This slide presentaion contains information about Ribonucleic Acid. Its structure, types, components, bases and functions. Also, included in this presentation is the process of Protein Synthesis.

1. Nucleic Acids:
RNA
By:
Lily Rosemary L.
Masilang

2. Overview:
Structure of Nucleic Acids
Five Common Bases
RNA: Definition
Composition of Ribonucleic acid
Components of Nucleic Acids
Structure of Ribonucleic acid
Types of RNA
Functions of RNA
Protein Synthesis

3. The Structure of Nucleic Acids

4. The Structure of Nucleic Acids

5. The Structure of Nucleic Acids

6. Five Common Bases
Abbr. Base Nucleoside Nucleic Acid
A Adenine
deoxyadenosi
ne
DNA
adenosine RNA
G Guanine
deoxyguanosi
ne
DNA
guanosine RNA
C Cytosine
deoxycytidine DNA
cytidine RNA
T Thymine
deoxythymidin
e (thymidine)
DNA

7. RNA: Definition
Short for Ribonucleic acid
A substance in the cells of plants
and animals that helps make
proteins.
is a polymeric molecule implicated
in various biological roles in coding,
decoding, regulation, and
expression of genes.

8. Composition of RNA

9. Components of Nucleic Acids

10. Food with rich and low purines

11. • Similar to DNA but with some important
differences:
– Single strand
– The sugar is Ribose
– Uracil matches Adenine
– Shorter than DNA
Structure of RNA

12. • RNA does not
form an
analogous
double helical
structure.
• RNA form a
heteromeric
double helix.
Structure of RNA

13. Structure of RNA
• Many RNA molecules have
secondary structure in which
intermolecular loops formed by
complementary pairing.

14. Types of RNA
• Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• Ribosmal RNA (rRNA)
• Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Other types of RNA
o Small nuclear RNA (SnRNA),
o Micro RNA(miRNA) and
o Small interfering RNA(SiRNA) and
o Small Nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA)
o Riboswitches

15. Messenger RNA
• Used as template to make proteins
• Carries instructions for polypeptide
synthesis from nucleus to ribosomes
in the cytoplasm.
• The 5’ terminal end is capped by 7-
methyl guanosine triphosphate cap.

16. Ribosomal RNA
• Makes up the ribosomes.
• Forms an important part of both
subunits of the ribosomes.
• Component performs the peptidyl
transferase activity and thus is an
enzyme (a ribozyme).

17. Transfer RNA
They transfer the amino acids from
cytoplasm to the protein synthesizing
machinery, hence the name tRNA.
Matches amino acids to mRNA to help
make proteins.
Key to the translation process of mRNA
sequence into the amino acids sequence
of proteins.

18. Structure of tRNA
• Primary structure- The
nucleotide sequence of all the
tRNA molecules allows
extensive intrastand
complimentarity that
generates a secondary
structure.
• Secondary structure- Each
single tRNA shows extensive
internal base pairing and
acquires a clover leaf like
structure. The structure is

19. Tertiary structure-The L
shaped tertiary
structure is formed by
further folding of the
clover leaf due to
hydrogen bonds
between T and D arms.
 The base paired
double helical stems
get arranged in to two
double helical columns,
continuous and
Structure of tRNA

20. Other types of RNA
• Small Nuclear RNAs- play a critical role in gene
regulation by way of RNA splicing.
– The splicing of pre-mRNA give rise to mature
mRNA.
• MicroRNAs- have been shown to inhibit gene
expression by repressing translation
– also play significant roles in cancer and other
diseases
• Small Interfering RNAs- they also work to inhibit
gene expression
– They may have evolved as a defense
mechanism against double-stranded RNA

21. • Small Nucleolar RNAs- These molecules function
to process rRNA molecules, often resulting in
the methylation and pseudouridylation of specific
nucleosides
• Riboswitches- are RNA sensors that detect
and respond to environmental or metabolic cues
and affect gene expression accordingly
Other types of RNA

22. Functions of RNA
• Its principal role is to act as a messenger
carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the
synthesis of proteins,
• In some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries
the genetic information.

24.  the process by
which individual
amino acids are
connected to each
other in a specific
order dictated by
the nucleotide
 process by which
the genetic code
puts
together proteins i
n the cell.

25. Protein Synthesis
• The production of
proteins by an individual
cell.
• The genetic information
stored in DNA is used as
a blueprint for making
proteins.
• Why Proteins?

26. The Process of Protein
Synthesis

27. Transcription
Initiation
RNA
polymerase

28. Elongation
Transcription

29. Termination
Transcription

35. References
• http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/genetics/bio
tech/basics/nastruct.html
• http://www.whatislife.com/reader/dna-rna/dna-
rna.html
• https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/vir
ttxtjml/nucacids.htm
• http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/ribonucl
eic-acid-rna-45
• http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/ribonucl
eic-acid-rna-45

36. • http://www.slideshare.net/namarta28/rna
• http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/biochemistry/nucl
eic-acid-function.html
• http://slideplayer.com/slide/4640877/
• http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/rna-
functions-352
• http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/584pro
teinsyn.html
• www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/bioco
ach/translation/init.html
References