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Ns 2 Lec For Exam 1
The document outlines the key requirements and important dates for the NS2 Biology portion, including two examinations, a group project, and other assignments. Students are divided into plant and animal project groups. The lectures will cover the introduction to homeostasis for the first examination. Key theories on the origin of life are also summarized, such as the biochemical theory, theory of spontaneous generation, interplanetary theory, and theory of special creation. Finally, the characteristics of life are defined as organization, metabolism, reproduction, growth and development, response to stimuli, and adaptation.
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Ns 2 Lec For Exam 1
- 1. NS 2 PART TWO: BIOLOGY (Fundamental Concepts, Principles and Theories of Life Sciences) MARILEN M. PARUNGAO
- 2. REQUIREMENTS • 2 EXAMINATIONS – INTRO TO HOMEOSTASIS – REPRODUCTION TO MAN & ENVIRONMENT • GROUP PROJECT – 10‐MINUTE VIDEO OF AN ASSIGNED TOPIC • QUIZZES, ASSIGNMENTS, SURPRISES
- 3. IMPORTANT DATES • FEB 12: FREE Day for Library Work • FEB 16: ExaminaMon and Deadline of Report Topics • MARCH 5: Project Day • MARCH 16: PresentaMon in Class • MARCH 26: ExaminaMon 2
- 4. PROJECT GROUPING • PLANT GROUP – ACLA – CERVANTOS – CHUA E ‐ DOMINGO • ANIMAL GROUP – DULAY ‐ MANDAC – MANGUNE ‐ TAN
- 5. BIOLOGY PORTION: NOT ALL ABOUT MEMORY WORK!!!
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- 7. FROM NS 2: GEOLOGY • The scenario for life was set: – Atmosphere – Hydrosphere
- 8. THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF LIFE • Biogeochemical or Chemical • Abiogenesis (Spontaneous GeneraMon) and Biogenesis • Interplanetary or Cosmozoic • Special CreaMon
- 9. BIOGEOCHEMICAL THEORY • Origin of life on earth is the result of a slow and gradual process of chemical evoluMon that probably occurred about 3.8 billion years ago • proposed independently by: Oparin, a Russian scienMst in 1923 and Haldane, an English scienMst, in 1928
- 10. ALSO KNOWN AS THEORY OF CHEMICAL EVOLUTION • Spontaneous generaMon of life, under the present environmental condiMons is not possible • Earth's surface and atmosphere during the first billion years of existence, were radically different from that of today's condiMons • The primiMve earth's atmosphere was a reducing type of atmosphere and not oxidising type • The first life arose from a collecMon of chemical substances through a progressive series of chemical reacMons • Solar radiaMon, heat radiated by earth and lighMng must have been the chief energy source for these chemical reacMons
- 16. THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION • This theory assumed that living organisms could arise suddenly and spontaneously from any kind of non‐living maher • One of the firm believers in spontaneous generaMon was Aristotle, the Greek philosopher (384‐322 BC)
- 17. LIFE FROM NON‐LIFE??? • dead leaves falling from a tree • Supporters: Descartes, Galileo and into a pond would transform Helmont supported this idea into fishes and those falling on soil would transform into worms and insects • Von Helmont: prepared a 'soup' from which he could spontaneously generate rats • insects develop from morning – The 'soup' : dirty cloth soaked in dew and rojng manure water with a handful of wheat grains; if human sweat is added as an 'acMve principle' to this, in just 17 • mud of the Nile river could days, it could generate rats spontaneously give rise to many forms of life • The idea of spontaneous generaMon was popular almost Mll seventeenth century
- 18. LIFE FROM NON‐LIFE??? • The theory of Spontaneous GeneraMon was disproved in the course of Mme due to the experiment conducted by: – Fransisco Redi, (1665) – Spallanzani (1765) – Louis Pasteur (1864) in his famous Swan neck experiment • This theory was disapproved, as scienMsts gave definite proof that life comes from pre‐exisMng life
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- 20. SPALLANZANI’S EXPERIMENT • placed broth in eight containers – four with cork – four with air Mght tops – RESULTS: the air Mght containers had no microbes( cloudiness); the four corked vessels showed organisms – CONCLUSION: did not disprove spontaneous generaMon but strengthened the case against it
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- 22. INTERPLANETARY OR COSMOZOIC THEORY • Life has reached this • The theory did not gain planet Earth from other any support heavenly bodies such as meteorites, in the form of highly resistance spores • This theory lacks of some organisms evidence, hence it was discarded • This idea was proposed by Richter in 1865 and supported by Arrhenius (1908) and other contemporary scienMsts
- 23. SPECIAL CREATION THEORY • According to this theory, all the different forms of life that occur today on planet earth, have been created by God, the almighty • This idea is found in the ancient scriptures of almost every religion • According to Hindu mythology, Lord Brahma, the God of CreaMon, created the living world in accordance to his wish • According to the ChrisMan belief, God created this universe, plants, animals and human beings in about six natural days
