No cost spirometer to measure vital lung capacity - dr. g. nagaraj
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1) Dr. G. Nagaraj describes an inexpensive homemade spirometer that can be used to measure vital lung capacity. It is made from common waste materials like plastic bottles, tubes, and corks. 2) The homemade spirometer works on the principle of water displacement - when a person blows into the device, it displaces an equal amount of water in a measuring cylinder. This allows measurement of vital lung capacity. 3) Dr. Nagaraj suggests using the simple spirometer to conduct small studies comparing lung capacity between different groups based on factors like gender, health, lifestyle habits, and more. Comparing results could provide insights into how these factors impact respiratory health.
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PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS
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1ST YEAR
Pulmonary function tests are a series of tests performed to examine a patient’s respiratory system and identify the severity of pulmonary impairment.
These tests are performed to measure a patient’s lung volume, capacity, flow rate and gas exchange.
This allows medical professionals to obtain an accurate diagnosis and determine the best course of medical intervention for the patient.
In general there are two types of lung disorders that these tests can be used to assess
Obstructive lung diseases
Restrictive lung diseases
1.OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASES
It include conditions that make it difficult to exhale air out of the lungs
This results in shortness of breath that occurs from narrowing and constriction of the airways and causes the patient to have decreased flow rates. Eg. COPD, Asthma
2.RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASES
It include conditions that make it difficult to fully fill the lungs with air during inhalation.
When the lungs aren’t fully able to expand it causes the patient to have decreased lung volumes. Eg. Pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease
Pulmonary function tests would be indicated for the following:
On healthy patients as part of a routine physical exam
Evaluate signs and symptoms of lung disease
Diagnosis of certain medical conditions
Measure current stage of disease and evaluate its progress
Assess how a patient is responding to different treatments
Determine patient’s condition before surgery to assess the risk of respiratory complications
Screen people who are at risk of pulmonary disease
Determine how much a patient’s airways have narrowed due to disorders
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Additionally PFTs may be indicated for the following
Chronic lung conditions
Restrictive airway problems
Asthma
COPD
Shortness of breath
Impairment or disability
Early morning wheezing
Chest muscle weakness
Lung cancer
Respiratory infections
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Lung volume is the amount of air breathed by an individual under a specific condition.
1.Tidal Volume (TV)
It is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal breathing at rest.
2.Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
It is the volume of air inspired with maximum effort over and above the normal tidal volume.
3.Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
It is the volume of air expired forcefully after a normal respiration.
4.Residual Volume (RV)
It is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forceful expiration
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1.Inspiratory capacity (IC)
It is the amount of air a person can inspire forcefully after a normal respiration.
IC = TV+IRV
2.Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
It is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal respiration.
FRC = ERV+RV
3.Vital Capacity (VC)
It is the maximum volume of air exhaled forcefully from the lungs after a maximum inspiration.
4.Total Lung Capacity
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AQA Biology As level Lungs revision booklet
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2) The diaphragm contracts and flattens during inhalation, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and lowering pressure inside the lungs. This causes air to flow into the lungs.
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Spirometry
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- Contraindications and patient preparation for the test
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Spirox pro ,Advanced spirometer with PC Software
Spirometer,spirometro,Espirometria,Spirometrie,Spirometria,Spirometrija,Spirometrie,Spirometry,Spirometri,sprometry, oxygen,examining lung ,spirOx,meditech Spirometer,US
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L4 spirometer
This document discusses spirometry and breathing. It outlines how inspiration and expiration occur in mammals through the function of the rib cage, intercostal muscles, and diaphragm. It explains that a spirometer can be used to measure vital capacity, tidal volume, breathing rate, and oxygen uptake by analyzing airflow during breathing. Spirometry data is then analyzed and interpreted to understand lung function.
Lung Capacity Lab
The document describes an experiment to measure lung capacity. Students used bottles, straws, and water to determine the average lung capacity of a child (565 ml) and adult (975 ml). It finds that adults have greater lung capacity than children. The conclusion notes that repeatedly exhausting one's lungs could lead to danger if not enough air is left.
