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Osteo Intraorganelle Nanoporation under Electrical StimuliIJERD Editor
Nanoporation is a highly effective method to increase permeability of intraorganelle membrane by using series of pico electric pulses. Using this technique, we can introduce specific drugs into the intraorganelle of regid cell like osreoblast and it has various application in medical science. The effect of phospholipids in respond to external pico electric fields, behaviour of water dipoles in the complex electric field landscape of the membrane interface and reorganization of water dipoles in pore formation process have been proposed in these studies. Pore characteristics such as life time, ion selectivity, size, kinetics of formation as well as number of pores are significant factors in the present study.
Controlling cell destruction using dielectrophoretic forces measures the factors that influence cell destruction during dielectrophoresis (DEP) experiments. A field-frequency window was identified that should be avoided to minimize cell damage or utilized to selectively destroy specific cell types. The width and location of this window depends on cell type properties like size, morphology, and dielectric properties, and is bounded by two characteristic frequencies - the DEP cross-over frequency and a frequency determined by the time constant that controls the frequency dependence of the induced field across the cell membrane. Operating in this window can minimize destruction by ensuring cells are not near electrodes, or exploit this window to selectively destroy cell types in a mixture.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Flexible PVDF thin film as piezoelectric energy harvesterjournalBEEI
This aim of this paper is to study the potential of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) polymeric piezoelectric film as an energy harvester for daily application use. PVDF offers several advantages over other piezoelectric materials such as high chemical strength and stability, high piezoelectric properties and biocompatible. Several investigations were carried out in this project which comprises of simulation, functionality test and application test. For functionality test, the highest voltage produced for a single film PVDF is 0.368 V which charges up a capacitor to 0.219 V in one minute. The highest voltage produced by multiple PVDF films is 1.238 V by stacking 10 films of PVDF in parallel which charges up to 0.688 V in one minute. For application test, 5 pieces of PVDF films were attached to a glove to generate some voltage during fingers bending activity. The highest output voltage recorded is 0.184 V which stores 0.101 V in a capacitor after 200 times of hand bending and releasing. As a conclusion, PVDF has a good potential as an alternative energy for daily application use. Combination of PVDF energy harvester system with proper power optimization circuit will open up rooms of research opportunities in energy harvester system with promising prospect in self-powered wireless electronics devices for Internet of
Things application.
Mass transport at internal interfaces of inorganic materials
- Ionic conduction is sensitive to interface structure, with interfaces enhancing ionic conduction due to high defect concentrations, strain-enhanced diffusion, and interface-modified structure (1-2 sentences)
- Point defects at semicoherent metal interfaces like Cu-Nb delocalize across the interface and migrate between misfit dislocation arrays, with the lowest barrier for vacancy migration between 0.06-0.12 eV (1 sentence)
- Understanding defect behavior at metal interfaces provides insights into modifying ion transport at ceramic interfaces like grain boundaries in materials like MgO (1 sentence)
This document summarizes the design and simulation of a dual-band Y-shaped printed antenna for satellite communication. A conventional microstrip patch antenna was first designed with a resonant frequency of 9.8 GHz. A Y-shaped slot was then introduced to the patch, reducing the resonant frequency to 6.23 GHz and 9.56 GHz. The simulated slotted antenna achieved a size reduction of 52.02% compared to the conventional design, with gains of 4.69 dBi at 6.23 GHz and 4.18 dBi at 9.56 GHz. Radiation patterns for both frequencies showed 3dB beamwidths between 166-170 degrees. The dual-band slotted antenna design demonstrates potential for C-band and X
This document summarizes a study on a free meal program called the Sri Venkateswara Nitya Annadanam Trust Scheme run by the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) in Tirumala, India. The study aimed to measure devotee satisfaction with Annadanam facilities and design an information system to improve management. It found that while 90% of devotees were satisfied, donor satisfaction was lower, possibly because they expect better treatment. Only 57% of devotees had used Annadanam, with some unaware of it. Satisfaction with food quality was high, though some felt portions were too large. The study aims to help TTD
The document proposes a novel distributed network architecture for enterprise network vulnerability assessment using CORBA. It discusses limitations of current vulnerability assessment solutions, such as inflexibility in distributing scanning tasks across multiple scanners. The proposed architecture would dynamically assign scanning tasks based on scanner availability to improve efficiency and reliability. It would also decrease the size of individual scanning tasks to speed up task reassignment in case of issues. The architecture follows CORBA standards to define interfaces for communication between distributed components for vulnerability detection and remediation across an enterprise network.
Osteo Intraorganelle Nanoporation under Electrical StimuliIJERD Editor
Nanoporation is a highly effective method to increase permeability of intraorganelle membrane by using series of pico electric pulses. Using this technique, we can introduce specific drugs into the intraorganelle of regid cell like osreoblast and it has various application in medical science. The effect of phospholipids in respond to external pico electric fields, behaviour of water dipoles in the complex electric field landscape of the membrane interface and reorganization of water dipoles in pore formation process have been proposed in these studies. Pore characteristics such as life time, ion selectivity, size, kinetics of formation as well as number of pores are significant factors in the present study.
Controlling cell destruction using dielectrophoretic forces measures the factors that influence cell destruction during dielectrophoresis (DEP) experiments. A field-frequency window was identified that should be avoided to minimize cell damage or utilized to selectively destroy specific cell types. The width and location of this window depends on cell type properties like size, morphology, and dielectric properties, and is bounded by two characteristic frequencies - the DEP cross-over frequency and a frequency determined by the time constant that controls the frequency dependence of the induced field across the cell membrane. Operating in this window can minimize destruction by ensuring cells are not near electrodes, or exploit this window to selectively destroy cell types in a mixture.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Flexible PVDF thin film as piezoelectric energy harvesterjournalBEEI
This aim of this paper is to study the potential of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) polymeric piezoelectric film as an energy harvester for daily application use. PVDF offers several advantages over other piezoelectric materials such as high chemical strength and stability, high piezoelectric properties and biocompatible. Several investigations were carried out in this project which comprises of simulation, functionality test and application test. For functionality test, the highest voltage produced for a single film PVDF is 0.368 V which charges up a capacitor to 0.219 V in one minute. The highest voltage produced by multiple PVDF films is 1.238 V by stacking 10 films of PVDF in parallel which charges up to 0.688 V in one minute. For application test, 5 pieces of PVDF films were attached to a glove to generate some voltage during fingers bending activity. The highest output voltage recorded is 0.184 V which stores 0.101 V in a capacitor after 200 times of hand bending and releasing. As a conclusion, PVDF has a good potential as an alternative energy for daily application use. Combination of PVDF energy harvester system with proper power optimization circuit will open up rooms of research opportunities in energy harvester system with promising prospect in self-powered wireless electronics devices for Internet of
Things application.