- 24. SPECIAL CREATION THEORY • The Sikh mythology says that all forms of life including human beings came into being with a single word of God • Special creaMon theory believes that the things have not undergone any significant change since their creaMon • The theory of Special CreaMon was purely a religious concept, acceptable only on the basis of faith • It has no scienMfic basis to date…
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- 27. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 1 Life has OrganizaMon 2 Life Acquires Materials and Energy 3 Life Stays Just About the Same 4 Life Responds to SMmuli 5 Life Reproduces 6 Life Grows and Develop 7 Life Adapts
- 28. ORGANIZATION • Living things are organized • Their parts are specialized for specific funcMons • Note: water contains H and O = 50% of a cell’s weight
- 29. METABOLISM • Living things take materials and energy from the environment • They need an outside source of nutrients • Energy = capacity to do work )maintain the organizaMon of the cell)
- 30. REPRODUCTION • Living things reproduce • They produce offspring that resembles themselves • Life begets Life!
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- 32. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT • Living things grow and develop • During their lives they change: undergoing various stages from ferMlizaMon to death
- 33. IRRITABILITY AND MOVEMENT • Living things respond to sMmuli • They react to internal and external environment • Homeostasis: staying relaMvely constant • Behavior = responses of an organism
- 35. VARIATION, CHANGE AND EVOLUTION (ADAPTATION) • Living things are adapted • They have modificaMons that make them suited to a parMcular way of life • AdaptaMon: modificaMons that make an organism suited to its way of life • EvoluMon: process by which characterisMcs of species change through Mme
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- 39. CELLULAR PROCESSES • Processes that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell • For example, cell communicaMon occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level
- 40. SOME EXAMPLES OF CELLULAR PROCESSES • Cellular CommunicaMon – Cell signalling – Nervous response or endocrine response (ANIMALS) – “Phytohormones” and for root development • DNA repair – Response to damage of geneMc material • Gene Expression – Genes for turning “ON” and “OFF” • Metabolism – Overall cellular chemical reacMons (anabolic or catabolic) • Programmed Cell Death or Apoptosis
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- 42. CELL SIGNALLING IN ROOT DEVELOPMENT
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- 46. GENE EXPRESSION IN BACTERIA: THEY CAN DECIDE ON THEIR OWN!
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- 48. GENE EXPRESSION IN ANIMALS • have asymmetries that depend on developmental differences in gene expression
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- 51. • Programmed cell death APOPTOSIS • the body's normal method of disposing of damaged, unwanted, or unneeded cells • important for sculp5ng 5ssue and organ structure during development of the embryo, but may occur at any Mme even in adult cells when a Mssue needs to be remodeled (damage repair)
- 52. THE CELL • The cell is considered to be the smallest structure in biology • Understanding of cells and the basics of cell structure and funcMon is criMcal to making sense out of biology • LimitaMons of the human eye: early biological research concentrated on developing tools to help us see very small things (LEEUWENHOEK)
- 53. THE CELL THEORY (1838) • All life forms are made from one or more cells • Cells only arise from pre‐exisMng cells • The cell is the smallest form of life • TO CORRECT THE EARLIER BELIEF OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
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- 55. THE CELL: PROKARYOTES VERSUS EUKARYOTES • The common features of prokaryoMc and eukaryoMc cells are: • DNA (geneMc material) – located in a non‐membrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes and a membrane‐bound nucleus in eukaryotes • Plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer with proteins that separates the cell from the surrounding environment) – a selecMve barrier for the import and export of materials • Cytoplasm – consists of a fluid porMon called the cytosol and the organelles and other parMculates suspended in it • Ribosomes – protein synthesis takes place
- 56. Prokaryotes • Single‐celled organisms that lack a nucleus • Do not have their geneMc material organized into chromosomes • Example: Bacteria, Blue‐green Algae
- 57. EUKARYOTES • Have a membrane‐bound nucleus • Complex creatures like humans have special cells for parMcular funcMons – carrying oxygen around the body – digesMng food – making bone – etc.
