field induction (Zaffanella and Deno, 1978):
• a circulating current inside the object (eddy current); and
• a current entering/leaving the object.
These current could affect biological processes in the body. The eddy current induced in the body is not
conducted to ground and it causes voltage difference within the body which may be as high as 1 mV if the
magnetic flux density reaches approximately 0.028 mT (Hauf, 1982). In the vicinity of transmission lines, the
electric fields is typically of the order of a few kilovolts per metre (kV/m) and the forces exerted by electric
fields on living cell can cause rotation, deformation, destruction of cells because of the conductivity of living
tissues (Schwan, 1982).
3 Interaction of Human Body with Electric and Magnetic Fields of Power Lines
Exposure to power line results in internal body currents and energy absorption in tissues as a result of thermo –
molecular agitation. This depends on the coupling mechanisms, the frequency ( f ) and the electrical
conductivity of the medium ( σ ). In magnetic media, permeability ( µ ) relates magnetic field intensity (H) to
magnetic flux density (B) by
Β = µH (1)
From Ohm’s Law, the current density (J) depends upon the magnetic flux density (B), field frequency ( f )
derived from Faraday’s law of induction and radius of the induction loop (Stuchly and Xi, 1994) and it can be
expressed mathematically as
J = πRfB (2)
For electric field, Ohm’s Law relates the internal electric field (E) and current density (J) (ICNIRP, 1998a) as
expressed in equation (3).
J = σE (3)
A human body located in an electric field causes perturbation of the field which results in an uneven distribution
of the field around the body. The field induces electric currents in the exposed body. The current produced
within the body has the same frequency as the external field. Unlike magnetic field, electric field is attenuated by
about a factor of 106 from the value of the external field within the body (Barnes et al., 1967, Deno, 1977 and
Kaune, W. T. and Phillips, R. D. 1980).
Kaune, W. T. and Gillis, M. F. (1981) have shown that the electric - field intensity at the surface of the body and
induced currents passing through various segments of the body can be determined by:
• the characteristics of the applied electric field;
• the shape of the body; and
• any conduction currents from the body to the ground.
The magnetically – induced electric currents are greatest at the periphery of the body. The maximum ground
level magnetic field strengths associated with overhead transmission lines are of the order of 0.01 – 0.05 mT (it
is either on the centre line or under the outer conductors) and are also related to line height. The magnetic flux
density decreases in an approximately linear fashion with distance from the conductor (Zaffanella and Deno,
1978; Lambdin, 1978).
4 Standards for Control of Bioelectromagnetic Pollution from Power Lines
The influence of EM radiation on biological matter is referred to as bioelectromagnetic. It occurs when electric
current is set up in tissues of a living organism which may lead to increase in body temperature as a result of
energy deposition (which is the case for people living/working close to power line, as their body is immersed in
the fields) causing biological effect. Internal electric and magnetic fields deposited in living organisms are
evaluated using dosimetric calculation (NRPB, 1993). Any effect of EM energy on a body that is not heat –
related is referred to as athermal effect. This can equally result to health hazard (Hyland, 1999).
2
3. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.2, No.7, 2012
A biological effect is said to have occurred, when exposure to EM waves cause some significant or
detectable physiological change in the biological system (WHO, 1998). These effects may occasionally lead to a
detrimental health condition (Ike and Ade, 2006).
The most widely accepted standard for bioeletromagnetic control was developed by the ICNIRP, the
Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American National Standards Institute (IEEE/ANSI)
(Aliyu et al, 2009). Protection against adverse health effects require that these basic restrictions are not
exceeded. Table 1 summarizes the reference levels for occupational and general public exposure recommended
by the ICNIRP.
5 Measurement Method
International and national standards provide exposure limits in terms of electric field strength E (V/m) and
magnetic field strength H (A/m) at power line frequencies. The electric and magnetic fields must be measured
accurately in order to fully assess the health implications of the field on Human beings. Free body probes and
ground reference instruments are the two methods used for electric field measurement (Bracken, 1976, Miller,
1967). In this research, free body probe was used for the measurement of the fields in this research because it
does not require a known ground reference for measurements anywhere above the ground. Any measurements of
EM pollution should be frequency weighted (that is the product of magnetic field strength times frequency), if
the measurement are to gauge whether the current inside the body exceeds a threshold level.
To evaluate the fields from the line, Trifield meter (model 100XE) was employed. The meter combines all
features needed for fast, accurate measurements of EM pollution. It independently measures electric and
magnetic field and is properly scaled for both, to indicate the full magnitude of the currents produced by each
type of field inside the human body.
