Newton's laws of motion describe the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it, and its response to those forces. The three laws are:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the direction of the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
The document provides explanations and examples of these laws, different types of forces including contact
Force and Mass;
Types of Forces;
Contact forces;
Field forces;
Newtons laws of motion;
Explanation;
It’s not Newton’s Laws;
Its Rishi Kanad laws;
Proof of stolen three laws of motion; how newton theft the laws ?
newton a modern thief?
laws of motion by Rishi Kanad
Vaisheshika - laws of motion
Comparision - Kanad rishi vs Newton
References for theft
Force and Mass;
Types of Forces;
Contact forces;
Field forces;
Newtons laws of motion;
Explanation;
It’s not Newton’s Laws;
Its Rishi Kanad laws;
Proof of stolen three laws of motion; how newton theft the laws ?
newton a modern thief?
laws of motion by Rishi Kanad
Vaisheshika - laws of motion
Comparision - Kanad rishi vs Newton
References for theft
Force and Mass;
Types of Forces;
Contact forces;
Field forces;
Newtons laws of motion;
Sample Examples;
Explanation;
It’s not Newton’s Laws;
Its Rishi Kanad laws;
Proof of stolen three laws of motion;
this slide serves as a guidance to learners, in terms of knowledge and critical thinking. lastly it tells about the foundation of motion. lastly learners can use this knowledge to their reality
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Force and Mass;
Types of Forces;
Contact forces;
Field forces;
Newtons laws of motion;
Sample Examples;
Explanation;
It’s not Newton’s Laws;
Its Rishi Kanad laws;
Proof of stolen three laws of motion;
this slide serves as a guidance to learners, in terms of knowledge and critical thinking. lastly it tells about the foundation of motion. lastly learners can use this knowledge to their reality
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. Content
• Lecture # 1
• Newton’s laws of motion
• Some common forces (Weight, Normal Reaction, Tension,
Force of Friction
• Application of Newton’s 2nd law (Problem solving strategy)
• Sample problems
3. Force: The measure of interaction between
two objects (pull or push). It is a vector
quantity – it has a magnitude and
direction
Mass: The measure of how difficult it is to
change object’s velocity (sluggishness or
inertia of the object)
4. Types of Forces
• There are two main types of forces
• Contact
• Field
5. Contact Forces
Contact forces result from physical contact between two objects
• Think About a Book on a Table
• If you push it, you are exerting a contact force
• If you put it down, no longer interacting… so no more force from
you
• But table is touching it- table is now exerting a force
6. Field Forces
• An object can move without something directly
touching it or
• Field forces act between disconnected objects
• Also called “action at a distance”
• What if you dropped the book?
• It falls due to gravity
• Gravitational Force is a field force.
• They affect movement without being in physical
contact
• Can you think of other field forces?
• Magnetic fields
• Electric Forces
• Nuclear Forces
7. Two Types of Forces
• Example of Contact Forces
• Friction
• Tension
• Examples of Field Forces
• Gravitational
• Electric
• Magnetic
8. Force and mass
• Mass – measurement of how difficult it is to change the objects
velocity or it is the quantity of matter in a physical body.
• Inertia – resistance to change in velocity or it is the property of a body by
virtue of which it opposes any agency that attempts to put it in motion or, if it is moving,
to change the magnitude or direction of its velocity.
• So mass is a measurement of an object’s inertia
9. Question
•What is the relationship between mass and
inertia?
•Mass is a measure of how much inertia
something has.
11. Background
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
an English scientist and a
mathematician famous for
his discovery of the law of
gravity also discovered the
three laws of motion.
Today these laws are known as
Newton’s Laws of Motion and
describe the motion of all objects on
the scale we experience in our
everyday lives.
12. Newton’s laws
• 1st Law: An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in
motion continues in motion with constant velocity if no external
force acts on it.
• 2nd Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to
the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
• 3rd Law: Every action has an equal but opposite reaction
𝐹12 = −𝐹21
13. If objects in motion tend to stay in motion, why don’t
moving objects keep moving forever?
Things don’t keep moving forever because
there’s almost always an unbalanced force
acting upon it.
A book sliding across a table slows
down and stops because of the force
of friction.
If you throw a ball upwards it will
eventually slow down and fall
because of the force of gravity.
14. Question
• A force of gravity between the sun and its planets holds the
planets in orbit around the sun. If that force of gravity
suddenly disappeared, in what kind of path would the
planets move?
• Each planet would move in a straight line at constant speed.
15. Question
• The Earth moves about 30 km/s relative to the sun.
But when you jump upward in front of a wall, the wall
doesn’t slam into you at 30 km/s. Why?
• both you and the wall are moving at the same speed, before,
during, and after your jump.
16. Acceleration
• An unbalanced force causes something to accelerate.
• A force can cause motion only if it is met with an unbalanced force.
• Forces can be balanced or unbalanced.
• Depends on the net force acting on the object
• Net force (Fnet): The sum total and direction of all forces acting on
the object.
• Net forces: Always cause acceleration.
20. In Other Words…
Large Force = Large Acceleration
F
a
So….if you push twice as hard, it accelerates twice as much.
21. But there is a twist….
• Acceleration is INVERSELY related to the mass of
the object.