Mass transport at internal interfaces of inorganic materials
- Ionic conduction is sensitive to interface structure, with interfaces enhancing ionic conduction due to high defect concentrations, strain-enhanced diffusion, and interface-modified structure (1-2 sentences)
- Point defects at semicoherent metal interfaces like Cu-Nb delocalize across the interface and migrate between misfit dislocation arrays, with the lowest barrier for vacancy migration between 0.06-0.12 eV (1 sentence)
- Understanding defect behavior at metal interfaces provides insights into modifying ion transport at ceramic interfaces like grain boundaries in materials like MgO (1 sentence)
This document summarizes the design and simulation of a dual-band Y-shaped printed antenna for satellite communication. A conventional microstrip patch antenna was first designed with a resonant frequency of 9.8 GHz. A Y-shaped slot was then introduced to the patch, reducing the resonant frequency to 6.23 GHz and 9.56 GHz. The simulated slotted antenna achieved a size reduction of 52.02% compared to the conventional design, with gains of 4.69 dBi at 6.23 GHz and 4.18 dBi at 9.56 GHz. Radiation patterns for both frequencies showed 3dB beamwidths between 166-170 degrees. The dual-band slotted antenna design demonstrates potential for C-band and X
This document summarizes a study on a free meal program called the Sri Venkateswara Nitya Annadanam Trust Scheme run by the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) in Tirumala, India. The study aimed to measure devotee satisfaction with Annadanam facilities and design an information system to improve management. It found that while 90% of devotees were satisfied, donor satisfaction was lower, possibly because they expect better treatment. Only 57% of devotees had used Annadanam, with some unaware of it. Satisfaction with food quality was high, though some felt portions were too large. The study aims to help TTD
The document proposes a novel distributed network architecture for enterprise network vulnerability assessment using CORBA. It discusses limitations of current vulnerability assessment solutions, such as inflexibility in distributing scanning tasks across multiple scanners. The proposed architecture would dynamically assign scanning tasks based on scanner availability to improve efficiency and reliability. It would also decrease the size of individual scanning tasks to speed up task reassignment in case of issues. The architecture follows CORBA standards to define interfaces for communication between distributed components for vulnerability detection and remediation across an enterprise network.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document summarizes a research paper on using a hybrid power filter combined with an active power filter to eliminate current harmonics and improve power factor. It first describes the issues caused by non-linear loads and introduces using passive and active power filters. It then presents the configuration of the proposed combined system and discusses the control circuit and reference current calculation for the shunt active power filter. Simulation results show the combined filter more effectively reduces total harmonic distortion in the supply current compared to using just an active or passive filter alone.
The document summarizes a study on fractal image compression of satellite images using range and domain techniques. It discusses fractal image compression methods, including partitioning images into range and domain blocks. Affine transformations are applied to domain blocks to match range blocks. Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) values are calculated for reconstructed rural and urban satellite images after 4 iterations, showing PSNR of around 17.0 for rural images and 22.0 for urban images. The proposed algorithm partitions the original image into non-overlapping range blocks and selects domain blocks twice the size of range blocks.
The document summarizes a study on the performance of energy storage systems for parallel hybrid electric vehicles. It discusses different battery types used - lead acid, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion batteries. It also outlines the components of a typical parallel hybrid vehicle powertrain including the internal combustion engine, motors, and batteries. Simulation results are presented showing the state of charge variation of different battery types when tested with on-road vehicle data.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This summary provides the key details about the document in 3 sentences:
The document analyzes the surface tension of osteoblast cells in a microchip. It studies how electrical pulses, electrode configuration, microchannel dimensions, and suspension media properties affect the surface tension of the inner and outer layers of osteoblast cell membranes. The document develops a 3D microfluidic model and electrical circuit model to investigate the membrane surface tension and how it is impacted by various parameters like pulse characteristics, electrodes, microchannel, and suspension media.
This document summarizes research on the dielectric properties of red blood cells (RBCs) and how they are affected by exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields. It discusses polarization mechanisms in biological materials and how dielectric properties are measured. Several studies found that prolonged exposure of rats to 50Hz magnetic fields with intensities of 0.2-3 mT caused structural changes to hemoglobin in RBCs, increasing their relative permittivity and conductivity over time. This suggests exposure may damage RBC function and metabolism, with downstream effects on organs. In conclusion, analyzing dielectric properties provides insight into electromagnetic field interactions with cells and how exposure may affect physiological processes.
This document presents a dielectric covered hairpin probe for measuring electron density in reactive plasmas. Covering the hairpin probe with a thin dielectric layer, such as quartz, protects the probe surface from contamination and allows it to operate at higher densities by reducing energy losses. The document develops a model to account for the additional capacitance introduced by the dielectric layer. Experimental tests in an argon plasma verify that electron density measurements made with the covered probe, when corrected using the new model, agree well with measurements from an uncovered reference probe. The dielectric covering improves the performance of the hairpin probe in reactive plasmas.
Objective of the study:-Introduction, Resting Membrane Potential, concept of selective Permeability of membrane, Nernst Equation, Example, Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation and its significance
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using dielectrophoresis in a microfluidic device to separate live and dead biological cells. It describes how an applied non-uniform electric field can induce dipole moments in cells, causing them to be attracted to either high or low field regions depending on their dielectric properties. The document outlines the design of a microfluidic device with a 3D electrode structure intended to exploit these differences and separate live and dead mammalian cells based on their dielectric behavior over 50-70 kHz frequencies.
The document discusses the patch clamp technique, which allows the study of single or multiple ion channels in cells. It was developed in the late 1970s/early 1980s by Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, who received the Nobel Prize for this work. There are different configurations of patch clamp including cell-attached, whole-cell, outside-out, and inside-out. The technique involves pressing a glass pipette against a cell to form an electrical seal and record currents. It has applications in studying ion channels in excitable cells and the effects of drugs.
This document discusses mathematical models used to calculate transmembrane potential in cell walls exposed to electric fields. It begins by introducing the topic and its importance in bioelectrical physics simulations. The document then presents three generations of models with increasing complexity:
1) The first generation model assumes a spherical cell geometry and derives Schwann's equation to calculate transmembrane potential as a function of the applied electric field and position on the cell surface.
2) The second generation model improves on this by using an ellipsoidal cell geometry, leading to a more complex solution involving elliptic integrals.
3) The third generation aims to model pulsed electric fields by considering the cell's potential to decay exponentially after a pulse, like a capacitor
Analytical model for the effect of pressure on the electronic structure of ge...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes the effect of pressure on the electronic structure of germanium nanocrystals using computational methods. It models germanium nanocrystals containing 8, 16, and 54 atoms using the large unit cell method within restricted Hartree-Fock theory. It calculates properties like cohesive energy, band gap, valence bandwidth, and bulk modulus under varying pressures. The results show that valence bandwidth decreases with pressure while cohesive energy and band gap vary depending on crystal size. Properties generally increase with crystal size. The maximum modeled pressure of 7.6 GPa agrees with the experimental germanium phase transition pressure.