In the measurement, measures were taken to avoid inaccuracy. The sensor in the metre had to be pointed in
the same direction as the field was pointing, otherwise, the reading would be less than the true magnitude of the
field strength. At each point maximum signal is measured (that is the worst values) while walking around with
the metre held 1.5 m above the ground in the vicinity of the lines. In this report measurement are made in
milligauss (mG) for magnetic field and volt per metre (V/m) for electric field.
Human body can shield electric field; therefore, utmost care was taken to ensure the Metre is not covered
by human body during the measurement so that the true value of the line electric field can be measured.
In practice, several factors: like the line load; line faults; sensitivity of field – detecting coils inside the metre; the
ability of the metre to combine the three coil outputs nonlinearly to give a true magnitude of the magnetic field;
the location of the examined position with respect to the line and; environmental factors effect the result. These
make it difficult to measure the true value of the exposure levels and that is why some over – estimation is
usually allowed in form of ‘worst case’ situation (Ministry of Environment Italy, 1998).
The field intensity selected for reference or comparison purposes is the unperturbed ground level electric
field strength. To avoid the effects of vegetation or irregularities in the terrain, the unperturbed field strength
was measured at 1.5m above the ground level.
6 Result
The electric and magnetic field strengths at 1.5 m above ground level from the HV lines were measured between
two towers of 132 kV and 330 kV and moving away from the centre of each line. However, the characteristics of
the measurement between the two lines varied considerably and these reflect the lines voltage, the distance from
the lines and the height of the lines.
The summary of the data collected for magnetic field in Bauchi are shown in Figure 2 – 3 and Table 2 – 3.
They provide information on the maximum (20.55 mG, 45 mG) and average (5.8 mG, 8 mG) magnetic flux
density under the centre line, at the mid-span of 132 kV and 330 kV lines respectively between the two towers.
Also, Figure 4 provide information on the maximum (35 mG) and average (20 mG) magnetic flux density
under the centre line at the mid – span of 132 kV between two towers of the line in Gombe. Figure 5 provide
information on the maximum (35 mG) and average (7 mG) magnetic flux density under the centre line at the mid
– span of 132 kV moving away from the line in Gombe.
Higher values recorded at 330 kV line shows that people living close to the line are prone to higher
magnetic flux density than those living close to 132 kV line. It is interesting to point out that the lowest magnetic
flux density for both 132 kV and 330 kV were recorded during indoor measurements, while the highest magnetic
flux density for both 132 kV and 330 kV were also recorded during outdoor measurements.
Figure 6 – 7 and Table 2 shows the data collected for electric field. It provides information on the average (42
V/m and 63 V/m) and maximum (40 V/m and 130 V/m) of electric field strengths for 132 kV and 330 kV line
respectively.
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4. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.2, No.7, 2012
Also, Figure 8 provides information on the average (22 V/m) and maximum (110 V/m) of electric field
strengths for 132 kV line in Gombe between the two towers. However, 10 m away from the outer line of 132 kV,
the electric field becomes 10 V/m and it dies down to zero further away from the line.
7 Discussion
The highest and lowest magnetic flux density measured is 35 mG and 4 mG from 132 kV line and 45 mG and 6
mG from 330 kV line. These correspond to 3.5 % for 132 kV line and 4.5 % for 330 kV line of the ICNIRP,
1998 exposure limit for the general public. Thus, there is no health risk to human activities under the lines or
close to the lines. Also, occupational exposure limit is below ICNIRP, 1998 safety limit under the power lines as
we recorded 0.7 % for 132 kV line and 0.9 % for 330 kV line.
The magnetic field recorded at the closest building and the last building to the lines shows a large variation
covering two orders of magnitude, from 0.2 mG to 3.9 mG and from 0.2 mG to 15 mG for 132 kV and 30 kV
lines respectively. These correspond to 1.5 % and 0.39 % of the ICNIRP 1998 exposure limit for the general
public which is also safe. However, it is important to note that these buildings have violated PHCN RoW
because the buildings are as close as 6.5 m and 8 – 10 m away from 132 kV and 330 kV lines respectively. At
the RoW, the magnetic flux density is 3.8 mG which is 0.38 % of the ICNIRP, 1998 reference levels for general
public exposure for 132 kV line and 4 mG which is 0.4 % of the ICNIRP, 1998 reference levels for general
public exposure for 330 kV line. Samples of the data are shown in Table 2 – 3.