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- 65. 1. MERISTEMATIC TISSUES • Examples: apical meristem; lateral meristem, intercalary meristem, etc • Tissues composed of immature, undifferen_ated cells capable of cell division – formed exclusively by undifferenMated or embryonic cells • Found in rapidly growing parts of the plant – responsible for bringing about growth of the plant body due to their capacity to undergo conMnuous mitoMc divisions
- 66. SHOOT TIP ROOT TIP
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- 68. • Nature: – Cells equally expanded on all sides; oval, round, polygonal or elongated – cell walls are thin and made of cellulose – May contain chlorophyll (Chlorenchyma) • Occurrence: – cortex of root, ground _ssue in stems and mesophyll of leaves • Func_on: – Store and assimilate food – Give mechanical strength by maintaining turgidity – Store waste products like tanin, gum, crystals and resins
- 69. • Nature – The cells are elongated and are circular, oval or polygonal in cross‐sec_on – Cell wall is unevenly thickened with cellulose at the corners against the intercellular spaces • Occurrence – Found under the skin i.e. below the epidermis in dicot stems • Func_on – Provide mechanical support to the stem – Being extensible, these cells readily adapt themselves to the rapid elonga_on of the stem
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- 71. SCLERENCHYMA • Nature – The cells are long, narrow, thick and lignified, usually pointed at both ends – The cell wall is evenly thickened with lignin and some_mes is so thick that the cell cavity or lumen is absent – Nucleus is absent and hence the _ssue is made up of dead cells – They have simple, ogen oblique pits in the walls – The middle lamella i.e. the wall between adjacent cells is conspicuous • Occurrence – Found abundantly in stems of plants like hemp, jute and coconut, their length varying from 1 mm to 550 mm (FIBROUS) • Func_on – Gives mechanical support to the plant by giving rigidity, flexibility and elas_city to the plant body.
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- 73. VASCULAR TISSUES: XYLEM AND PHLOEM UPWARD (WATER) DOWNWARD AND LATERAL (FOOD)
- 74. MONOCOT VERSUS DICOT
- 75. STRUCTURES OF ANIMAL CELLS
- 76. ANIMAL TISSUES • EPITHELIAL TISSUE • CONNECTIVE TISSUE • MUSCULAR TISSUE • NERVOUS TISSUE • REPRODUCTIVE TISSUE Reproduc_ve Tissue
- 77. EPITHELIAL: lining _ssues of the animal body • SQUAMOUS • CUBOIDAL • COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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- 80. CONNECTIVE AND SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUES CONNECTIVE TISSUES SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUES • LOOSE OR AREOLAR • CARTILAGE – Collagenous, ElasMc and ReMcular Fibers • BONE • DENSE • BLOOD – Regular and Irregular – RBC – WBC • MODIFIED LOOSE – PLATELETS – ReMcular and Adipose
- 81. AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE CARTILAGE BLOOD BONE
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- 87. UNDERSTANDING HOW YOUR BODY FUNCTIONS
- 88. THE ORGAN SYSTEMS • Integumentary system • Muscular system • Skeletal system • Nervous System • Endocrine System • Circulatory system • LymphaMc system • Respiratory system • DigesMve system • Urinary and Excretory System • ReproducMve System
- 89. THE VARIOUS ORGAN SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER Homeostasis and Regula5on
- 90. HOMEOSTASIS: internal and external balance • Animals cannot survive unless they are able to control the internal environment of their body, despite con5nual changes in their surroundings
- 91. Controller output (informa_on CONTROLLER/ modula_ng effector ac_vity) EFFECTOR INTEGRATOR Sensor output (informa_on Effector output (one or more conveying the current level of the ac_vi_es influencing the level of the controlled variable controlled variable Physical system impacted by SENSOR effector ac_vi_es Detec_on and Measurement of (controlled variable) the controlled variable disturbances