The resting membrane potential of neurons is approximately -70 mV, with the intracellular side being negatively charged relative to the extracellular fluid. This potential is generated by three main factors: 1) Differences in ion concentrations between intracellular and extracellular fluids, maintained by the sodium-potassium pump, with higher potassium and negatively charged proteins intracellularly and lower sodium intracellularly. 2) Differential permeability of the membrane, being much more permeable to potassium than sodium. 3) This generates a net outward diffusion of potassium ions, leaving the intracellular space negatively charged and establishing the resting potential.
Analytical model for the effect of pressure on the electronic structure of ge...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the effect of pressure on the electronic structure of germanium nanocrystals using ab initio restricted Hartree-Fock theory. It finds that:
1) The valence bandwidth decreases with increasing pressure for all crystal sizes (8, 16, and 54 atoms) as atoms become more spaced out, reducing energy level splitting.
2) Band gap decreases with pressure for the 8- and 16-atom crystals but increases for the 54-atom crystal, representing a transition from semiconductor to insulator.
3) Cohesive energy decreases with tensile pressure for the 8-atom crystal but increases for the 16- and 54-atom crystals, possibly related to crystal shape changes from cubic
DIELECTROPHORETIC DEFORMATION OF ERYTHROCYTES ON TRANSPARENT INDIUM TIN OXIDE...Larry O'Connell
1. The document presents a protocol for patterning transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes and investigates their efficacy for dielectrophoretically deforming erythrocytes compared to existing gold electrodes.
2. ITO electrodes were fabricated through a multi-step reactive ion etching process involving photoresist patterning and chromium/nickel masking layers. The transparent ITO electrodes allow full visualization of adhered cells, unlike opaque gold electrodes.
3. Erythrocytes suspended in a glucose solution were dielectrophoretically deformed at increasing electric field strengths on the ITO electrodes. Images were captured at each voltage step to measure cell deformation without occlusion from the electrodes.
6) A beam of light with red and blue components of wavelengths.docxalinainglis
6) A beam of light with red and blue components of wavelengths 670 nm and 425 nm,
respectively, strikes a slab of fused quartz at an incident angle of 30o. On refraction, the
different components are separated by an angle of 0.001312 rad. If the index of
refractions of the red light is 1.4925, what is the index of refraction of the blue light?
Week 5 Assignment
Early Quantum Theory
Please solve the following problems. You must show all work for full/partial credit.
When complete, attach a typed cover sheet and submit to the assignment drop-box.
1) The walls of a blackbody cavity are at a temperature of 27o C. What is the frequency
of the radiation of maximum intensity?
2) Assume that a 100 – W light bulb gives off 2.50% of its energy as visible light. How
many photons of visible light are given off in 1.00 min? (Use an average visible
wavelength of 550 nm)
3) What is the energy of photons (joules) emitted by an 107.5-MHz FM radio station?
4) What is the longest wavelength of light that will emit electrons from a metal whose
work function is 3.50 eV?
5) A metal with a work function of 2.40 eV is illuminated by a beam of monochromatic
light. If the stopping potential is 2.5V, what is the wavelength of the light?
6) What is the de Broglie wavelength of a 1000 kg car moving at a velocity of 25 m/s?
7) A hydrogen atom in its ground state is excited to the n = 5 level. It then makes a
transition directly to the n = 2 level before returning to the ground state.
a) What are the wavelengths of the emitted photons?
b) Would any of the emitted wavelengths be in the visible region?
8) What is the longest wavelength light capable of ionizing a hydrogen atom in the
ground state?
Week 6 Assignment
Quantum Mechanics of Atoms
Please solve the following problems. You must show all work for full/partial credit.
When complete, attach a typed cover sheet and submit to the assignment drop-box.
1) What is the minimum uncertainty in the velocity of an electron that is known to be
somewhere between 0.050 nm and 0.10 nm from a proton?
2) The energy of the first excited state of a hydrogen atom is -0.34 eV ± 0.0003 eV.
What is the average lifetime of for this state?
3) Knowing that a free neutron has a mean life of 900 s and a mass of m = 1.67 x 10-
27kg, what is the uncertainty in its mass in kg?
4) For n = 5, l = 4, what are the possible values of and ml and ms?
5) Draw the ground state energy level diagrams for nitrogen (N) and potassium (K).
6) Calculate the magnitude of the angular momentum of an electron in the n = 7, l= 5
state of hydrogen.
Week 7 Assignment
Nuclear Physics
Please solve the following problems. You must show all work for full/partial credit.
When complete, attach a typed cover sheet and submit to the assignment drop-box.
1) What is the approximate atomic radius of
2) What is the approximate radius of a nucleus?
(b) Approximately what is the value.
Improving the efficiency of photovoltaic cells embedded in floating buoysIJECEIAES
Solar cells are used to power floating buoys, which is one of their applications. Floating buoys are devices that are placed on the sea and ocean surfaces to provide various information to the floats. Because these cells are subjected to varying environmental conditions, modeling and simulating photovoltaic cells enables us to install cells with higher efficiency and performance in them. The parameters of the single diode model are examined in this article so that the
I-V, P-V diagrams, and characteristics of the cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic cell designed with three layers (CdTe, CdS, and SnOx) can be extracted using a solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS) software, and we obtain the parameters of the single diode model using the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm. In this paper, the objective function is root mean square error (RMSE), and the best value obtained after 30 runs is 5.2217×10-5 in 2.46 seconds per iteration, indicating a good agreement between the simulated model and the real model and outperforms many other algorithms that have been developed thus far. The above optimization with 200 iterations, a population of 30, and 84 points was completed on a server with 32 gigabytes of random-access memory (RAM) and 30 processing cores.
This document provides an overview of semiconductor theory and electronic devices and circuits. It discusses atomic structure, energy band theory, insulators, semiconductors and metals. It describes charge densities in semiconductors, the Fermi level, drift and diffusion currents, and the Hall effect. It also includes sample assignments and analysis of past GATE exam questions related to electronic devices.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document summarizes a research paper on using a hybrid power filter combined with an active power filter to eliminate current harmonics and improve power factor. It first describes the issues caused by non-linear loads and introduces using passive and active power filters. It then presents the configuration of the proposed combined system and discusses the control circuit and reference current calculation for the shunt active power filter. Simulation results show the combined filter more effectively reduces total harmonic distortion in the supply current compared to using just an active or passive filter alone.
The document summarizes a study on fractal image compression of satellite images using range and domain techniques. It discusses fractal image compression methods, including partitioning images into range and domain blocks. Affine transformations are applied to domain blocks to match range blocks. Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) values are calculated for reconstructed rural and urban satellite images after 4 iterations, showing PSNR of around 17.0 for rural images and 22.0 for urban images. The proposed algorithm partitions the original image into non-overlapping range blocks and selects domain blocks twice the size of range blocks.
