Nucleic acids
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Nucleic acids are organic compounds that store and carry genetic information to direct protein synthesis. There are two main types: DNA contains the genetic blueprint and is usually found in the cell nucleus, while RNA assists in protein production and is mainly in the cytoplasm. Both are made up of nucleotides, which consist of a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA).
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Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are macromolecules made of nucleotides that contain three components: a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. DNA and RNA are the two main types of nucleic acids. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and has a double helix structure, while RNA contains the sugar ribose and is single-stranded. Both are composed of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds and function to carry genetic information for protein synthesis. Their primary differences are that DNA contains the base thymine while RNA contains uracil, and RNA is found in the cytoplasm while DNA remains in the nucleus.
Nucleic acids - Introduction
This document discusses nucleic acids and their components. It covers topics like the different types of nucleic acid sugars (ribose, deoxyribose, dideoxy ribose), bases (purines and pyrimidines), nucleosides, nucleotides, polynucleotides, DNA vs RNA, DNA structure (double helix, hydrogen bonding between bases), Chargaff's rule, and more. It also includes review questions related to nucleic acids.
Biomolecules ; Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are organic biomolecules that contain heterocyclic rings. They are composed of nucleotides which contain a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group. Nucleotides polymerize to form long chains with phosphodiester bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups. There are four nucleotides in DNA: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. Nucleic acids function to store and transfer genetic information, with DNA controlling cellular functions and RNA involved in protein synthesis.
Nucleic Acids Biochemistry (DNA & RNA)
Biochemistry of nucleic acids DNA RNA structures with the comparison chart between them chemistry of nucleic acids structures and composition and protein synthesis nucleotides and nucleosides
Nucleic acid chemistry
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides, which contain a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine), a 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups. Friedrich Miescher first isolated nucleic acids in 1869. DNA exists as a double-stranded helical structure, with the bases on one strand bonding with complementary bases on the other strand. The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA contains alternating sugar and phosphate groups and runs in the same direction on both strands.
Chemistry of nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds. There are two types: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the genetic information and directs protein synthesis. It exists as a double helix with nucleotides paired through hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (A-T and G-C). RNA is single-stranded and also involved in protein synthesis.
Structure of nucleic acids
The document summarizes key aspects of nucleic acids. It describes that nucleic acids consist of sugars, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate groups. The four main nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA. The document then discusses the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of nucleic acids. It also compares key differences between DNA and RNA as well as between mRNA and tRNA. Finally, it summarizes factors that contribute to the stability of the DNA double helix structure and differences between A, B, and Z forms of DNA.
Nucleic Acids and DNA
DNA and RNA molecules are linear polymers built from individual units called nucleotides connected by bonds called phosphodiester linkages. DNA and RNA are used to store and pass genetic information from one generation to the next.
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Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are macromolecules made of nucleotides that contain three components: a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. DNA and RNA are the two main types of nucleic acids. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and has a double helix structure, while RNA contains the sugar ribose and is single-stranded. Both are composed of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds and function to carry genetic information for protein synthesis. Their primary differences are that DNA contains the base thymine while RNA contains uracil, and RNA is found in the cytoplasm while DNA remains in the nucleus.
Nucleic acids - Introduction
This document discusses nucleic acids and their components. It covers topics like the different types of nucleic acid sugars (ribose, deoxyribose, dideoxy ribose), bases (purines and pyrimidines), nucleosides, nucleotides, polynucleotides, DNA vs RNA, DNA structure (double helix, hydrogen bonding between bases), Chargaff's rule, and more. It also includes review questions related to nucleic acids.
Biomolecules ; Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are organic biomolecules that contain heterocyclic rings. They are composed of nucleotides which contain a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group. Nucleotides polymerize to form long chains with phosphodiester bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups. There are four nucleotides in DNA: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. Nucleic acids function to store and transfer genetic information, with DNA controlling cellular functions and RNA involved in protein synthesis.
Nucleic Acids Biochemistry (DNA & RNA)
Biochemistry of nucleic acids DNA RNA structures with the comparison chart between them chemistry of nucleic acids structures and composition and protein synthesis nucleotides and nucleosides
Nucleic acid chemistry
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides, which contain a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine), a 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups. Friedrich Miescher first isolated nucleic acids in 1869. DNA exists as a double-stranded helical structure, with the bases on one strand bonding with complementary bases on the other strand. The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA contains alternating sugar and phosphate groups and runs in the same direction on both strands.