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- 95. POSITIVE FEEDBACK: Breast milk secre_on
- 96. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: giving birth and blood pressure regula_on
- 97. ARE YOU READY TO KNOW HOW YOUR BODY WORKS? The Human Organ Systems
- 98. ORGAN SYSTEMS FOR HOMEOSTASIS • MEMBRANE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS – OsmoregulaMon and ExcreMon – regulaMon of water and ion concentraMons in the body • criMcal in maintaining life in a cell – balance of water and ions is partly linked to excreMon • removal of metabolic wastes from the body • ORGAN SYSTEMS – Waste ExcreMon‐Related Systems – Endocrine System – Nervous System
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- 101. HUMAN EXCRETION SYSTEMS The Which, Why’s and How’s of Body wastes Management
- 102. WHAT IS EXCRETION? • The removal of cellular waste products from an organism • Example of Wastes: – RespiraMon‐associated wastes: carbon dioxide + water – Metabolism‐associated wastes: water (from dehydraMon synthesis; nitrogenous wastes/urea (from protein metabolism and those produced from excess amino acids) and mineral salts
- 103. MAJOR EXCRETORY ORGANS Liver *** Lungs *** Skin Large Intes5nes *** Kidney
- 104. LIVER AND LUNGS LIVER LUNGS • deaminates amino acids • Excrete carbon dioxide and • converts ammonia to urea water (ammonia is very toxic)
- 105. SKIN/SWEAT GLANDS AND LARGE INTESTINES SKIN/SWEAT GLANDS LARGE INTESTINES • INCIDENTALLY EXCRETORY • expels feces and excess salts • Aid in temperature regulaMon of the body • conserves water • evaporaMon of the sweat (98% water and 2% salts and urea) lowers body temperature (temperature regulaMon) • Excretes urine like wastes (water, salt, and some urea)
- 106. KIDNEY: THE MAJOR EXCRETORY ORGAN FOR FLUIDS
- 107. • excrete most of the KIDNEYS urea • control the concentraMon of most of the consMtuents of the body fluids • filters out wastes and reabsorbs needed materials like water, sugar & protein
- 108. HUMAN URINARY • Kidney: filters out wastes and resorbs needed TRACT materials like water • Ureter: carries urine from the pelvis to the urinary bladder (one from each kidney) • Urinary bladder: short term storage area for the urine • Urethra: conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
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- 110. HOW IS URINE PRODUCED? • Filtra_on – water and dissolved substances out of the blood – Glomeruli into Bowman's capsule • Re‐absorp_on – water and dissolved substances out of the kidney tubules back into the blood – this process prevents substances needed by the body from being lost in the urine • Secre_on – hydrogen ions (H+), potassium ions (K+), ammonia (NH3), and certain drugs out of the blood into the kidney tubules
- 111. • urinalysis is composed of two examinations: – Chemical tests for abnormal chemical constituents – Microscopic exam for abnormal insoluble constituents
- 112. Test Reference Range Pa_ent Results Color Straw - Dark yellow Yellow Appearance Clear - Hazy Slightly turbid Specific Gravity 1.003-1.029 1.030 pH 4.5-7.8 6.0 (acidic) Protein Negative NegaMve Glucose Negative NegaMve Ketones Negative NegaMve Bilirubin Negative NegaMve Occult blood Negative Trace Leukocyte Esterase Negative Trace Nitrite Negative NegaMve Urobilinogen 0.1-1.0 EU/dL 3.2umol/L (normal) WBCs 0-4/hpf 10.7 RBCs male: 0-3/hpf 11.7 (female) female: 0-5/hpf Casts 0-4/lpf None seen Bacteria Negative 815.9
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- 114. ORGANS SYSTEM FOR REGULATION Nervous and Endocrine Control
- 115. NERVOUS VERSUS ENDOCRINE REGULATION Characteris_cs Nervous System Endocrine System MECHANISM OF CONTROL Neurotransmiher released Hormones delivered to in response to nerve Mssues throughout the impulses body by the blood CELLS AFFECTED Muscle cells, gland cells, Virtually ALL body cells other neurons TYPE OF ACTION THAT Muscular contracMon or Changes in metabolic RESULTS glandular secreMon acMviMes TIME TO ONSET OF ACTION Typically within millisecs Seconds to hours or days DURATION OF ACTION Generally more brief Generally slower/longer