The document summarizes a study on the performance of energy storage systems for parallel hybrid electric vehicles. It discusses different battery types used - lead acid, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion batteries. It also outlines the components of a typical parallel hybrid vehicle powertrain including the internal combustion engine, motors, and batteries. Simulation results are presented showing the state of charge variation of different battery types when tested with on-road vehicle data.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This summary provides the key details about the document in 3 sentences:
The document analyzes the surface tension of osteoblast cells in a microchip. It studies how electrical pulses, electrode configuration, microchannel dimensions, and suspension media properties affect the surface tension of the inner and outer layers of osteoblast cell membranes. The document develops a 3D microfluidic model and electrical circuit model to investigate the membrane surface tension and how it is impacted by various parameters like pulse characteristics, electrodes, microchannel, and suspension media.
This document summarizes research on the dielectric properties of red blood cells (RBCs) and how they are affected by exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields. It discusses polarization mechanisms in biological materials and how dielectric properties are measured. Several studies found that prolonged exposure of rats to 50Hz magnetic fields with intensities of 0.2-3 mT caused structural changes to hemoglobin in RBCs, increasing their relative permittivity and conductivity over time. This suggests exposure may damage RBC function and metabolism, with downstream effects on organs. In conclusion, analyzing dielectric properties provides insight into electromagnetic field interactions with cells and how exposure may affect physiological processes.
This document presents a dielectric covered hairpin probe for measuring electron density in reactive plasmas. Covering the hairpin probe with a thin dielectric layer, such as quartz, protects the probe surface from contamination and allows it to operate at higher densities by reducing energy losses. The document develops a model to account for the additional capacitance introduced by the dielectric layer. Experimental tests in an argon plasma verify that electron density measurements made with the covered probe, when corrected using the new model, agree well with measurements from an uncovered reference probe. The dielectric covering improves the performance of the hairpin probe in reactive plasmas.
Objective of the study:-Introduction, Resting Membrane Potential, concept of selective Permeability of membrane, Nernst Equation, Example, Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation and its significance
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using dielectrophoresis in a microfluidic device to separate live and dead biological cells. It describes how an applied non-uniform electric field can induce dipole moments in cells, causing them to be attracted to either high or low field regions depending on their dielectric properties. The document outlines the design of a microfluidic device with a 3D electrode structure intended to exploit these differences and separate live and dead mammalian cells based on their dielectric behavior over 50-70 kHz frequencies.
The document discusses the patch clamp technique, which allows the study of single or multiple ion channels in cells. It was developed in the late 1970s/early 1980s by Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, who received the Nobel Prize for this work. There are different configurations of patch clamp including cell-attached, whole-cell, outside-out, and inside-out. The technique involves pressing a glass pipette against a cell to form an electrical seal and record currents. It has applications in studying ion channels in excitable cells and the effects of drugs.
This document discusses mathematical models used to calculate transmembrane potential in cell walls exposed to electric fields. It begins by introducing the topic and its importance in bioelectrical physics simulations. The document then presents three generations of models with increasing complexity:
1) The first generation model assumes a spherical cell geometry and derives Schwann's equation to calculate transmembrane potential as a function of the applied electric field and position on the cell surface.
2) The second generation model improves on this by using an ellipsoidal cell geometry, leading to a more complex solution involving elliptic integrals.
3) The third generation aims to model pulsed electric fields by considering the cell's potential to decay exponentially after a pulse, like a capacitor
Analytical model for the effect of pressure on the electronic structure of ge...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes the effect of pressure on the electronic structure of germanium nanocrystals using computational methods. It models germanium nanocrystals containing 8, 16, and 54 atoms using the large unit cell method within restricted Hartree-Fock theory. It calculates properties like cohesive energy, band gap, valence bandwidth, and bulk modulus under varying pressures. The results show that valence bandwidth decreases with pressure while cohesive energy and band gap vary depending on crystal size. Properties generally increase with crystal size. The maximum modeled pressure of 7.6 GPa agrees with the experimental germanium phase transition pressure.
The resting membrane potential of neurons is approximately -70 mV, with the intracellular side being negatively charged relative to the extracellular fluid. This potential is generated by three main factors: 1) Differences in ion concentrations between intracellular and extracellular fluids, maintained by the sodium-potassium pump, with higher potassium and negatively charged proteins intracellularly and lower sodium intracellularly. 2) Differential permeability of the membrane, being much more permeable to potassium than sodium. 3) This generates a net outward diffusion of potassium ions, leaving the intracellular space negatively charged and establishing the resting potential.
Analytical model for the effect of pressure on the electronic structure of ge...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the effect of pressure on the electronic structure of germanium nanocrystals using ab initio restricted Hartree-Fock theory. It finds that:
1) The valence bandwidth decreases with increasing pressure for all crystal sizes (8, 16, and 54 atoms) as atoms become more spaced out, reducing energy level splitting.
2) Band gap decreases with pressure for the 8- and 16-atom crystals but increases for the 54-atom crystal, representing a transition from semiconductor to insulator.
3) Cohesive energy decreases with tensile pressure for the 8-atom crystal but increases for the 16- and 54-atom crystals, possibly related to crystal shape changes from cubic
DIELECTROPHORETIC DEFORMATION OF ERYTHROCYTES ON TRANSPARENT INDIUM TIN OXIDE...Larry O'Connell
1. The document presents a protocol for patterning transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes and investigates their efficacy for dielectrophoretically deforming erythrocytes compared to existing gold electrodes.
2. ITO electrodes were fabricated through a multi-step reactive ion etching process involving photoresist patterning and chromium/nickel masking layers. The transparent ITO electrodes allow full visualization of adhered cells, unlike opaque gold electrodes.
3. Erythrocytes suspended in a glucose solution were dielectrophoretically deformed at increasing electric field strengths on the ITO electrodes. Images were captured at each voltage step to measure cell deformation without occlusion from the electrodes.
6) A beam of light with red and blue components of wavelengths.docxalinainglis
6) A beam of light with red and blue components of wavelengths 670 nm and 425 nm,
respectively, strikes a slab of fused quartz at an incident angle of 30o. On refraction, the
different components are separated by an angle of 0.001312 rad. If the index of
refractions of the red light is 1.4925, what is the index of refraction of the blue light?
Week 5 Assignment
Early Quantum Theory
Please solve the following problems. You must show all work for full/partial credit.
When complete, attach a typed cover sheet and submit to the assignment drop-box.
1) The walls of a blackbody cavity are at a temperature of 27o C. What is the frequency
of the radiation of maximum intensity?
2) Assume that a 100 – W light bulb gives off 2.50% of its energy as visible light. How
many photons of visible light are given off in 1.00 min? (Use an average visible
wavelength of 550 nm)
3) What is the energy of photons (joules) emitted by an 107.5-MHz FM radio station?
4) What is the longest wavelength of light that will emit electrons from a metal whose
work function is 3.50 eV?
5) A metal with a work function of 2.40 eV is illuminated by a beam of monochromatic
light. If the stopping potential is 2.5V, what is the wavelength of the light?