Chemistry of nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds. There are two types: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the genetic information and directs protein synthesis. It exists as a double helix with nucleotides paired through hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (A-T and G-C). RNA is single-stranded and also involved in protein synthesis.
Structure of nucleic acids
The document summarizes key aspects of nucleic acids. It describes that nucleic acids consist of sugars, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate groups. The four main nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA. The document then discusses the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of nucleic acids. It also compares key differences between DNA and RNA as well as between mRNA and tRNA. Finally, it summarizes factors that contribute to the stability of the DNA double helix structure and differences between A, B, and Z forms of DNA.
Nucleic Acids and DNA
DNA and RNA molecules are linear polymers built from individual units called nucleotides connected by bonds called phosphodiester linkages. DNA and RNA are used to store and pass genetic information from one generation to the next.
Chemistry of nucleic acid
chemistry of nucleic acids,
history --> Discovered by JOHANN FRIEDRICH MIESCHER
central dogma of life
components of nucleic acids-->Nitrogenous base +pentose sugar +phosphate group.
structure of nucleotides --> purines and pyrimidens
minor bases in nucleic acids are 5-methylcytosine,N4-acetylcytosine, N6-methylsdenine, N6,N6-dimethyladenine, pseudouracil.
Biologically importanat Bases-->Hypoxanthine, Xanthine, uric acid.
Purines bases of plant --> caffeine,theophylline, theobromine
Nucleic acids
This Presentation is made for S.Y.Bsc. Students. This presentation includes the structure of nucliec acids DNA, RNA and biological significance of nucliec acids.
Nucleotide
This document discusses nucleotide chemistry. Nucleotides are organic compounds composed of a phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and a sugar molecule. They serve as the building blocks of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. Nucleotides also function as sources of chemical energy through molecules like ATP and GTP, and participate in cellular signaling through molecules like cAMP and cGMP. The document goes on to describe the specific sugars, bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA. It provides details on nucleotide nomenclature and classification and discusses important adenosine-containing nucleotides and their roles, such as ATP serving as an important energy source in many cellular processes.
DNA Structure
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins and is found in all organisms. It has a double helix shape with nucleotides as subunits. Each nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The bases bond together in a complementary pairing between strands with adenine bonding to thymine and cytosine bonding to guanine. DNA replication involves the DNA unraveling from histone proteins, being unzipped by the helicase enzyme, and then new complimentary nucleotides being attached to each strand by DNA polymerase to produce two new DNA molecules.
Nucleic Acids
Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins. DNA is a double-helix structure that winds around histone proteins to form chromosomes, which contain the cell's genetic material. DNA is made up of nucleotides with a phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose in DNA), and organic nitrogenous base. The two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary organic bases, with adenine bonding to thymine by two hydrogen bonds and cytosine bonding to guanine by three hydrogen bonds. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA transfers information from DNA to direct protein synthesis, ribosomal RNA helps form ribosomes, and transfer RNA transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
Nucleotide & Nucleic acids
This document discusses nucleotides and nucleic acids. It covers the basic components of DNA and RNA, including the five main nucleobases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil. It also discusses how nucleotides are linked together into polynucleotide chains to form DNA and RNA structures, and the roles of these nucleic acids in transcription and protein synthesis.
Structure and properties of nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are long chain polymers made up of nucleotides. They contain nitrogenous bases, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and phosphate groups. The bases include purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine, cytosine, and uracil) which bond together via hydrogen bonds to form base pairs. Nucleotides combine via phosphodiester linkages to form nucleic acid polymers, with DNA containing a double helix structure and RNA involved in protein synthesis. Nucleic acids play an essential role in hereditary transmission and protein biosynthesis.
Nucleic acid (Advance)
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid).
Structure of dna
DNA is composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogen bases, sugars, and phosphates. The order of these nucleotides determines the genetic code. DNA exists as a double helix structure with two complementary strands joined by hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases on each strand. This double helix structure allows DNA to efficiently store and replicate genetic information.
Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids
DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that functions to store genetic information. It consists of two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other to form a double helix structure. The two chains are held together by complementary base pairing between adenine (A) and thymine (T), and between guanine (G) and cytosine (C). This complementary base pairing involves hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases and forms the rungs of the DNA ladder.
Nucleic acid
Frederic Miescher first isolated nucleic acid from salmon sperm in 1869 and named it nuclein. Nucleic acids are polymers composed of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base. There are two main types of nucleic acid: DNA and RNA. DNA is usually double-stranded and found in the nucleus, storing genetic information. RNA is mainly single-stranded and found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, and is involved in protein synthesis. The basic components and structures of DNA and RNA were later elucidated, including the double helix structure of DNA described by Watson and Crick in 1953 using data from experiments like Franklin's X-ray photos and Chargaff's rules.
Biomolecules
I have prepare this slide thinking that it will help students .I have collected different photos and videos from internet please comment and if you need any slides for a topics . i will prepare the slide .
Structure and function of RNA
RNA exists in single-stranded and sometimes double-stranded forms and is made up of complementary nucleotides. There are three major types of RNA: transfer RNA, messenger RNA, and ribosomal RNA. RNA molecules have primary, secondary, and tertiary structures and can be categorized based on size and function into small nuclear RNAs, microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, and small nucleolar RNAs. Small nuclear RNAs are involved in splicing and processing pre-RNA, microRNAs regulate gene expression, and small interfering RNAs mediate RNA interference and gene silencing.
Nucleic acid biomolecule
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides that serve as repositories and transmitters of genetic information. There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA contains an organism's genetic sequence and is found in the nucleus, while RNA helps direct protein synthesis and is found both inside and outside the nucleus. DNA was discovered in 1869 and was later demonstrated to contain genetic information. Nucleic acids are made up of nitrogenous bases, a pentose sugar, and phosphate groups and hydrolyze into nucleotides which are the monomeric units of nucleic acids.
Nucleotide biosynthesis.
The document discusses nucleotide biosynthesis pathways. It describes that nucleotides are the monomeric units and activated precursors of nucleic acids. There are two main pathways for nucleotide biosynthesis - de novo synthesis and salvage pathways. In de novo synthesis, the nucleotide bases are assembled from simpler compounds like amino acids and activated ribose. In salvage pathways, preformed bases are recovered and attached to activated ribose. The document then goes into detail about the specific steps involved in de novo synthesis of pyrimidines and purines, as well as the salvage pathway for pyrimidines. It also discusses how nucleotide monophosphates are converted to diphosphates and triphosphates through phosphorylation reactions.
Nucleotide Chemistry
The slide has some brief introduction to nucleotide chemistry, History, General features of nucleotides, Nomenclature, Individual properties of bases, Classification
and Synthetic analogues of biomedical importance.
2. biomolecule
The document discusses the four main types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It provides details on the monomers, polymers, and functions of each type. Carbohydrates include sugars such as glucose and polymers like starch. Lipids are made of fatty acids and include fats, waxes, and phospholipids. Proteins are made of amino acid polymers that take on various structures and functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides and carry genetic information.
Classification of Protein by different mode.
• Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about different mode of classification of proteins. Proteins are classified based on their Solubility and composition, Function, Shape & size.
Portion explained:
Classification based on solubility and composition
Simple proteins
1. Albumins
2. Globulins
3. Prolamins
4. Glutelins
5. Histones
6. Protamines
7. Albuminoids
ii. Conjugated or compound proteins
1. Nucleoproteins
2. Mucoproteins
3. Chromoproteins
4. Lipoproteins
5. Metalloproteins
6. Phosphoproteins
B. Classification of proteins based on function
1. Catalytic proteins – Enzymes
2. Regulatory proteins – Hormones
3. Protective proteins – Antibodies
4. Storage proteins
5. Transport proteins
6. Toxic proteins
7. Structural proteins
8. Contractile proteins
9. Secretary proteins
10. Exotic proteins
C. Classification based on size and shape
Nucleic acids---(Biochem)
1. Nucleic acids consist of nucleotides which contain a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group.
2. The four nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine in DNA and adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil in RNA.
3. Nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, forming long chains called polynucleotides.
nucleic acid stucture and Dna
1) Nucleic acids are biopolymers made of nucleotides that contain three components - a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. 2) DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, while RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil instead of thymine. 3) Both DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides, and DNA typically takes the form of a double helix due to base pairing between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.