- 116. REGULATION VIA THE NERVOUS SYSTEM • Communication network that allows an organism to interact in appropriate ways with the environment – Sensory components • Detect environmental events – Integrative components • Process sensory data and information stored in memory RECALL: – Motor components • Generate movements and HOMEOSTASIS!!! other activities
- 117. EXAMPLE: TETANUS/POLIO/RABIES (Axonal Transport)
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- 119. REGULATION VIA THE BRAIN • It is the center for registering sensations, correlating them with one another and with stored information, making decisions, and taking action • It is the center of intellect, emotions, behavior, and memory • It directs our behavior toward others
- 120. THE LOBES: FOR YOUR APPRECIATION • THE CASEOF PHINEAS GAGE: • The inch-thick tamping rod rocketed through his cheek, obliterating his left eye on its way through his brain and out the top of his skull – Yet a moment later he stood up and spoke – Within two months: completely recovered--he could walk, speak, and demonstrate normal awareness of his surroundings • But: the character of the man did not survive the tamping rod's journey through his brain
- 122. FOR YOUR APPRECIATION SLEEPY HEAD? CAN’T FIND THE WORDS…
- 123. FOR YOUR APPRECIATION (Can’t Let GO???) Thalamus CEREBRUM Hypothalamus Prefrontal cortex Smell Olfactory bulb Amygdala Hippocampus
- 124. FOR YOUR APPRECIATION LEFT‐BRAINED OR RIGHT‐BRAINED???
- 125. REGULATION VIA THE SPINAL CORD AND THE REFLEX • Extension of the brain stem starting at the foramen and ending at L1 (humans) or S2 (animals) • 2 GENERAL ROLES – Transmission of nerve impulses – Relays informa_on to and from brain • Ascending and descending paths in the spinal cord – Spinal reflexes
- 126. REFLEX: THE “BRAINLESS” PATHWAY • Responses to changes in the environment – Automatic – Fast – Predictable • Help maintain homeostasis – Allow rapid response to changes – Involve spinal cord and nerves
- 127. FOR YOUR APPRECIATION: THE STRETCH REFLEX Important in Prevents damage to maintaining muscle muscles and tone and muscle tendons as a result coordination of stretching
- 128. FOR YOUR APPRECIATION: THE FLEXOR REFLEX Defensive removal of a limb from a threatening or damaging stimulus
- 129. FOR YOUR APPRECIATION PRIMITIVE REFLEX: BABINSKI GAG REFLEX • present in infants; but as the nervous system matures, they are suppressed or overridden • Example: Babinski or plantar reflex – When the sole of an infant's foot is stroked, the toes go upward and may fan out – In a normal adult, this does not happen; instead, the toes go downward
- 130. THE PNS AND HOMEOSTASIS Peripheral nervous system Motor Sensory division division Sensing Sensing Autonomic Soma_c external internal nervous system nervous system environment environment (involuntary) (voluntary) Sympathe_c Parasympathe_c division division
- 131. The vertebrate PNSconsists of paired cranial and spinal nerve and associated ganglia • Cranial nerves – Originate in the brain and innervate organs of the head and upper body – Convey sensory inputs to and motor outputs from the brain • Spinal nerves – Originate in the spinal cord and innervate the entire body • Mammals: 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- 132. FOR YOUR APPRECIATION: THE CRANIAL NERVES Cranial nerve Nerve type (Sensory, Motor, Both) I Olfactory S Sense of smell “On Old Oklahoma’s Towering Tops a Fine Vet II Optic S Vision Gastroenterologist Viewed Some Horses” III Oculomotor M eye movements, pupillary constriction and accommodation, eyelid muscles “Six Sailors Made Merry But My IV Trochlear M Eye movements Brother Said Bad Business My Man” V Trigeminal B somatic sensations from face, mouth, cornea; muscles of mastication (chewing) VI Abducens M Eye movements VII Facial B controls the muscles of facial expression, taste from anterior tongue, lacrimal (tears) and salivary glands VIII Vestibulocochlear S hearing, sense of balance IX Glossopharyngeal B sensation from pharynx, taste from posterior tongue, carotid baroceptors X Vagus B autonomic functions of gut, sensation from pharynx, muscles of vocal cords, swallowing XI Spinal Accessory M Shoulder and neck muscles XII Hypoglossal M Movement of tongue