Poster: Spirometer and eDiary Integration for Asthma Trials
An electronic asthma diary was developed with integrated spirometer functionality to reduce patient burden in asthma clinical trials. Feedback from sites and sponsors was used to refine the diary which can now directly transfer peak expiratory flow and forced expiratory volume measurements from a spirometer via Bluetooth. The streamlined diary led to high compliance rates of 88-92% in multiple global asthma studies and allows sites to remotely monitor patients' conditions between visits.
How to Choose & Prepare for Your Final Year Project
This document provides guidance on selecting a topic and preparing for a final year university project. It recommends choosing a topic that interests you and is feasible given available resources and timelines. Key steps include deciding your area of interest, identifying issues, formulating a topic question, getting approval from your project guide, and making a plan with deadlines. The document stresses starting early, meeting regularly with your guide, and having a backup plan to help complete a successful final year project.
211 spirometer handbook-naca
This document provides an overview of spirometry - the measurement and interpretation of lung function. It discusses the different types of spirometry devices, how to properly perform the tests, factors to consider when choosing a device, and guidelines for interpreting test results. The key measurements taken during spirometry include forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, and peak expiratory flow. Proper technique and quality control criteria must be followed to obtain accurate and reproducible results. Spirometry is useful for detecting and monitoring respiratory diseases that impact lung function.
NDD Easy one Spirometer data
NDD Easy one Spirometer data
http://cardiologyforless.com/Spirometers/NDD-EasyOne-Diagnostic-Spirometer.html
WT - FDDI & ISDN
FDDI is a 100 Mbps dual-ring fiber optic network that uses counter-rotating primary and secondary rings. It uses single-mode or multi-mode fiber, with single-mode using lasers and multi-mode using LEDs. FDDI defines MAC, PHY, PMD and SMT specifications. ISDN is an international standard for digital phone lines that supports up to 64 Kbps data transfer for basic rate interface and higher for primary rate interface, allowing transmission of voice and data over phone lines.
Steps for making presentation of final year project
here are the simple and important steps and also some tips for making your final year or any presentation you are going to present. Any question or confusion you can ask
sarmad.iict@gmail.com
Grade 11 - External & Internal Respiration
External respiration involves oxygen being taken up by capillaries in lung alveoli while carbon dioxide is released from the blood. Internal respiration transports oxygen in the blood from the lungs to cells, and transports metabolic carbon dioxide from tissue cells into the blood and to the lungs to ensure the exchange of gases.
Construction of an improvised electrolysis apparatus
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ECE 528T1: Design of Communication Systems Module 3
This document discusses quality assurance and certification labels for ECE 528 at Saint Louis University in Baguio City, Philippines. It covers several certification organizations, including VDE Testing and Certification Institute, Underwriter's Laboratories, Inc., CSA International, NEMKO, DEMKO, and FIMKO. It provides information on each organization and references the technick.net website for additional information.
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How to Choose & Prepare for Your Final Year Project
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Steps for making presentation of final year project
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Construction of an improvised electrolysis apparatus
Construction of an improvised electrolysis apparatus
ECE 528T1: Design of Communication Systems Module 3
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Drinking water samples from 5 sachet water companies, 3 boreholes and 2 taps, collected from different locations of Dutse Metropolis of Jigawa State, Nigeria were analysed for coliform bacterial counts using the Membrane Filtration Technique. All the samples contained some amounts of total coliforms, but mostly within permissible levels. Thirty three percent (33%) of the samples from borehole, 60% from sachet water and 100% from the taps contained faecal coliforms, which indicates contamination. Cultures of the faecal coliforms obtained were morphologically identified using the gram-staining procedure and some series of biochemical tests were carried out in order to identify the organisms. The identified organisms were Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. Presence of coliforms above the regulatory set standards indicates contamination and un-safeness of the water for drinking. Presence of organisms such as E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. necessitates improvement in monitoring and water hygiene practices to improve the quality of drinking water in the study area.Spirometer- Usage and Maintenance
Spirometry which means “the measuring of breath,” is a routinely used pulmonary function test (PFT) that measures the amount and speed of air that a person can inhale and exhale. Results from the test can be used to estimate lung function and aid in the diagnosis of certain respiratory disorders.