6) What is the de Broglie wavelength of a 1000 kg car moving at a velocity of 25 m/s?
7) A hydrogen atom in its ground state is excited to the n = 5 level. It then makes a
transition directly to the n = 2 level before returning to the ground state.
a) What are the wavelengths of the emitted photons?
b) Would any of the emitted wavelengths be in the visible region?
8) What is the longest wavelength light capable of ionizing a hydrogen atom in the
ground state?
Week 6 Assignment
Quantum Mechanics of Atoms
Please solve the following problems. You must show all work for full/partial credit.
When complete, attach a typed cover sheet and submit to the assignment drop-box.
1) What is the minimum uncertainty in the velocity of an electron that is known to be
somewhere between 0.050 nm and 0.10 nm from a proton?
2) The energy of the first excited state of a hydrogen atom is -0.34 eV ± 0.0003 eV.
What is the average lifetime of for this state?
3) Knowing that a free neutron has a mean life of 900 s and a mass of m = 1.67 x 10-
27kg, what is the uncertainty in its mass in kg?
4) For n = 5, l = 4, what are the possible values of and ml and ms?
5) Draw the ground state energy level diagrams for nitrogen (N) and potassium (K).
6) Calculate the magnitude of the angular momentum of an electron in the n = 7, l= 5
state of hydrogen.
Week 7 Assignment
Nuclear Physics
Please solve the following problems. You must show all work for full/partial credit.
When complete, attach a typed cover sheet and submit to the assignment drop-box.
1) What is the approximate atomic radius of
2) What is the approximate radius of a nucleus?
(b) Approximately what is the value.
Improving the efficiency of photovoltaic cells embedded in floating buoysIJECEIAES
Solar cells are used to power floating buoys, which is one of their applications. Floating buoys are devices that are placed on the sea and ocean surfaces to provide various information to the floats. Because these cells are subjected to varying environmental conditions, modeling and simulating photovoltaic cells enables us to install cells with higher efficiency and performance in them. The parameters of the single diode model are examined in this article so that the
I-V, P-V diagrams, and characteristics of the cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic cell designed with three layers (CdTe, CdS, and SnOx) can be extracted using a solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS) software, and we obtain the parameters of the single diode model using the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm. In this paper, the objective function is root mean square error (RMSE), and the best value obtained after 30 runs is 5.2217×10-5 in 2.46 seconds per iteration, indicating a good agreement between the simulated model and the real model and outperforms many other algorithms that have been developed thus far. The above optimization with 200 iterations, a population of 30, and 84 points was completed on a server with 32 gigabytes of random-access memory (RAM) and 30 processing cores.
This document provides an overview of semiconductor theory and electronic devices and circuits. It discusses atomic structure, energy band theory, insulators, semiconductors and metals. It describes charge densities in semiconductors, the Fermi level, drift and diffusion currents, and the Hall effect. It also includes sample assignments and analysis of past GATE exam questions related to electronic devices.
Enhancing the Performance of P3HT/Cdse Solar Cells by Optimal Designing of Ac...IOSRJEEE
The present study examined the influence of different condition like as doping , in active layer, on the performance of P3HT/CdSe Solar cells .In this work, we analyzed the best doping for the configuration of P3HT/ CdSe in order to improve the performance of the solar cell. For this aim, we investigated the current density of electrons, the electric field, the short-circuit current and the open-circuit voltage in different doping . The results indicate that when the doping is increased in P3Ht and is decreased in CdSe, the current density of electrons, the electric field, the short-circuit current, and the open-circuit voltage are increased. Finally, we obtained doping of and for electron and hole donor respectively as the best doping for this configuration
NMR Spectroscopy is abbreviated as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the study of molecules by recording the interaction of radiofrequency (Rf) electromagnetic radiations with the nuclei of molecules placed in a strong magnetic field.
Electron acoustic waves are high frequency electrostatic waves that exist in plasmas containing two populations of electrons with different temperatures, as well as a background of ions. They were first introduced by Fried and Gould in 1961 as a solution to the Vlasov dispersion equation. Electron acoustic waves propagate due to interactions between the electron populations, and their study is important for interpreting electrostatic noise observed in space plasmas like the Earth's magnetosphere. Research on nonlinear propagation of electron acoustic waves continues to provide insights into wave phenomena in multi-temperature plasmas.
TOMOGRAPHY OF HUMAN BODY USING EXACT SIMULTANEOUS ITERATIVE RECONSTRUCTION AL...cscpconf
In this paper an Exact Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Algorithm is developed and applied on a large semi human size normal biological model and a diseased model (liver region affected) to verify the efficiency of the algorithm. The algorithm is successfully reconstructed the normal model having 15%-20% perturbation i.e. change in permittivity during disease. In diseased case, reconstructed imaginary part of complex permittivity clearly detects the affected zone and it may help the medical diagnosis. Hence it may be a powerful tool for early detection of cancerous tumors as the interrogating wave is a noninvasive one at the ultra high frequency range. The resolution of this system is increased with the reduction of
wavelength by immersing the antenna system and the model in saline water region. The advantage of this algorithm is that the calculation of cofactor are done offline to save the computational time and cofactors are expressed as a function of distances irrespective of their positions
Comparative Study of Evolutionary Algorithms for the Optimum Design Of Thin B...jmicro
With the increasing levels of Electromagnetic pollution almost exponentially in this modern age of
Electronics reported and highlighted by numerous studies carried out by scientists from all over the world,
inspire engineers to concentrate their research for the optimum design of multilayer microwave absorber
considering various parameters which are inherently conflicting in nature. In this paper we mainly focus
on the comparative study of different Evolutionary algorithms for the optimum design of thin broadband (2-
20GHz) multilayer microwave absorber for oblique incidence (300
) considering arbitrary polarization of
the electromagnetic waves. Different models are presented and synthesized using various Evolutionary
algorithm namely Firefly algorithm (FA), Particle swarm optimization (PSO), Artificial bee colony
optimization (ABC) and the best simulated results are tabulated and compared with each others.
Similar to Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD) (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and limestone powder to replace cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Tests were conducted on SCC mixes with 0-50% replacement of cement with GGBS and 0-20% replacement with limestone powder. The results showed that replacing 30% of cement with GGBS and 15% with limestone powder produced SCC with the highest compressive strength of 46MPa, meeting fresh property requirements. The study concluded that this ternary blend of cement, GGBS and limestone powder can improve SCC properties while reducing costs.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN : 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 5, Issue 9 (January 2013), PP. 22-29
Study the Window Effect of Rectangular Electrical Pulse
in Membrane Potential of Dielectric Model of Osteoblast
Cell under Different Microelectrodes
Swarup Sarkar1, Rajat Mahapatra2, Soumen Das3, Akash Ku Bhoi4
1,4
Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Department, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology
Majitar, Rangpo, Sikkim-737136, India
2
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology
Durgapur, West Bengal, India.
