This document discusses Newton's laws of motion. It defines key terms like mass, inertia, weight, force, and acceleration. It explains Newton's three laws: 1) an object remains at rest or in motion unless acted on by an external force, 2) acceleration is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass, and 3) for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Examples are provided to illustrate applications of Newton's laws, like calculating weight, acceleration, and tension in ropes. Formulas for force, acceleration, and other concepts are defined.
Friends you will know about the different forces around us and some interesting question, its a short ppt on forces related to physics.. hope you would like..!!
Friends you will know about the different forces around us and some interesting question, its a short ppt on forces related to physics.. hope you would like..!!
Desde mi punto de vista, las pseudo-comunicaciones que se establecen por medio de las redes sociales son reflejos de una distorsión en la manera de interaccionar de las sociedades actuales.
Education has the potential to make a substantial contribution towards improving the life-chances of the 50,000 children and young people in out-of-home care (OOHC) across Australia and New Zealand. Yet, most in OOHC face significant educational challenges, many do not receive a quality education, and exceptionally few go on to university. Making links with the growing body of Australasian and international research literature on the education of children in OOHC, this presentation reports on ‘Slipping down Ladders and Climbing up Snakes’ - a doctoral qualitative study that investigated the experiences of seven New Zealand university students who were formerly in foster care. The presentation particularly focuses upon the study's findings in relation to foster care and leaving care. While confirming that ‘Kiwi kids in care’ can and do go to university, the main barriers included limited educational support for those in foster care, mixed placement quality, multiple placements and a lack of permanency, challenging behaviour, being discharged from care at 17 and irrespective of whether schooling had been completed, generally poor and somewhat limited relationships with social workers, and limited financial support on leaving care from the national statutory child welfare agency Child, Youth and Family. Nonetheless, and despite the above, participants’ experiences also suggest the critical importance of at least one of their longer-term foster carers creating an educationally-rich environment, and formal support services for care leavers where they were available. Once at university, the majority did sometimes struggle, although there was usually some support from former foster carers, long-term partners, and in some instances parents. As well as examining the possible implications of the study, whether and how such studies can shape policy and practice is also discussed.
Force and Mass;
Types of Forces;
Contact forces;
Field forces;
Newtons laws of motion;
Explanation;
It’s not Newton’s Laws;
Its Rishi Kanad laws;
Proof of stolen three laws of motion; how newton theft the laws ?
newton a modern thief?
laws of motion by Rishi Kanad
Vaisheshika - laws of motion
Comparision - Kanad rishi vs Newton
References for theft
Force and Mass;
Types of Forces;
Contact forces;
Field forces;
Newtons laws of motion;
Sample Examples;
Explanation;
It’s not Newton’s Laws;
Its Rishi Kanad laws;
Proof of stolen three laws of motion;
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For other uses, see Force (disambiguation). "Physical force" redirects here. For other uses, see Physical force (disambiguation).
In physics, a force is an influence that can cause an object to change its velocity, i.e., to accelerate, meaning a change in speed or direction, unless counterbalanced by other forces. The concept of force makes the everyday notion of pushing or pulling mathematically precise. Because the magnitude and direction of a force are both important, force is a vector quantity. The SI unit of force is the newton (N), and force is often represented by the symbol F.
Force
Forces can be described as a push or pull on an object. They can be due to phenomena such as gravity, magnetism, or anything that might cause a mass to accelerate.
Common symbols
�
→
{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}}, F, F
SI unit
newton (N)
Other units
dyne, pound-force, poundal, kip, kilopond
In SI base units
kg·m·s−2
Derivations from
other quantities
F = ma
Dimension
�
�
�
−
2
{\displaystyle {\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {L}}{\mathsf {T}}^{-2}}
Force plays a central role in classical mechanics, figuring in all three of Newton's laws of motion, which specify that the force on an object with an unchanging mass is equal to the product of the object's mass and the acceleration that it undergoes. Types of forces often encountered in classical mechanics include elastic, frictional, contact or "normal" forces, and gravitational. The rotational version of force is torque, which produces changes in the rotational speed of an object. In an extended body, each part often applies forces on the adjacent parts; the distribution of such forces through the body is the internal mechanical stress. In equilibrium these stresses cause no acceleration of the body as the forces balance one another. If these are not in equilibrium they can cause deformation of solid materials, or flow in fluids.
In modern physics, which includes relativity and quantum mechanics, the laws governing motion are revised to rely on fundamental interactions as the ultimate origin of force. However, the understanding of force provided by classical mechanics is useful for practical purposes.[1]
Development of the concept
Pre-Newtonian concepts
Newtonian mechanics
Combining forces
Examples of forces in classical mechanics
Concepts derived from force
Units
Revisions of the force concept
Fundamental interactions
See also
References
External links
Last edited 18 days ago by HansVonStuttgart
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Force, in mechanics, any action that tends to maintain or alter the motion of a body or to distort it.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
1. Chapter 4-6 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Mrs. Pagar
• Gravity is a very important force in nature, it literally holds
the universe together. Yet it is also one of the weakest force
in nature.
• I Corinthians 1:27 “ But God hath chosen the foolish things
of the world to confound the wise; and God hath chosen the
weak things of the world to confound the things that are
mighty.”
• Though we are weak, God can do mighty things with us.