A spirometer is an apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs. A spirometer measures ventilation, the movement of air into and out of the lungs. The spirogram will identify two different types of abnormal ventilation patterns, obstructive and restrictive.
Emtairway1 130711164711-phpapp01
The document outlines cognitive, affective, and psychomotor objectives for airway management and ventilation. It covers topics such as assessing adequate and inadequate breathing, opening the airway with head tilt-chin lift and jaw thrust maneuvers, using suction and airway adjuncts, providing supplemental oxygen, and ventilating patients with various devices including bag valve masks and flow-restricted oxygen devices.
IPQC tests for Parenterals
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Lungs volume and capacites
it contains all the physiology of lung volume and capacity.
in this we study:-
introduction
lung volume
lung capacities
measurements of lung volume and capacities.
measurement of FRC and RV.
vital capacity.
FEV
RMV
MBC
PEFR
restrictive and obstructive respiratory disease.
The 14C-radiotracer method to measure the primary productivity of phytoplankt...
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Bedside pft 1
This is an amazing article giving brief clinical application of PFT.
Bedside PFT are best explained here.
Bedside PFT references most of times are incomplete and inadequate
COURTSEY -DEPARTMENT OF ANESTHESIA, MAMC and LOK NAYAK HOSPITAL, NEW DELHI
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STUDENT PROTOCOL.pdf
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2. Spirometry involves using a pneumotachometer and software to measure airflow and calculate lung volumes. Integration of the flow signal over time provides volume measurements.
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Cellular RespirationHands-on labs, inc. Version 42-0040-00-01.docx
Cellular Respiration
Hands-on labs, inc. Version 42-0040-00-01
LAB REPORT
PHOTOS – Include the digital photos as attachments or place them right into your report.
Photo #1 - Take a photo which is a CLOSE UP of the seeds AFTER they have germinated, while still in the petri dish.
Photo #2 – Take a photo of your experimental set up with the two tubes in the glass, AT THE END. Get close enough that the results show in both tubes. Set up your tubes side by side on the same side of the glass so this can be done. You may need to put BLACK PAPER or a dark background behind the glass, to reduce glare.
Data Table 1: Oxygen Consumption Measured by Change in Water Level
Starting Level of
Water
Water level:
30 min
Water level:
1 hour
Water level:
1 hour, 30 min
Experiment
Control
Questions
A. Why use germinating seeds to detect cellular respiration?
B. Explain how the movement − or lack of movement − of the water in the respirometer is a reflection of cellular respiration.
Experiment
Cellular respiration
202
©Hands-On Labs, Inc.
www.LabPaq.com
C. What is the role of the NaOH-saturated ball of cotton in the respirometer? What would have
occurred if it were not in place?
D. In photosynthesis what is the reactant gas and what is the product gas?
In respiration what is the reactant gas and what is the product gas?
What is the elegant relationship between these gases and these two different processes?
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Take a photo which is a CLOSE UP of the seeds AFTER they have germinated, while still
in the petri dish.
Photo #2
–
Take a photo of your experimental set up with the two tubes in the glass, AT THE END.
Get close enough that the results show in both tubes. Set up your tubes side by side on the same
side of the glass so this can be done. You may need to put BLACK PA
PER or a dark background
behind the glass, to reduce glare.
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©Hands-On Labs, Inc.
www.LabPaq.com
Cellular Respiration
Hands-on labs, inc. Version 42-0040-00-01
LAB REPORT
PHOTOS – Incl ...
Oxygen therapy
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pha2.pdfo
This document describes experiments to study the effects of various drugs on isolated frog heart, blood pressure, and heart rate in dogs. The experiments involve setting up perfused frog heart preparations and measuring the chronotropic and inotropic effects of drugs. The effects of drugs are also studied on normal and calcium-depleted hypodynamic frog hearts. In addition, the effects of sympathomimetic and parasympathomimetic drugs on mean blood pressure and heart rate are measured in anesthetized dogs using a cannulation technique.