3
School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Abstract:- With refarances of bilayer dielectric model, for the spherical osteoblast cell subjected to
expose on time domain electric field such as rectangular pulse, an equivalent circuit model is
presented. This paper presents the window effect of different linear and non linear electric field on
osteoblast cell in different microelectrode. It is found that because of different charging time constants
& relaxation time, different durations and different geometry of microelectrode have selective effects
on inner and outer membranes. We find that when duration of applied signal is reduced from
microsecond to nanosecond, and to pecosecond, the generated inner and outer membrane potential are
different & target induced is changed from the outer membrane to the inner membrane gradually for a
specific type electrode geometry. In this paper we also explore the comparative analysis of window
effect on cancer cell. The window effect gives preliminary explanation for various bioelectric effects
such as electroporation, intracellular electromanipulation and nanopores, providing help to the
applications of various cancer treatments.
Keywords:- osteoblast cells, window effect, linear and non linear electric field, charging time
constants, relaxation time and cancer treatment.
I. INTRODUCTION
Osteoblast cells are the most abundant and fundamental elements in bone, and their concentration in
serum is closely linked to bone metabolism and serves as a biological marker for the clinical assessment
of bone disease. For clinical investigation the dielectric property of osteoblast cell plays an important role. Like
other biological cell the dielectric properties of osteoblast cells are very remarkable. They typically display
extremely high dielectric constants at low frequencies, falling off in more or less distinct steps as the excitation
frequency is increased. Their frequency dependence permits identification and investigation of a number of
completely different underlying mechanisms, and hence, dielectric studies of osteomaterials have long been
important in electrophysiology and biomedical application. In drug delivery system the potential of the
membrane plays an important role to control the radius and density of generated pores which allows the drugs
enter into the cell. This concept is also applicable for clinical application in bone cell specially in osteoblast cell.
Now a days the rectangular ,triangular & sawtooth pulsed electric field, because of their unique biomedical
effects, have opened a new exposer to tumor treatment and become a research focus in the area of bio-
electromagnetics. Many experimental researches show that rectangular pulse with different parameters can cause
different bioelectric effects. Weaver et al found that in response to microsecond PEF (typical parameters: 1
kV/cm, 100 μs) [1-2], many reversible aqueous channels, which are often called pores (radius ≈ 20-110 nm),
appear at the cell membrane (outer membrane), while there is no obvious effect on the intramembranous
organelles. This physical procedure is termed electroporation, which can make cell membrane more permeable
to drug molecule, has been successfully applied to tumor treatment. On the other hand, Schoenbach et al found
that the nanosecond PEF with amplitude above 10 kV/cm can induce a series of cellular responses [3-9], which
are different from electroporation effect. This ns PEF can lead to poration of organelle membranes (inner
membrane), such as nucleolus, mitochondria, etc, without losing the integrity of outer membrane, and may
induce apoptosis of tumor cell. This phenomenon is termed intracellular electromanipulation (IEM). The ns PEF
might be a new and promising therapy for tumor treatment, but how to accurately decide its parameters is a key
point for its clinical application. Most recently, molecular dynamics modeling results and B16 cell experiments
22
2. Study the Window Effect of Rectangular Electrical Pulse in Membrane...
[10] show that in response to pico second pulses (800 ps, 150 kV/cm, 1 MV/cm), reversible nanopores (radius ≈
0.4 nm) appear at the outer membrane of B16 cells. From the above experiments, it could be concluded that PEF
with different duration and intensity can cause various biomedical effects on cell, which suggests a window
effect between. external PEF and biological cell. In this paper, based on an equivalent circuit model of spherical
osteoblast cell, we studied the window effect in between rectangular pulse and transmembrane potential of
osteoblast cell in different microelectrode through time domain analysis .We also compair the window effect in
osteoblast cell with cancer cell.
II. THE EQUIVALENT DIELECTRIC MODEL OF OSTEOBLAST CELL
A. Time domain analysis
To study the window effect of osteoblast cell we consider the bilayer structure of the cell [15] [16] qnd
verify the time domain analysis of outer & inner membrane potential describe by C .Yao et al.
Fig 1. Equivalent circuit model of cell subjected to PEF (Ө =0)
From the above Figure, the complex-domain relationship between cb the cell voltage V and the
external field E is
𝑽(𝑆) = 𝑓𝑅𝑐𝐸(𝑆) ----------( 1)
The term f [19] is a compensation factor considering the
effect of extracellular medium and cytoplasm, etc. Since the
cell parameters are always under the conditions of
𝛾 𝑜 , 𝛾 𝑐 >> 𝛾 m and C c , 𝑅 >> 𝑑 , the term f can be approximated by a constant, f≈ 1.5. Therefore, the
transmembrane potential across the cell membrane is
1.5𝑅𝑐
𝑉𝑚 𝑠 = . 𝐸(𝑆) ---------------(2)
𝜏𝑐𝑙𝑙 𝑆+1
Actually, the charging course of the outer membrane is affected by both the extracellular and
intracellular mediums.
According to the reference [14], the charging time constant 𝜏𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 of the outer membrane is given by Schwan
1 1 𝜀𝑖 𝜀𝑚
𝜏𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = + 𝑅𝑐. ----------------(3)
2𝛾0 𝛾𝑐 𝑑𝑚
Where, 𝜀𝑖 𝑑notes the vacuum permittivity. Therefore, at any given θ, the ratio of transmembrane
potential across the
outer membrane to field intensity in complex-domain is
1.5𝑅𝑐 cos 𝜃
𝐻𝑚 𝑠 = .
𝜏𝑐𝑙𝑙 𝑆+1
On the other hand the transmembrane potential across the inner membrane is
1
𝑉𝑛 𝑆 = 𝑆𝐶𝑛 – (4)
1 + 1 𝑆𝐶𝑛
𝐺𝑛
Therefore, at any given θ, the ratio of transmembrane potential to field intensity in complex-domain is
1.5 𝜏𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑅𝑛 cos 𝜃
𝐻𝑛 𝑆 =
𝜏𝑛𝑢𝑐 𝑆+1 + 𝜏𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑆+1
The charging time constant 𝜏𝑛𝑢𝑐 of inner membrane is[14]
1 1 𝜀𝑖 𝜀𝑛𝑚
𝜏𝑛𝑢𝑐 = + 𝑅𝑛 ---------------- (5)
2𝛾c 𝛾𝑛𝑐 𝑑𝑛
23
3. Study the Window Effect of Rectangular Electrical Pulse in Membrane...
According to the dielectric cell parameters, it find out that 𝜏𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 > 𝜏𝑛𝑢𝑐.