Nucleic acid structures
This document discusses the molecular structures of DNA and RNA. It explains that DNA stores genetic information, while RNA has several functions including acting as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to build proteins. The basic units of nucleic acids are nucleotides, composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and one of four bases. DNA and RNA have different sugar-phosphate backbones but both form double helix structures stabilized by base pairing and other interactions. The document outlines different conformations of DNA structure including B-DNA, A-DNA, and Z-DNA and discusses DNA tertiary structure and topology.
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Chemistry of nucleic acid
chemistry of nucleic acids,
history --> Discovered by JOHANN FRIEDRICH MIESCHER
central dogma of life
components of nucleic acids-->Nitrogenous base +pentose sugar +phosphate group.
structure of nucleotides --> purines and pyrimidens
minor bases in nucleic acids are 5-methylcytosine,N4-acetylcytosine, N6-methylsdenine, N6,N6-dimethyladenine, pseudouracil.
Biologically importanat Bases-->Hypoxanthine, Xanthine, uric acid.
Purines bases of plant --> caffeine,theophylline, theobromine
Nucleic acids
This Presentation is made for S.Y.Bsc. Students. This presentation includes the structure of nucliec acids DNA, RNA and biological significance of nucliec acids.
Nucleotide
This document discusses nucleotide chemistry. Nucleotides are organic compounds composed of a phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and a sugar molecule. They serve as the building blocks of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. Nucleotides also function as sources of chemical energy through molecules like ATP and GTP, and participate in cellular signaling through molecules like cAMP and cGMP. The document goes on to describe the specific sugars, bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA. It provides details on nucleotide nomenclature and classification and discusses important adenosine-containing nucleotides and their roles, such as ATP serving as an important energy source in many cellular processes.
DNA Structure
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins and is found in all organisms. It has a double helix shape with nucleotides as subunits. Each nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The bases bond together in a complementary pairing between strands with adenine bonding to thymine and cytosine bonding to guanine. DNA replication involves the DNA unraveling from histone proteins, being unzipped by the helicase enzyme, and then new complimentary nucleotides being attached to each strand by DNA polymerase to produce two new DNA molecules.
Nucleic Acids
Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins. DNA is a double-helix structure that winds around histone proteins to form chromosomes, which contain the cell's genetic material. DNA is made up of nucleotides with a phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose in DNA), and organic nitrogenous base. The two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary organic bases, with adenine bonding to thymine by two hydrogen bonds and cytosine bonding to guanine by three hydrogen bonds. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA transfers information from DNA to direct protein synthesis, ribosomal RNA helps form ribosomes, and transfer RNA transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
Nucleotide & Nucleic acids
This document discusses nucleotides and nucleic acids. It covers the basic components of DNA and RNA, including the five main nucleobases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil. It also discusses how nucleotides are linked together into polynucleotide chains to form DNA and RNA structures, and the roles of these nucleic acids in transcription and protein synthesis.
Structure and properties of nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are long chain polymers made up of nucleotides. They contain nitrogenous bases, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and phosphate groups. The bases include purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine, cytosine, and uracil) which bond together via hydrogen bonds to form base pairs. Nucleotides combine via phosphodiester linkages to form nucleic acid polymers, with DNA containing a double helix structure and RNA involved in protein synthesis. Nucleic acids play an essential role in hereditary transmission and protein biosynthesis.
Nucleic acid (Advance)
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid).
Structure of dna
DNA is composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogen bases, sugars, and phosphates. The order of these nucleotides determines the genetic code. DNA exists as a double helix structure with two complementary strands joined by hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases on each strand. This double helix structure allows DNA to efficiently store and replicate genetic information.
Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids
DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that functions to store genetic information. It consists of two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other to form a double helix structure. The two chains are held together by complementary base pairing between adenine (A) and thymine (T), and between guanine (G) and cytosine (C). This complementary base pairing involves hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases and forms the rungs of the DNA ladder.
