Our presentation about the Origin of thye Universe and it´s different theories

1. TTHHEE OORRIIGGIINN OOFF TTHHEE UUNNIIVVEERRSSEE
By Álvaro Carrasco, David Fernández and Alejandro
Figueroa

2. INDEX
• The Big Bang Theory
• Theories after the Big Bang Theory:
- Inflationary Universe
- Stationary Universe
- Oscillatory Universe
• History of the Universe
• Video
• Quiz

3. THE BIG BANG THEORY
 The most accepted theory by the scientific
community
 The Universe originated in a very dense and
hot state, has constantly expanded until now

4. THE BIG BANG THEORY
 Name comes from oonnee ooff iitt´ss mmaaiinn ooppppoossiittoorrss
 MMaaiinn sscciieennttiisstt tthhaatt ccoonnttrriibbuutteedd ttoo iitt::
FFrriieeddmmaannnn,, LLeemmaaîîttrree,, HHuubbbbllee,, GGaammooww
 UUnniivveerrssee wwaass ccoonncceennttrraatteedd aatt aa SSiinngguullaarriittyy
 BBeeffoorree iitt´ss ccrreeaattiioonn,, ssppaaccee aanndd ttiimmee ddiiddnn´tt
eexxiisstteedd,, ssoo tthheeyy aarree rreellaattiivvee ttoo iitt
 UUnniivveerrssee eexxppaannddeedd ttrreemmeennddoouussllyy ffaasstt aanndd iitt
´ss tteemmppeerraattuurree iinnccrreeaasseedd

5. THE BIG BANG THEORY
• How expansion is proved:
– Doppler Effect: With the
Electromagnetic Spectrum we
can see that wavelenghts are
increasing or decreasing
– Cosmic Microwave
Background: Gamow
predicted an afterglow of
microwaves generated after
the creation of the Universe

6. THE BIG BANG THEORY
Universe Electroamgnetic Background

7. THE BIG BANG THEORY
 A recent acceleration in the expansion of the
Universe has been seen
 This wasn´t predicted in the Original Theory
 Scientist have added the presence of Dark
Matter and Dark Energy to explain it

8. THE BIG BANG THEORY
 Universe will become less and less dense until
and temperature will decrease to almost
Absolute Zero
 It will slow down from expanding and then
will start to collapse, forming another
explosion called The Big Crunch

9. INFLATIONARY THEORY
 Developed in 1981 by Alan Guth:
- First moments after Big Bang, the four fundamental
forces were joined.
- Then, the forces started to separate, but it was not until
the separation of both of the nuclear forces when a
enormous liberation of energy was originated.

10. STATIONARY THEORY
 Developed by Edward Milne:
- He named this thesis as “Cosmological Beginning”
- According to this theory, the universe does not have a
beginning or an end.
-In 1948, some astronomers added new concepts to this
beginning, and changed the name to “Perfect Cosmological
Beginning”.

11. OSCILLATING THEORY
 Developed by Paul Steinhardt:
- This theory holds that our Universe
would be the last one of many
originated in the past, after
successive explosions(Big Bang)
and contractions(Big Crunch).
- It is a never ending cycle known as
Oscillating Universe.

12. Parts of the Big Bang
 Plank era(0-10-43seconds):The beginning of time. Plank
Length and Plank Temperature
 Grand Unification Epoch(10–43- 10–36 seconds): Gravity and
elementary particles
 Inflationary Epoch, 10–36 -10–32 seconds: Cosmic inflation.
Elementary particles are distributed
 Electroweak Epoch, 10–36 - 10–12seconds: Strong force and
exotic particles
 Quark Epoch, from 10–12 seconds to 10–6 seconds: Quarks,
electrons and neutrinos are formed as universe cools
down. Quarks combine each other

13. Parts of the Big Bang
 QQuuaarrkk EEppoocchh,, ffrroomm 1100––1122 sseeccoonnddss ttoo 1100––66 sseeccoonnddss:: QQuuaarrkkss,, eelleeccttrroonnss aanndd
nneeuuttrriinnooss aarree ffoorrmmeedd aass uunniivveerrssee ccoooollss ddoowwnn.. QQuuaarrkkss ccoommbbiinnee eeaacchh
ootthheerr
 HHaaddrroonn EEppoocchh,, ffrroomm 1100––66 sseeccoonnddss ttoo 11 sseeccoonndd:: QQuuaarrkkss ffoorrmm HHaaddrroonnss..
EElleeccttrroonnss ccoommbbiinnee wwiitthh pprroottoonnss aanndd ffoorrmm nneeuuttrroonnss
 LLeeppttoonn EEppoocchh,, ffrroomm 11 sseeccoonndd ttoo 33 mmiinnuutteess:: LLeeppttoonnss((eelleeccttrroonnss)) aanndd
aannttiilleeppttoonnss((ppoossiittrroonnss)) ffoorrmm eelleeccttrroo ppoossiittrroonnss..
 NNuucclleeoossyynntthheessiiss,, ffrroomm 33 mmiinnuutteess ttoo 2200 mmiinnuutteess::TTeemmppeerraattuurree ffaallllss ssoo
pprroottoonnss aanndd nneeuuttrroonnss ccoommbbiinnee ttoo ffoorrmm HH,, HHee aanndd LLii
 PPhhoottoonn EEppoocchh ((oorr RRaaddiiaattiioonn DDoommiinnaattiioonn)),, ffrroomm 33 mmiinnuutteess ttoo 224400,,000000
yyeeaarrss:: UUnniivveerrssee ffiilllleedd wwiitthh ppllaassmmaa.. EEnneerrggyy iiss ddoommiinnaatteedd bbyy pphhoottoonnss

14. Parts of the universe
 Recombination/Decoupling, from 240,000 to 300,000 years: Temperature and density falls.
Electrons bound to atoms and universe becomes transparent to light. 75% H and 25% He
 Dark Age (or Dark Era), from 300,000 to 150 million years: Universe is dark, diffuse matter, low
energy levels. Universe dominated by dark matter
 Reionization, 150 million to 1 billion years: Quasars are formed from gravitational collapse and
radiation is emited among the universe. Universe composed of Ionized plasma
 Star and Galaxy Formation, 300 - 500 million years onwards: Pockets of gas become more dense.
They start to collapse under own gravity. Nuclear fusion interactions between Hydrogen creates
stars. Population III, II and I stars. Supernova events happens forming generations of stars that
together will form a gravitational attraction forming galaxyes.
 Solar System Formation, 8.5 - 9 billion years: The sun is a late-generation star, incorporing
previous stars debris. It was formed like 4 billion years ago.
 Today, 13.7 billion years: Expansion of universe and recycling of star materials into new stars
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