22. In other words…..using the same amount of force….
F
Large Mass a
Small acceleration
F
Small Mass
Large acceleration
a
23. More about F = ma
If you double the mass, you double the force. If you
double the acceleration, you double the force.
What if you double the mass and the acceleration?
(2m)(2a) = 4F
Doubling the mass and the acceleration quadruples
the force.
24. What does F = ma say?
F = ma basically means that the force of an
object comes from its mass and its
acceleration.
Force is measured in
Newtons (N) = mass (kg) x acceleration (m/s2)
Or
kg m/s2
25. Solving Newton Second Law Problems
• 1.Draw a free body diagram
• 2.Break vectors into components if needed
• 3.Find the NET force by adding and subtracting forces that are on
the same axis as the acceleration.
• 4.Set net force equal to “ma” this is called writing an EQUATION OF
MOTION.
• NOTE: To avoid negative numbers, always subtract the smaller
forces from the larger one. Be sure to remember which direction is
larger.
26. Example
• A 50 N applied force drags an 8.16 kg log to the right across a
horizontal surface. What is the acceleration of the log if the force of
friction is 40.0 N?
27. Tougher Example
• An elevator with a mass of 2000 kg rises with an acceleration of 1.0
m/s/s. What is the tension in the supporting cable?
29. Question
• Suppose that the acceleration of an object is zero.
Does this mean that there are no forces acting on it?
• No, it means the forces acting on it are balanced and
the net force is zero.
• Think about gravity and normal force acting on
stationary objects.
30. Question
• When a basketball player dribbles a ball, it falls to the floor
and bounces up. Is a force required to make it bounce?
Why? If a force is needed, what is the agent.
• Yes, when it bounced it changed direction. A change in
direction = acceleration. Acceleration requires a force. The
agent was the floor.
31. Newton’s third law describes the relationship
between two forces in an interaction.
• One force is called the action force.
• The other force is called the reaction force.
• Neither force exists without the other.
• They are equal in strength and opposite in
direction.
• They occur at the same time
(simultaneously).
Newton’s Third Law
32. When the girl jumps to shore, the boat moves backward.
Newton’s Third Law
33. When action is A exerts force on B, the reaction is simply B exerts force on A.
Identifying Action and Reaction Pairs
34. Some common forces
Here are some forces which we must deal with in our daily life.
• Weight of an object
• Normal reaction
• Tension in a string
• Friction between two surfaces
35. Weight: It is the gravitational force
with which earth attracts every object
towards its center, therefore, weight is
always directed straight downward in
every problem.
𝐹
𝑔 = 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
W=mg
36. Normal force: It is the reaction force
from the floor or any other surface
against which the object is being
pushed, therefore, normal reaction
is always directed at 90 degrees to
the surface.
W=mg
N
37. Tension: In a single string
magnitude of tension force is
same at each point and is
directed away from the object to
which the string is connected.
W=mg
N
T
38. Application of Newton’s 2nd law to find unknown force or
acceleration in a problem
Problem solving strategy:
• Draw the free body diagram (FBD) for the problem, i.e., indicate all the
forces acting on the body.
• Then write down known and unknown quantities (N, mg, T, fs, a, ).
• For a body under the action of several forces we can write Newton’s
2nd law
∑𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
• For 2-dimensional problem, we can write the above equation for x and
y directions separately as
∑𝐹
𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , ∑𝐹
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦
• This gives us two equations which can be solved together to find the
values of unknowns. For example,
𝑇 cos 𝜃 − 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1)
𝑇 sin 𝜃 + 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 (2)
N
fs
W=mg
T
39.
40. N
mg
T
∑𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
put 𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 0
𝑇 = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃
Substituting the values, we get
𝑇 = 8.5 × 9.8 × sin 30°
𝑇 = 8.5 × 9.8 × 0.5
𝑇 = 41.65 𝑁
∑𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦
𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦
put 𝑎𝑦 = 0
𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 = 0
𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃
Substituting the values, we get
𝑁 = 8.5 × 9.8 × cos 30°
𝑁 = 8.5 × 9.8 × 0.866
𝑁 = 72.13 𝑁
Solution
Part (a) Part (b)
41. Part (c)
N
mg
Now the string is removed, so the block
will accelerate down the plan.
∑𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑔 sin 𝜃
Substituting the values, we get
𝑎𝑥 = 9.8 × sin 30°
𝑎𝑥 = 4.9 𝑚/𝑠2
42.
43. Applying Newton’s second law on the traffic light signal, we get
𝑇3 = 𝑊 (1)
Now applying Newton’s second law to the joint, in x-direction
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇2 cos 53° − 𝑇1 cos 37° = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇2 cos 53° − 𝑇1 cos 37° = 0 (2)
And in y-direction
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦
𝑇2 sin 53° + 𝑇1 sin 37° − 𝑇3 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦
𝑇2 sin 53° + 𝑇1 sin 37° − 𝑇3 = 0 (2)
Solving equations 1, 2 and 3, we get 𝑇1 = 73.4 𝑁 and 𝑇2 =
97.4 𝑁, therefore, the strings will not break, and the traffic light
will remain hanging.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50. Practice problems
Chapter#5 Problems: 15, 19, 32, 46, 47, 51, 52, 53, 55, 59,66,77
From the book:
Fundamentals of Physics, 8th edition
Authors: Halliday, Resnick, Walker