Perhaps the greatest power in the universe in manifested
when a Christian who loves God with all of his/her heart
shares burdens with the Lord in prayer. What appears to be
weak and foolish has a greater influence than the most
powerful physical agents in the universe.
2. Mass• Mass
• -amount of matter in an object.
• It is measured in kilograms.
• It is a measure of the inertia of an object.
• Inertia
• is the natural tendency of a body to resist
changes in motion. It is the reluctance of any
material object has to change in its state of
motion.
3. • Weight
• -gravitational force acting on the object.
• It depends on the location of the object.
• Unit: Newton
4. History
• Aristotle
• - foremost Greek scientist, studied motion and
divided it into natural motion and violent
motion.
• Natural motion-straight up, down, circular
motion.
• Violent motion-imposed motion, with an
external cause
5. • Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543)
• First person to publicly state that the earth
revolves around the sun.
• It was extremely controversial at the time. He
worked in secret to escape persecution. His
printed work,De Revolutionibus reached him
on the day of his death.
6. • Galileo Galilei
• Foremost Scientist of late-Rennaisance Italy,
supported Copernicus theory
• -demolished the notion that a force is
necessary to keep an object moving.
• He found that a ball rolling down one inclined
plane would roll to nearly the same height as
where it originally started.
7. • 1st Law of Motion :
• An object remains at a constant
speed in a straight path until a net
force acts on it.
NEWTON’s LAWS
8. Newton’s First Law
• Law of Inertia
• “A body remains at rest or
moves in a straight line at a
constant speed unless acted
upon by a force.”
9. Force
• …the agency of change.
• … a push or a pull.
• …changes the velocity.
• …is a vector quantity.
• ...measured in Newton’s.
10. NEWTON’s
2nd Law of Motion : F = m•a
acceleration of the club
force of the club
mass of the club
11. Forceof gravity
Force of muscles
Net force
•Net forceis the total amount of Force
(minus the forces that cancel each other
out).
12. • Net force
• -vector sum of all forces acting on an object;
affects the object’s state of motion.
• When an object is at rest, its weight is
balanced by an equal and opposite support
force.
• An object is in equilibrium when it is at rest,
with zero net force acting on it.
13. • Newton’s 2nd Law:
• The acceleration produced by a net force on
an object is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the net force, is in the same
direction as the net force, and is inversely
proportional to the mass of the object
• F=ma
• Newton(N)- unit of force
14. Newton’s Second Law
The Sum of the Forces acting
on a body is proportional to
the acceleration that the body
experiences
F a
F = (mass) a
16. • F = ma
• a=F/m
• a=acceleration : m/s 2
• m= mass of the object : kg
• F=force:N
• The acceleration is proportional to the Force
• The acceleration is inversely proportional to
the mass of the object
• Acceleration is in the same direction as the
net force.
17. When the net force is Zero.
-> NO movement
When the net force is NOT Zero.
-> movement
18. • Pressure
• -force per unit area
• P=F/A
• Unit is Pascal
• 1 Pascal= 1 N/m 2
• The bigger the force, the bigger the pressure.
• The smaller the area, the bigger the pressure
19. • The acceleration of all objects in free fall is the
same, regardless of their mass. a=g=9.8 m.s.s
• When air resistance is present, a falling object
accelerates(increase in speed) only until it
reaches its terminal speed
• (constant speed where air resistance balances
the force of gravity).
20. • NEWTON’s 3rd Law of Motion:
• For everyaction thereis anequal and
opposite reaction.
21. NEWTON’s
3rd Law of Motion:
For everyaction,there is
an equaland oppositereaction.
22.
23. • An interaction between two things produces a
pair of forces.
• Interacting things exert forces on each other.
• The two interacting forces are equal in
strength and opposite in direction.
• Forces always occur in
• pairs.
24. • Things fall toward the ground because the
earth attracts objects towards itself. This
attraction is called the earth’s
• Gravity
• All objects in the universe attract each other.
• The more massive the object, the greater the
attraction
• These attractions are called action-at-a-
distance forces because they act on objects
without touching them.
25. • Weight
• - measure of the force of gravity
• W=mg g= 10 m/s2
• 1 kg=2.2 lb
• If you are 120 lb, 120 /2.2= 55 kg
• m = 55 kg
• W= mg = 55 ( 10)= 550 N
26. Tension
(Tensile Force)
• Tension
• is the force in a string, chain or tendon that
is applied tending to stretch it.
• FT
• Example: A 20 N picture frame hangs
supported by 2 strands of rope. How much
force is supported by each strand?
• Answer : 10 N
27. Normal Force
• The normal force on an object that is being
supported by a surface is the component of
the supporting force that is perpendicular
to the surface.
• FN
29. #21 p. 57 Conceptual Physics
• If a woman has a mass of 50 kg, calculate her
weight in Newtons.
• Problem: Fg=?
• Given: m= 50 kg; g = 10 m/s2
• Formula: F= ma; a= g; Fg =mg
• Solution: Fg = mg
•Fg =(50)(10)
•Fg = 500 N
• Final Answer: Fg =500 N
30. #19 p. 72 Conceptual Physics
• Calculate the acceleration of a 2000 kg single-engine
airplane just before takeoff when the thrust of its
engine is 500 N.
• Problem: a=?
• Given: m= 2000 kg ; F= 500 N
• Formula: F =ma ; a=F/m
• Solution: a=F/m
• a=500/2000
• a= 0.25 m/s2
• Final answer: a= 0.25 m/s2