Nucleic acid
Frederic Miescher first isolated nucleic acid from salmon sperm in 1869 and named it nuclein. Nucleic acids are polymers composed of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base. There are two main types of nucleic acid: DNA and RNA. DNA is usually double-stranded and found in the nucleus, storing genetic information. RNA is mainly single-stranded and found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, and is involved in protein synthesis. The basic components and structures of DNA and RNA were later elucidated, including the double helix structure of DNA described by Watson and Crick in 1953 using data from experiments like Franklin's X-ray photos and Chargaff's rules.
Biomolecules
I have prepare this slide thinking that it will help students .I have collected different photos and videos from internet please comment and if you need any slides for a topics . i will prepare the slide .
Structure and function of RNA
RNA exists in single-stranded and sometimes double-stranded forms and is made up of complementary nucleotides. There are three major types of RNA: transfer RNA, messenger RNA, and ribosomal RNA. RNA molecules have primary, secondary, and tertiary structures and can be categorized based on size and function into small nuclear RNAs, microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, and small nucleolar RNAs. Small nuclear RNAs are involved in splicing and processing pre-RNA, microRNAs regulate gene expression, and small interfering RNAs mediate RNA interference and gene silencing.
Nucleic acid biomolecule
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides that serve as repositories and transmitters of genetic information. There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA contains an organism's genetic sequence and is found in the nucleus, while RNA helps direct protein synthesis and is found both inside and outside the nucleus. DNA was discovered in 1869 and was later demonstrated to contain genetic information. Nucleic acids are made up of nitrogenous bases, a pentose sugar, and phosphate groups and hydrolyze into nucleotides which are the monomeric units of nucleic acids.
Nucleotide biosynthesis.
The document discusses nucleotide biosynthesis pathways. It describes that nucleotides are the monomeric units and activated precursors of nucleic acids. There are two main pathways for nucleotide biosynthesis - de novo synthesis and salvage pathways. In de novo synthesis, the nucleotide bases are assembled from simpler compounds like amino acids and activated ribose. In salvage pathways, preformed bases are recovered and attached to activated ribose. The document then goes into detail about the specific steps involved in de novo synthesis of pyrimidines and purines, as well as the salvage pathway for pyrimidines. It also discusses how nucleotide monophosphates are converted to diphosphates and triphosphates through phosphorylation reactions.
Nucleotide Chemistry
The slide has some brief introduction to nucleotide chemistry, History, General features of nucleotides, Nomenclature, Individual properties of bases, Classification
and Synthetic analogues of biomedical importance.
2. biomolecule
The document discusses the four main types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It provides details on the monomers, polymers, and functions of each type. Carbohydrates include sugars such as glucose and polymers like starch. Lipids are made of fatty acids and include fats, waxes, and phospholipids. Proteins are made of amino acid polymers that take on various structures and functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides and carry genetic information.
Classification of Protein by different mode.
• Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about different mode of classification of proteins. Proteins are classified based on their Solubility and composition, Function, Shape & size.
Portion explained:
Classification based on solubility and composition
Simple proteins
1. Albumins
2. Globulins
3. Prolamins
4. Glutelins
5. Histones
6. Protamines
7. Albuminoids
ii. Conjugated or compound proteins
1. Nucleoproteins
2. Mucoproteins
3. Chromoproteins
4. Lipoproteins
5. Metalloproteins
6. Phosphoproteins
B. Classification of proteins based on function
1. Catalytic proteins – Enzymes
2. Regulatory proteins – Hormones
3. Protective proteins – Antibodies
4. Storage proteins
5. Transport proteins
6. Toxic proteins
7. Structural proteins
8. Contractile proteins
9. Secretary proteins
10. Exotic proteins
C. Classification based on size and shape
Nucleic acids---(Biochem)
1. Nucleic acids consist of nucleotides which contain a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group.
2. The four nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine in DNA and adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil in RNA.
3. Nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, forming long chains called polynucleotides.
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nucleic acid stucture and Dna
1) Nucleic acids are biopolymers made of nucleotides that contain three components - a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. 2) DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, while RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil instead of thymine. 3) Both DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides, and DNA typically takes the form of a double helix due to base pairing between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.
Nucleic acid structures
This document discusses the molecular structures of DNA and RNA. It explains that DNA stores genetic information, while RNA has several functions including acting as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to build proteins. The basic units of nucleic acids are nucleotides, composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and one of four bases. DNA and RNA have different sugar-phosphate backbones but both form double helix structures stabilized by base pairing and other interactions. The document outlines different conformations of DNA structure including B-DNA, A-DNA, and Z-DNA and discusses DNA tertiary structure and topology.