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No cost spirometer to measure vital lung capacity - dr. g. nagaraj
- 1. 11 NO-COST SPIROMETER TO MEASURE VITAL LUNG CAPACITY Dr. G. NAGARAJ Zoology Section Regional Institute of Education (NCERT) Mysore – 570 006 India gnriem@gmail.com
- 2. 22 Introduction • Lung function tests are useful in assessing theLung function tests are useful in assessing the functionalfunctional statusstatus of the respiratory system both in physiological andof the respiratory system both in physiological and pathological conditions.pathological conditions. • These tests are based on the measurement of volume of airThese tests are based on the measurement of volume of air breathed in and outbreathed in and out.. • Air in the lung is classified asAir in the lung is classified as Lung volumeLung volume andand LungLung capacities.capacities.
- 3. 33 Lung Volume (LV) It is the static volume of air breathed or volume of air present in lung under specific static condition. It is of four types: 1. Tidal Volume (TV): Volume of air breathed in and out of lungs in a single normal respiration (500 ml). 2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): additional volume of air that can be inspired forcefully after normal inspiration (3300 ml). 3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): additional volume of air that can be expired out forcefully after normal expiration (3300 ml). 4. Residual Volume (RV): Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after forced expiration (1200 ml).
- 4. 44 Lung Capacity (LC) It is the combination of two or more lung volumes and of four types; 1. Inspiratory Capacity (IC): = TV + IRV = 3800 ml 2. Vital Capacity (VC): = TV + IRV = ERV = 4800 ml 3. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): = ERV + RV = 2200 ml 4. Total Lung Capacity (TLC): = IRV + TV + ERV + RV = 6000 ml
- 5. 55 Measurement of LV and LC Spirometry is the method to measure LV and LC. The instrument used is called SPIROMETER. The above instrument is relatively complicated and costlier. Hence, I improvised a no-cost/ home-made instrument from the waste materials. Pic-1. Regular Spirormeter
- 6. 66 A. Materials Required: 1. 2L/ 5L and 1L water bottles (waste) 2. One rubber cork/ bottle cap/ thermo coal 3. Two glass tube pieces (5mm dia.)/ empty ball pen case 4. Two feet rubber tube (5mm dia.) Preparation of SPIROMETER 1L water bottle2L water bottle glass tube rubber tube cork cap Pic-2 Materials Required
- 7. 77 1. Make two holes in the rubber cork/ cap / thermo coal 2. Insert two glass tubes/ empty ball pen case in each hole; one short and one long reaching bottom 3. Fix one feet rubber tube on top of each glass tube (one for inflow and one for out flow) 4. Fix this cork / cap in the bottle mouth and make sure it is air tight (as shown in picture-3) 5. Convert 1L bottle as graduated measuring cylinder by calibrating it with regular measuring cylinder B. Assembling the Instrument Pic-3. Improvised Spirometer Inflow outflow Graduatedmeasuringbottle Water
- 8. 88 Working Mechanism & Procedure 1. This apparatus works based on ‘pressure’ 2. Remove the cork, fill 80% the bottle with water, fix the cork again and insert the out-let tube in the measuring bottle. 3. Inspire forcefully to the maximum and blow air forcefully through the inlet pipe 4. The air entered in the bottle displaces equal amount of water (Archimedes Principle) and it is collected & measured in measuring bottle 5. Measured volume of water is equal to the VITAL CAPACITY (VC) of lung (IRV + TV +ERV = 4800 ml) 6. Again fill water in the 2L bottle and repeat the experiment with other persons at school, home and neighbor area.
- 9. 99 Project Take up a small project to find out: A. Is there any significant difference in VC between; • Male & female • Smokers & non-smokers • Athletes & non-athletes • Singers & non-singers • Vegetarians &non-vegetarians • Anemic &non-anemic • Alcohol takers & non-takers • Rural & urban subjects etc. B. Whether VC has any relation with age, height, weight, yoga, exercise, occupation, health status and respiratory disorder. Record your observation and present as project report.
- 10. 1010 Advantages of this Instrument 1. The instrument is improvised from waste material hence, no expenditure 2. Simple experiments/ projects can be conducted at schools and even at home 3. Develops creative thinking, enquiry and experimentation attitude 4. Learning by doing; so creates interest in learning.
- 11. 1111 Thank you