Outer membrane:
According to the transfer functions defined by equations (2) and (5), the time responses of inner and outer
membranes to
a given rectangular pulse electric field E(s) can be obtained
𝑉𝑛(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 𝐻𝑛 𝑆 . 𝐸 (𝑆) -------(6) &
𝑉𝑚(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 𝐻𝑚 𝑆 . 𝐸 (𝑆) -------(7)
Put the value E(S)= ------- in equation no (6) & ( 7) we get the outer membrane potential (𝑉𝑚 𝑡 ) 𝑖s
𝑡 𝑡−𝜏
𝑉𝑚 𝑡 = 1.5 𝑅𝑐 𝐸 𝑡 −𝑒 𝜏𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 1 𝑡 − 𝜏 + 𝑒 𝜏𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 . 1 𝑡 − 𝜏 cos 𝜃-------( 8 )
At the end of the pulse, the transmembrane potential of outer membrane is
𝜏
𝑉𝑚 = 1.5𝑅𝑐𝐸 1 − 𝑒 − 𝜏𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 cos 𝜃--------------------------------------(9)
From the equation no (9) it is come to know that if 𝜏 𝑖𝑠 very low with respect to 𝜏𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 than outer membrane is
poorly charged and when 𝜏 >= 4 𝜏𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 than the outer membrane is fully charged.
After simplification of equation (6) the membrane potential of inner membrane as
And at the end of the pulse, the transmembrane potential of inner membrane is
𝑡 𝑡
1.5 𝜏𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑅𝑛𝑢𝑐 𝐸 𝑡
𝑉𝑛 𝑡 = (𝑒 𝜏𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝑒 𝜏𝑛𝑢𝑐 ) cos 𝜃-------( 10 )
𝜏𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 −𝜏𝑛𝑢𝑐
From the equation no (10) it is come to know that if 𝜏 𝑖𝑠 very low with respect to 𝜏𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 & 𝜏𝑛𝑢𝑐 than
outer membrane is poorly charged and when 𝜏 >= 4 𝜏𝑛𝑢𝑐 than the the inner membrane is fully charged, but its
transmembrane potential of outer membrane is close to zero at the end of pulse.
The charging of the inner membrane is affected by the time constants (𝜏 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙, 𝜏 𝑛𝑢𝑐) of inner and outer
membranes. As 𝜏 𝑛𝑢𝑐 << 𝜏 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙, after the transmembrane potential across inner membrane reaching to its
maximum, it starts to rapidly decline even if the field still persists.these shifting of generating membrane
potential from outer to inner membrane shown in our study for osteoblast cell in rectangular electric pulse.
III. USED PARAMETER
A. Dielectric Value of Osteoblast Cell
parameter Cell parameters value
conductivity Extracellular medium 10 × 10−3
(S/m) Cell membrane 1.2 × 10−7
Cell cytoplasm 0.039s
Nuclear membrane 10 × 10−1
Nuclear cytoplasm 0.08s
Extracellular medium 80
relative Cell membrane 22
permittivity Cell cytoplasm 93
Nuclear membrane 22
Nuclear cytoplasm 93
Geometry Cell radius 12 µ𝑚
parameter Cell membrane thickness 0.006µm
(μm) Nuclear radius 6 µ𝑚
B. Simulation Tool
For fast and accurate simulation results, we chose the semiconductor, RF, and industry preferred NI
Circuit Simulator and lab-view, product version(2.5.1).Lab view is commonly used for complex analogue and
mixed-signal circuits .In an application, NI Circuit Simulator is used to study the circuit design .The analytical
and mathematical simulation is done by the latest version MATLAB 10.5 and Math AutoCAD. Similarly, the
electric field analysis of various electrode is done by COMsol multiphysics software.
C. Used Electrode
In our study we used different type of microelectrodes whose geometry and intra arrangement are
shown in fig:4 & specification and generated electric field intensity of the used microelectrodes are explore in
table I & II .
24
4. Study the Window Effect of Rectangular Electrical Pulse in Membrane...
Table-I
(Electrode specification)
Length of electrode (l) 1mm
Width of electrode (w) 100 µm
Inter-electrode distance 100 µm
Thickness of electrode(d) 1µm
ε0 8.856 × 10−12 F
TABLE:II
(ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY CALCULATING FROM COMSOLE MULTI PHYSICS S/W)
Type of Rotation of Electric field
electrode electrode intensity(𝟏𝟎) 𝟒
Rectangular In line(c) ig:4 3.68
Shift (d) fig:4 3.75
Semicircular In line a)fig:4 4.22
Shift (b) fig:4 4.07
Saw tooth In line(e) ig:4 8.87
Shift (f) fig:4 3.61
Co-centric V/log(b/a)
Fig2. Configurations of electrode for FEA analysis.
IV. THE WINDOW EFFECT
A. SIMULATION OF THE WINDOW EFFECT IN BETWEEN OF RECTANGULAR PULSE AND
TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL:
a. Rectangular Electrode
For Ta=1e-012 For Ta=1e-010
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
For Ta=1e-012 For Ta=1e-010
0.5 0.5
TMP in volts--------->
TMP in volts--------->
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
time in sec ------> time in sec ------>
25
5. Study the Window Effect of Rectangular Electrical Pulse in Membrane...
For Ta=1e-011 For Ta=1e-009
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
For Ta=1e-011 For Ta=1e-009
0.5 0.5
TMP in volts--------->
TMP in volts--------->
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
time in sec ------> time in sec ------>
For Ta=1e-008
0.5
0
-0.5
-20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 10 10 10 10
For Ta=1e-008
0.5
TMP in volts--------->
0
-0.5
-20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 10 10 10 10
time in sec ------>
Fig: 3.Transmembrane potential of outer and inner membrane in different pulse width (Ta) & duration of
rectangular pulse in rectangular electrode.
We Plot the relationship curves between transmembrane potentials (at the end of the pulse) and
duration τ ( for rectangular electrode where E=3.68𝑋104 ),at different pulse width (Ta) of rectangular pulse for
outer and inner membrane of osteoblast cell , as shown in above Figure. It could be concluded that rectangular
pulse with different duration has obvious selective effect on the inner and outer membranes, i.e. window effect
,which are as follows.
(1) At Ta=10-9 s(nano second): As compared to time constants, the duration is so long that both the inner
and outer membranes can be fully charged. But the transmembrane potential across inner membrane is close to
zero at the end of the pulse. This field contains abundant signal components at low frequency, mainly acting on
the outer membrane.The field about 3.68𝑋104 V/cm can make the transmembrane potential across outer
membrane reach the critical value for poration. As a result, the outer membrane is porated, but the inner
membrane is not prorated.
(2) At 𝑇𝑎 = 10−10 𝑡𝑜10−11 (𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑) i.e. τ = 4 τnuc<4 τcell: At the end of the pulse, the
transmembrane potential of the inner membrane is 0.25V, which is close to membrane potential of the outer
membrane, with almost similar effective action time. As external field with enough intensity may have similar
action on inner and outer membranes, so both of them might be expected to porate.
(3) At 𝑇𝑎 = 10−12 (𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑)i.e. 0.05 τnuc<τ<4 τnucFor the extremely fast charging speed, the inner
membrane fully charged and much greater transmembrane potential than the outer membrane. This field
contains abundant signal components at middle-high frequency, mainly acting on the inner membrane. The high
intensity may cause the inner
membrane porated, but the outer membrane not porated..