- 133. THE MOTOR DIVISION OF THE PNS: AUTONOMIC OR SOMATIC
- 134. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION SYMPATHETIC DIVISION • Sympathetic (active mode) Brain Eye – Correlates with arousal Constricts pupil Dilates pupil and energy generation Salivary glands – Heart beats faster, liver S_mulates saliva Inhibits converts glycogen to saliva produc_on produc_on glucose, bronchi of lungs dilate and support Constricts Lung Relaxes increased gas exchange bronchi bronchi – Inhibits digestion Slows Accelerates heart – Stimulates secretion of Heart Adrenal heart gland adrenaline from the S_mulates adrenal medulla epinephrine Liver and norepi‐ Spinal Stomach nephrine release cord • Parasympathetic S_mulates stomach, Pancreas S_mulates glucose (relaxed mode) pancreas, release and intes_nes – Causes the mirror image Inhibits Intes_nes stomach, – A calming and a return pancreas, and intes_nes emphasis on self- Bladder S_mulates Inhibits maintenance functions urina_on urina_on – Decreases heart rate Promotes Promotes ejacu‐ and energy storage erec_on of genitals Genitals la_on and vaginal contrac_ons – Enhances digestion
- 135. FOR YOUR APPRECIATION • LEARNING: A process by which behavior is modified on the basis of experience • MEMORY: storage of information that has been learned
- 136. REGULATION VIA THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
- 137. CAN HORMONES • Regulate the chemical composition and volume of the internal environment (extracellular fluid) CONTROL YOU? • Help regulate metabolism and energy balance • Help regulate contraction of smooth and cardiac muscles and secretion by glands • Help maintain homeostasis despite disruptions such as infection, trauma, emotional stress, dehydration, starvation, etc. • Regulate certain activities of the immune system • Play a role in the smooth, sequential integration of growth and development • Contribute to the basic processes of reproduction (gamete formation, fertilization, nourishment of embryo and fetus, delivery, and nourishment of newborn
- 138. TYPES OF HORMONES AND THEIR MECHANISM • STEROIDS – Testosterone (male sex hormone) – Estradiol (responsible for many female sex characterisMcs) • NON‐STEROIDS – PEPTIDES – AMINES
- 139. FOR YOUR APPRECIATION • ESTROGENS ORTHYROID • ENDOCRINE‐RELATED HORMONES DISORDERS – Steroid hormones; lipid-soluble – OverproducMon of a hormone – Not split apart during digestion – Easily cross the intestinal lining because they are lipid soluble – UnderproducMon of a hormone • INSULIN – NonfuncMonal receptors that – Water-soluble peptide and cause target cells to become protein hormone insensiMve to hormones – Not effective oral medications because digestive enzymes destroy them by breaking their peptide bonds – That is why they are taken by injection
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- 141. FOR YOUR APPRECIATION: GROWTH HORMONE DURING GROWTH YEARS: DWARFISM OR GIGANTISM DURING ADULTHOOD: ACROMEGALY
- 142. FOR YOUR APPRECIATION: PROLACTIN • WHY YOUR BREAST IS ENLARGED AND PAINFUL BEFORE YOUR PERIOD: • PIH (dopamine) inhibits release of PRL from the anterior pituitary gland • As the levels of estrogen and progesterone fall just before menstruation begins, the secretion of PIH diminishes and blood level of PRL increases • Breast tenderness just before menstruation may be caused by elevated levels of PRL