Nucleic acid chemistry and structure
Nucleic acids DNA and RNA are long polymers made up of nucleotides containing a nitrogen base, pentose sugar, and phosphate. DNA exists as a double helix with base pairing between strands. RNA can form complex secondary structures and is involved in protein synthesis.
Mol evolution
This document discusses molecular evolution at the sequence level. It provides context on molecular evolution and defines key terms like purifying selection, neutral theory, and positive selection. It describes how the genetic code works, including synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions. Methods for estimating substitution rates and codon usage biases are introduced. Applications of molecular evolution analysis to subjects like human/primate relationships and disease origins are also mentioned.
NUCLEIC ACIDS: THE RNA
This slide presentaion contains information about Ribonucleic Acid. Its structure, types, components, bases and functions. Also, included in this presentation is the process of Protein Synthesis.
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that are composed of nucleotides and have important roles in heredity and gene expression. DNA contains the genetic material in cells and is a double-stranded helix that replicates in a semi-conservative manner, with each original strand serving as a template for a new complementary strand. RNA is single-stranded and exists in different types - rRNA, mRNA, tRNA - that help express the genetic code by translating DNA into proteins.
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are essential for information transfer in cells. DNA is replicated with high fidelity to pass genetic information to daughter cells. The sequence of bases in DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into a protein sequence using tRNA and ribosomes. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. The sequence of nucleotides determines the genetic code and proteins synthesized in cells.
Fixation
This document provides an overview of tissue fixation. It begins with an introduction to fixation and its importance in histology. The main functions of fixatives are to prevent autolysis and putrefaction of tissue. Various fixation methods and types of fixatives are described, including aldehydes, metallic salts, picric acid, alcohols, chromates, and osmium tetroxide. The document discusses the reactions of fixatives with proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Common fixatives like formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde are compared. Factors affecting fixation and the effects of fixation are also summarized.
Nucleic Acids
The document discusses the chemical composition and structure of nucleic acids. There are two main types of nucleic acids - DNA and RNA. Both are composed of nucleotides, which contain a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base. DNA forms a double helix structure in the nucleus and stores genetic information. RNA is single-stranded and found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, assisting with protein synthesis through messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA.
Nucleic Acids Structure and Functions
1. The document outlines the structure and function of nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
2. Key points covered include the central dogma of molecular biology, the Watson-Crick structure of DNA, types of RNA like mRNA, tRNA and rRNA, and their roles in gene expression and protein synthesis.
3. The document also discusses properties of nucleic acids like denaturation and reannealing of DNA as well as unique features of eukaryotic mRNA.
NUCLEIC ACID CHEMISTRY
The document discusses nucleic acids, specifically DNA and RNA. It describes their structure as polymers made of nucleotides, and their functions including storing and transmitting genetic information. DNA has a double helix structure proposed by Watson and Crick, with nucleotides on each strand complementary to each other through base pairing of A=T and C=G. Nucleic acids are essential for life's central dogma of transferring genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are macromolecules found in all cells that are involved in storing and transmitting genetic information. There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the cell's genetic instructions and is located in the nucleus. It takes the shape of a double helix and can make copies of itself. RNA assists in carrying out the instructions in DNA and helps make proteins. Both DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group. Nucleoproteins are proteins linked to nucleic acids and are important components of chromosomes.
Nucleic Acids
this presentation covers about all the topics of nucleic acids.I made this presentation by combining too many presentations. and I also presented the same in the university and I got an A++ :).
best of luck!
Fixatives used in histopathology
This document discusses fixatives used in histopathology. It describes the process of fixation and how fixatives preserve tissue by denaturing or precipitating proteins. The ideal properties of a fixative are described, including preventing autolysis and allowing for staining. Common fixatives are classified and their mechanisms and uses are explained. Factors that affect fixation such as temperature, size, volume ratio, time, choice of fixative, and penetration are also summarized.
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that store and help express genetic information. DNA is composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphates, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). RNA is similar but contains ribose and uracil instead of thymine. The genetic code is stored in DNA as base pair sequences in chromosomes. During cell division, DNA replicates and genes direct protein production through transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins.