(4)At 𝑇𝑎 > 10−12 s ( above picosecond), i.e. τ<0.05 τnuc:The inner and outer membranes are extremely poorly
charged by the rectangular pulse which exhibit their filtering action on the extremely high frequency
components. But when responding to the strong electric field (several hundred kV/cm), the transmembrane
potentials can still reach the critical value, so the porations of the inner and outer membranes can also be
expected. Considering the extremely short action time, the pores should be different from those induced by
electroporation.
In summary, it is come to know from above figure that the very short pulse duration causes to low
transmembrane potential across outer membrane, while both the very short and very long pulse durations
decrease the transmembrane potential across inner membrane for osteoblast cell . This thoroughly exhibits the
band-pass and low-pass filter characteristics of inner and outer membranes, respectively which is also explore
through our frequency domain analysis.
26
6. Study the Window Effect of Rectangular Electrical Pulse in Membrane...
b. Semicircular Electrode
For Ta=1e-010
For Ta=1e-012 1
1
0.5
0.5
0
0
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-1 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
10
0 10 10 10 10 10
For Ta=1e-012 For Ta=1e-010
0.2
TMP in volts--------->
0.2
TMP in volts--------->
0.1 0.1
0 0
-0.1 -0.1
-0.2 -0.2
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
time in sec ------> time in sec ------>
For Ta=1e-009 For Ta=1e-008
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
For Ta=1e-009 For Ta=1e-008
0.2 0.2
TMP in volts--------->
TMP in volts--------->
0.1 0.1
0 0
-0.1 -0.1
-0.2 -0.2
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
time in sec ------> time in sec ------>
Fig: 4 transmembrane potential of outer and inner membrane in different pulse width & duration of rectangular
pulse in semicircular electrode.
We Plot the relationship curves between transmembrane potentials (at the end of the pulse) and
duration τ ( for semicircular electrode where E=4.22𝑋104 ),at different pulse width (Ta) of rectangular pulse
for outer and inner membrane of osteoblast cell, as shown in above Figure. It could be concluded that
rectangular pulse with different duration has obvious selective effect on the inner and outer membranes, i.e.
window effect. All the plots are as same as rectangular electrode only the value of membrane potential for both
outer & inner membrane are different but when Ta=10−10 a negative voltage is obtain in inner membrane due to
the presences of rest potential. Moreover, the negative transmembrane potential shown when Ta=10−10 is a
peculiar property of the inner membrane; in other words, the voltage across the inner membrane is
bipolar.Positive voltage produced due to the charging of the membrane. While the charges stored in the outer
membrane discharges at the negative edge of rectangular pulse, which is the forms of a discharge current. The
discharge current will charge the inner membrane again. As the discharge current is in the direction opposite to
the charged one, as a result, the transmembrane potential induced by discharge current is negative.
c. Sawtooth Electrode
For Ta=1e-011
2
For Ta=1e-010
2
1
1
0
0
-1
-20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 10 10 10 10 -1
-20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 10 10 10 10
For Ta=1e-011
1 For Ta=1e-010
1
TMP in volts--------->
TMP in volts--------->
0.5
0.5
0
0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
time in sec ------> time in sec ------>
For Ta=1e-013
2 For Ta=1e-012
2
1
1
0
0
-1 -1
-20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 10 10 10 10 10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5 0
10
For Ta=1e-013 For Ta=1e-012
1 1
TMP in volts--------->
TMP in volts--------->
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
time in sec ------> time in sec ------>
27
7. Study the Window Effect of Rectangular Electrical Pulse in Membrane...
For Ta=1e-009 For Ta=1e-008
2 2
1 1
0 0
-1 -1
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
For Ta=1e-009 For Ta=1e-008
1 1
TMP in volts--------->
TMP in volts--------->
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
time in sec ------> time in sec ------>
Fig: 5.Transmembrane potential of outer and inner membrane in different pulse width & duration of rectangular
pulse in trangular electrode.
We Plot the relationship curves between transmembrane potentials (at the end of the pulse) and
duration τ ( for trangular electrode where E=8.87𝑋104 ),at different pulse width (Ta) of rectangular pulse for
outer and inner membrane of osteoblast cell, as shown in above figure. It could be concluded that rectangular
pulse with different duration has obvious selective effect on the inner and outer membranes, i.e. window effect.
All the plots are as same semicircular electrode only the value of membrane potential for both outer & inner
membrane are different.
V. DISCUSSIONS
Though the window effect is based on the spherical osteoblast cells in suspension, it could be expected
to extend to practical applications. The pulse duration and intensity jointly determine the selective effect on the
various parts of the cell, to induce different bioelectric and therapeutic effects. When the duration is reduced
from microsecond to nano- second, and to peco-second, the element induction is changed from the outer
membrane to inner membrane gradually. At the same time, the amplitude of field intensity should be increased
to reach the threshold potential across the membrane. Window effect may give preliminary explanation for
various bioelectric effects such as electroporation, and nanopores, and can be helpful in choosing suitable
duration intensity combination for inducing corresponding poration effects of the inner and outer membranes of
osteoblast cell.It is also observed that the window effect does not depends on the shape of electrode although
the peak value of membrane potential is changed with the geometry of microelectrode .Because when the
transmembrane potential is increased the threshold voltage is also increased in same ratio.The rectangular pulse
may also have selective effect on different cancer cells, for they have different cell parameters, i.e. different
time constants (τcell and τnuc). For the healthy and cancer cells of a same type, it is also possible to determine a
reasonable rectangular pulse effect , with its main action on cancer cells.
VI. COMPARITIVE STUDY
In our study we also compair the window effect of rectangular pulse in Cancer cell with osteoblast
cell and we find that in cancer cell when the pulse duration is bellow micro level no voltage will generate at
outer & inner membrane but in microlevel outer membrane is fully charged whereas inner membrane has no
response.This condition remain constant upto peco range .Above this the membrane voltage is shifted from
outer membrane to inner membrane.
VII. CONCLUSION
From the frequency domain analysis it is come to know that the inner and outer membranes act as a
band-pass and low-pass filter characteristics respectively, so they has different filter activity in different
frequency range with the influences of the external electric field .Depondeng on different field duration
decides different transmembrane potentials across inner and outer membranes, so the field has selective action
or window effect on them. In summary, the rectangular electric pulse has a window effect on the osteoblast
cells. When the duration is reduced from microsecond to nanosecond and to pecosecond, the pulse is induced
from the outer membrane to inner membrane gradually. At the same time, we also find that the induced
membrane potential is varied in different microelectrode to generate poors in the membrane.. Furthermore,
rectangular pulse may also have selective effect on different parts of a osteoblast or different type of cancer
cells. The study of window effect in between membrane and rectangular pulse should be useful for the drug
delivery system & experimental treatment for bone cancer.
28
8. Study the Window Effect of Rectangular Electrical Pulse in Membrane...
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