Occupational exposures that occur near HV transmission lines depend on the worker's location either on the
ground or at the conductor during live – line work at high potential or in the control room. Measurement in this
analysis shows that the maximum, average and minimum magnetic flux density is 100 mG, 48.44 mG and 8 mG
respectively. Note that the 100 mG was due to 30/40 mVA transformer in Bauchi. The average magnetic flux
density inside control room in Bauchi is 2.5 mG which is below ICNIRP 1998 exposure limit. In Gombe, the
average magnetic flux inside control room is 4 mG, 6 mG in offices outside the control room and 100 mG in the
vicinity of 150 mVA transformer. It shows that the workers are safe as the maximum flux density is 2 % of the
ICNIRP, 1998 occupational exposure limit.
However, there is need for maintenance personnel to restrict their movement around these power
transformers because there is sizeable number of scientists that believed that athermal effects of EM radiation
may lead to health hazards. Also, living close to the lines may lead to other dangers.
For the electric field, the highest and lowest measurement is 130 V/m and 20 V/m from 330 kV line. These
correspond to 2.6 % and 0.4 % of the ICNIRP, 1998 exposure limit for the general public. Also, the highest and
lowest electric filed measured is 40 V/m and 10 V/m from 132 kV line. These correspond to 0.8 % and 0.2 % of
the ICNIRP, 1998 exposure limit for the general public. Thus, human activities like farming and etceteras are
safe under the lines. For occupational exposure, the highest and lowest values correspond to 1.3 % and 0.1 % of
the ICNIRP, 1998. Hence, there is no risk to PHCN maintenance personnel working under the line.
The data collected in this analysis from the closest building and the last building to the lines show zero
order variation in magnitude, from 10 V/m to 42 V/m for 330 kV. These correspond to 0.2 % and 0.84 % of the
ICNIRP 1998 exposure limit for the general public. Therefore, there is no risk for the general public. It is
important to note that these buildings have violated PHCN RoW for HV lines because there are buildings 8 m
away from 132 kV and 3 m away from 330 kV lines.The details of the data is shown in Table 4.
The electric field decreases in an approximately linear fashion with distance from the conductor .This is the
possible reason why PHCN set 15 m and 25 m as RoW for 132 kV and 330 kV line respectively, hoping that the
electric field from the lines would be safe at the specified distances from the lines. However, at 25 m from 330
kV line we measured 10 V/m which is 0.02 % of ICNIRP1998 recommendation and at 15 m from 132 kV line
we measured 20 V/m which is 0.4 % of ICNIRP1998 recommendation. Hence, the electric field at RoW are safe
from both lines.
Measurement in this analysis showed that the electric field is averagely 80 V/m under 132 kV bus bar
which is below ICNIRP, 1998 exposure limit. The highest electric field was recorded under 132 kV and 330 kV
bus bars. The electric field inside control room is practically zero. Hence, the workers are safe in the control
room and under the bus bar.
8 Conclusion
In this paper, the magnitude of electric field strengths and magnetic flux density in the vicinity of 132 kV and
330 kV HV power line have been analyzed for general public and occupational exposure using ICNIRP, 1998
reference levels. The analysis showed that:
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The general public exposure to electric and magnetic field along the power lines is safe. The
highest measured exposure 2.6 % and 4.5 % of the reference level for electric and magnetic field
respectively;
The occupational exposure to electric and magnetic field under the power lines, bus bar and control
room is also safe. The highest measured electric field was recorded under 132 kV and 330 kV bus
bars which was 0.08 % of the reference level while the highest magnetic field measured was 2 %
of the reference level due to power transformers;
PHCN RoW along the power lines have been violated as buildings exist less than 15 m and 25 m
away from 132 kV and 330 kV lines respectively. Despite the violation, the electric field strengths
and the magnetic flux density outside and inside the buildings are within safety limit. However,
there is a huge work to be done by regulatory/law enforcement agents to ensure that the RoW is
observed along the power line because there are sizeable number of scientists that believed that
athermal effects of electromagnetic pollution may lead to health hazards; and
The measurement should be carried out in other parts of the country for risk management and
comparative analysis.