Nucleic Acids ppt
This is the power point presentation by Emma271 a Biotechnology student in JSS University 2014 in his second year.
Nucleic acid structure
The document discusses the structure and function of DNA and RNA. It describes DNA as a double-stranded helical structure composed of deoxyribonucleotides held together by phosphodiester bonds. The bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine form hydrogen bonds between the strands in a complementary fashion according to Watson-Crick base pairing rules. RNA is single-stranded and exists in various types that serve different functions, such as messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA, which are involved in protein synthesis. The structures of DNA and RNA allow them to carry out their roles in genetic inheritance and expression.
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DNA Stuctre and function
Sumeet Jani gave a presentation on DNA structure and function. The presentation covered what DNA is, its composition including the nitrogenous bases of adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil. It described DNA as a double helix with two complementary strands held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases. The structure allows DNA to efficiently store genetic information.
nucleicacidchemistry-141016010348-conversion-gate02.pdf
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides that contain the genetic information in cells. DNA has a double helix structure with two antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs (A=T, C=G). This structure was discovered by Watson and Crick in 1953 and explained the inheritance of traits by replicating and transmitting genes from the parent DNA. Nucleic acids function to maintain genetic information, direct protein synthesis, and control cellular functions through DNA transcription and RNA translation.
5 nucleotides and nucleic acids lecture
This document discusses nucleotides, nucleic acids, and their roles in biology. It describes how nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base bonded to a pentose sugar and phosphate group. Nucleotides bond together via phosphodiester bonds to form nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, which store and transmit genetic information in living cells. The document outlines the structures of nucleotides and nucleic acids and differentiates between ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides.
Deoxyeribonucleic acid(DNA)
The document discusses nucleic acids, their structure and functions. It describes that nucleic acids are important macromolecules found in living cells, and there are two main types - DNA and RNA. DNA has a double helix structure composed of nucleotides with deoxyribose sugar and bases of adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. DNA stores the genetic information in cells and determines the structure of proteins. Applications of understanding DNA include producing insulin, growth hormones and vaccines using recombinant DNA technology.
Lecture of nucleic_acids_[1] [autosaved]
Nucleic acids DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides which consist of a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine and is located in the cell nucleus, while RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil and is found throughout the cell. Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information through their sequence of nucleotides and are essential for all known life.
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A biomolecule or biological molecule is a loosely used term for molecules present in organisms that are essential to one or more typically biological processes, such as cell division, morphogenesis, or development.
1. Today NA Ok.ppt
DNA and RNA are the two main types of nucleic acids found in cells. DNA contains the cell's genetic instructions and is found primarily in the nucleus. RNA is involved in protein production and is found throughout the cell. Nucleic acids are long chains of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds. The nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine) attached to a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and phosphate. DNA uses deoxyribose and stores genetic information as a sequence of nucleotide bases. RNA uses ribose and includes messenger RNA, which helps carry instructions from DNA, and transfer and ribosomal RNAs, which help with protein synthesis.
Molecular basis of inheritane ppt
1. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA act as genetic material in living organisms, with DNA serving as the primary genetic material that is faithfully copied and passed on to offspring.
2. Early experiments established that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material through transformation and infection experiments.
3. DNA was shown to be stable and able to replicate, with base-pairing allowing for the duplication of genetic information. While RNA also replicates, it is less stable than DNA due to its structure.
Basics of DNA & RNA (Nucleic acid)
DNA sequencing involves analyzing the order of nucleotides in DNA. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA is found in the nucleus and the amount is constant in somatic cells but half in gametes. Nucleotides are the subunits of DNA and RNA and contain a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base. A nucleoside contains a sugar and base while a nucleotide additionally contains a phosphate group. The structures of nucleotides involve the phosphate group bonding to the sugar, the sugar-phosphate backbone formed by phosphodiester linkages between sugars, and various nitrogenous bases including purines and pyrimidines bonding to the sugar.
Structure of DNA & RNA
The document presents information on DNA and RNA structure. It discusses that Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to help visualize DNA structure. James Watson and Francis Crick originated the double-helix model of DNA. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen bases including adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. The order of these bases determines genetic code. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine and is typically single-stranded.
Biomolecular pharmacy
i collect this ppt from my faculty Dr. shafiqul islam. actulally this based on chemistry of nucleic acid.