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- 144. FOR YOUR APPRECIATION: HORMONES AND YOUR URINE • STIMULATES ADH (antidiuretic • CAUSES of DI – Neurogenic DI: Results from hormone) SECRETION hyposecretion of ADH due to brain – Pain, Stress, Trauma, Anxiety tumor, head trauma or brain surgery that may have damaged the posterior pituitary – Acetylcholine, Nicotine gland and hypothalamic nuclei – Nephrogenic DI: The kidneys do not – Drugs (morphine, tranquilizers respond to ADH; ADH receptors may be and some anesthetics) non-functional or the kidneys may be damaged • INHIBITS ADH SECRETION • SYMPTOMS – Alcohol, Caffeine – Bed wetting – Exclusion of large volumes of urine • Increases urine output (dehydration and thirst) • Dehydration causes both • TREATMENT the thirst and typical – Hormone replacement therapy (ADH hangover the day after injection or sprays) – Restriction of salt in the diet and diuretic drugs • Diabetes insipidus – ADH disorder
- 145. THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID HORMONES • Parathormone – Controls the calcium ion concentration of the body by: ENDEMIC • Absorption of GOITER calcium from the CRETINISM EXOPHTHALMOS gut • Excretion of calcium by the kidneys • Release of calcium GOITER IN from the bones MYXEDEMA EWE
- 146. HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS • The adrenal glands produce the hormones that stimulate the thirst center • When enough water is provided, the tongue, the stomach and the intestine send the message that the reserves are filled • The hypothalamus orders the saliva glands to stop production, and the result is a dry mouth • Many times in the course of a day we feel thirsty and so drink a glass of water – Cells in the various organs of the body determine the water needs of the body and work with one another in a series of operations by which a person is urged to drink water
- 147. FOR YOUR APPRECIATION: THE ADRENALINE RUSH • Adrenaline is secreted immediately in the body of a pilot whose airplane malfunctions • This fluid sends more sugar and blood to the brain, making the pilot more attentive • His blood pressure and heartbeat increase, heart beats faster = sugar in her blood increases = added strength in making him more alert muscles = able to escape the danger
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- 149. FOR YOUR APPRECIATION: HORMONES FOR CHILD BEARING • Human chorionic • Progesterone gonadotropin – Promotes special development – Promotes growth of the corpus of the uterine endometrium in luteum and secreMon of advance of implantaMon of the estrogens and progesterone by ferMlized ovum the corpus luteum – Promotes development of some fetal Mssues and organs • Estrogens – Promote development of the secretory apparatus of the – Promote growth of the mother’s breast mother’s sex organs and of some of the Mssues of the fetus • Human somatomammotropin – Promotes growth of some fetal Mssues as well as mother’s breast
- 150. FOR YOUR APPRECIATION: CAN’T SLEEP WITH THE LIGHTS ON? • PINEAL GLAND: SUPRACHIASMATIC SUPERIOR Consists of nueroglia RETINA NUCLEUS (IN CERVICAL GANGLION PINEAL GLAND and secretory cells HYPOTHALAMUS) (SYMPATHETIC) called pinealocytes IN • Hormone: melatonin IN THE LIGHT DARKNESS (biogenic amine) • Timing of the body’s LACK OF biological clock NOREPINEPRHINE INHIBITS NOREPINEPHRINE STIMULATES MELATONIN MELATONIN SECRETION SECRETION ALERT! ZZZZ….
- 151. FOR YOUR APPRECIATION: MELATONIN AND JET LAGS • SAD (seasonal affective disorder) – Type of depression that arises during winter months when day- length is short – Due to overproduction of melatonin – Relief: bright light therapy (exposure to artificial light as bright sunlight) • JETLAGS – Tiredness suffered by travelers who cross several time zones – Relief: 3-6 hours of bright light exposure • INSOMNIA – Inadequate production of melatonin – Research: small doses of melatonin before bedtime
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