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Aliyu Ozovehe
Born at Okene in Kogi State of Nigeria on May, 15th 1973. He received his degrees of B.Eng (Electrical
Engineering) and M.Sc(Electrical/Electronics) in 1998 and 2006 from Bayero University Kano Nigeria and
University of Lagos Nigeria respectively. He lectured in Electrical/Electronics Engineering department of
Kaduna Polytechnic in 200/2001, worked with Nigerian Telecommunication Limited(NITEL) between 2001 to
2006 and currently working on Airtel project ( cellular network provider in Nigeria) from 2006 to date. He is a
Member of Institute of Electrical/Electronics Engineer (2008),Nigerian Society of Engineer (2007), Member
Council for Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (2008) and Nigerian Institute of Electrical/Electronics
Engineer(2009). He is pursuing Ph.D degree in Electrical/Electronic Engineering Programme at Abubakar
Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria. His major fields are Electromagnetic Compatibility, Radio wave
propagation and Teletraffic engineering.
Maina Ibrahim
Born in Bauchi State of Nigeria on August, 10th 1970. He received his degrees of B.Tech(Applied Physics)
and M. Eng(Electronics) in 1994 and 1998 respectively from Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi,
Nigeria. He has worked in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University and Nigerian Telecommunication
Limited(NITEL) between 1995 to 2007. By 2007, he rejoined Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi. as
lecturer in Physics Programme. He is a Member Nigerians Institute of Physics(2000) and Nigerian Society of
Engineers(2004). Currently, he is on study leave to pursue Ph.D degree in Electrical Engineering at University
Technology Malaysia.His major field is Digital signal processing.
Ali Hamdallah
Born at Okene in Kogi State of Nigeria on February, 20th 1974. He received her degrees of B.Sc (Ed)
(Chemistry Education) and M.Ed (Educational Adminstration) in 2000 and 2006 from Ahmadu Bello University
Zaria, Kaduna Nigeria and University of Lagos Nigeria respectively. She is a lecturer at Department of Science
and Environmental Education, University of Abuja Nigeria from 2007 till date. Her major fields are Child
intellectual development and Environmental education.
Figure 1: Jos – Gombe 330 kV (right) line and Jos – Bauchi – Gombe
132 KV (left) power transmission lines of 50-Hz which are 8m apart
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Table 1: Reference levels for occupational and general public exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic
fields. f as indicated in the frequency range column (50 Hz is used in Nigeria). [European Commission (1998)]
B-field at E-field E-field at
B-field 50Hz strength 50Hz
( mG )
Exposure characteristic Frequency range
( µT ) (V / m ) (k V / m )
Occupational exposure 0.025 – 0.82kHz 25/ f 5,000 500/f 10
General public exposure 0.025 – 0.82kHz 5/ f 1,000 250/f 5
45
Vertical Magnetic Flux Density
40
35
30
25
(mG)
20
15
10
5
0
0 50 Distance (m) 100 150
Figure 2: Unperturbed magnetic field at 50 Hz measured under 330 kV (solid line),132 kV (broken line)
transmission lines parallel to each. Moving away from the line at Bauchi
45
Vertical Magnetic Flux Density (mG)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Distance (m)
Figure 3: Unperturbed magnetic field at 50Hz measured between two Towers of 330 kV (solid line) and 132 kV
(broken line) line in Bauchi
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45
Vertical Magnetic Flux Density (mG)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 100 200 300 400
Distance (m)
Figure 4: Unperturbed magnetic field at 50Hz measured between two Towers of 132 kV line in Gombe.
45
Vertical Magnetic Flux Density (mG)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
30 40 50 0 10 60 20
Distance (m)
Figure 5: Unperturbed magnetic field at 50 Hz measured under 132 kV transmission line and moving away from
the line at Gombe.
Figure 6: Unperturbed electric field measured under 330 kV (solid line),132kV (broken line),50Hz transmission
lines parallel to each other moving away from the centre of the lines in Bauchi
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ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.2, No.7, 2012
Figure 7: Unperturbed electric field measured between two towers of 330 kV (solid line) and 132 kV (broken
line) lines in Bauchi
Figure 8: Unperturbed electric field measured between two Towers of 132 kV lines in Gombe
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Table 2: Sample of magnetic flux density from 330 kV line in Bauchi
Outside building Inside building
Magnetic flux density ( mG ) Magnetic flux density ( mG ) Distance from the line ( m )
15 14
12 11 8.5
6 5
9 8
15 15 10
14 13
Table 3: Sample of magnetic flux density from 132 kV line in Bauchi
Outside building Inside building
Mag. flux density (mG ) Magnetic flux density (mG ) Distance from the line ( m )
4.1 4
3.5 3.2 6.5
4.1 3.5
Table 4: Sampling of electric field from 330kV line in Bauchi
Outside building Inside building
Electric field (kV/m) Electric field (kV/m) Distance from the line (m)
30 10 14
42 28 3
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