Chemistry of nucleotides
- Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine), a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups. When a base combines with a sugar, a nucleoside is formed. The addition of phosphate groups produces nucleotides.
- The four bases found in nucleic acids are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA. These bases combine with either ribose or deoxyribose to form nucleosides like AMP, GMP, CMP, TMP, and UMP.
- Nucleotides are the monomers that make up nucleic acids DNA and RNA
Chemistry of nucleotides
- Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine), a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups. When a base combines with a sugar, a nucleoside is formed. The addition of phosphate groups forms nucleotides.
- The four bases found in nucleic acids are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA. These bases combine with either ribose or deoxyribose to form nucleosides like AMP, GMP, CMP, TMP, or UMP.
- Nucleotides are the monomers that make up nucleic acids DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. DNA stores genetic information in its double-helix structure formed by base pairing of adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine. RNA has uracil instead of thymine and is usually single-stranded. DNA remains in the nucleus, while RNA carries DNA's protein instructions out to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
Nucleic_Acids-_-An introduction
This a very brief presentation on Nucleic acids. I hope you will learn some very basic points on Nucleic acids.
Structure of nucleotides
Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids. They consist of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine in RNA), a phosphate group, and a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA; ribose in RNA). The nitrogenous bases are either purines (adenine and guanine) or pyrimidines (cytosine and thymine). These bases are attached to the pentose sugar via a glycosidic bond. Phosphodiester bonds link the 3' carbon of one sugar to the 5' carbon of the next, forming the backbone of nucleic acid strands. Nucleotides
Biochem introduction to genetics(june.15.2010)
1. Genetics is the study of heredity and how genes are passed from parents to children, determining traits like height, hair color, and eye color.
2. A gene is a sequence of DNA that codes for a polypeptide or RNA. In 1953, Watson and Crick revealed that DNA has a double helix structure with nucleotides pairing in a specific way.
3. DNA is located in the cell nucleus of eukaryotes and bound to proteins to form chromatin. Less than 0.1% of DNA is in mitochondria.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ppt
DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the cell.
Module-4-Lecture-4 Nucleotides.pptx
The document discusses nucleotides, which are the basic units of nucleic acids. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups. There are two types of nitrogen bases - purines and pyrimidines. Nucleotides can combine to form nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, which carry the genetic information in cells and direct protein synthesis. DNA has the sugar deoxyribose and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. RNA contains the sugar ribose and replaces thymine with uracil. Nucleotides and nucleic acids play crucial roles in storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms.
DNA 1.pptx
DNA is a nucleic acid that carries genetic instructions in all living organisms. It is composed of nucleotides with a sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). DNA has a double helix structure with the bases on each strand bonded to their complement on the other strand. This structure was discovered by Watson and Crick based on experimental evidence. DNA is found in the nucleus of cells and carries the genetic code that is passed from parents to offspring.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Nucleic acids
- 2. Discovery • In 1869, a Swiss physiologist, Friedrich Miescher, separated the nuclei of various types of cells from other cellular components.
- 3. What are nucleic acids? • Are organic compounds that function from the storage of genetic information • Function in protein synthesis as they carry the code needed in the formation of specific proteins
- 4. 2 Types of Nucleic Acids • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Made up of Nucleotide • Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
- 5. Nucleotide • Phosphate Group, a sugar, a nitrogenous base
- 6. RNA Bases • Adenine (A) • Cytosine (C) • Guanine (G) • Uracil (U)
- 7. DNA Bases • Adenine (A) • Cytosine (C) • Guanine (G) • Thymine (T)
- 8. 2 Possible Pairings • Adenine (A) & Thymine (T) • Cytosine (C) & Guanine (G)
- 9. Differences of DNA & RNA DNA RNA Sugar Deoxyribose (C5H10O4) Ribose (C5H10O5) Strand Double stranded Single Stranded Nitrogenous Adenine Adenine bases Thymine Uracil Cytosine Cytosine Guanine Guanine Location Mostly in the nucleus but may Mostly in cytoplasm also be found in cytoplasm but may also be and mitochondria found in the nucleus
- 10. LOCATION OF DNA & RNA IN THE CELL Cytoplasm RNA DNA Nucleus DNA RNA