سید تجمل حسین نقوی Ashraf, A1. and Shah, M. S.2* 1Department of Wild Life and Fisheries, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. 2Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

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سید تجمل حسین نقوی
ایم ایس۔بائیو ٹیکنالوجی
ڈیپارٹمنٹ آف بائیو انفارمیٹکس اینڈ بائیوٹیکنالوجی
انٹرنیشنل اسلامک یونیورسٹی اسلام آباد

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Review Article
Newcastle Disease:
Present status and future challenges for
developing countries
Ashraf, A1*. and Shah, M. S.2*
1.Department of Wild Life and Fisheries,
Government College University, Faisalabad,
Pakistan.
2.Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for
Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Accepted 13 January, 2014

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NDV Affected Brioler

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Review Article
 Organism and Etiology
 Epidemiology
 Economic Impact
 Molecular Basis Of Pathogenecity
 Transmission
 Sign and Symptoms
 Prevention and Control
 Public Health
 Future Challenges

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Organism and Etiology
Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most
important viral diseases (Orsi et al., 2010). It is an
acute infectious viral disease of domestic poultry
and other species of birds regardless of variation in
sex and age (Alexander, 2003; Haque, 2010; Iram
et al., 2013).
Newcastle disease is commonly known as
Ranikhait disease in India (Narayanan et al., 2010;
Ravindra et al., 2009) and also in Pakistan.
More commonly affected species include
chickens, turkeys, ducks, pigeons, (Zhang et al.,
2011) guinea fowl, Japanese quail and many wild
birds of all ages (Nanthakumar et al., 2000).

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ND is fatal and still top ranked poultry disease.
Annual losses caused by this disease worldwide
are in millions of dollars (Waheed et al., 2013;
Susta et al,2010).
Newcastle disease (ND) is caused by virulent
strains of Avian Paramyxovirus - 1, which is a
single strand non segmented negative sense RNA
virus. The virus belongs to family Paramyxoviridae
and it has 10 serotypes designated as APMV-1 to
APMV-10.

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EPIDEMIOLOGY
The epizootics of Newcastle Disease in poultry
continue to occur in Asia, Africa, Central and South
America while in Europe, sporadic epizootics
occur (Naveen et al.,2013). ND is reported
consistently from all continents of the globe (Munir
et al., 2012).
The very first panzootic started in 1926 in
Southeast Asia from Java, Indonesia and in
Europe from Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England (Seal
et al., 1995; Arifin et al., 2011), and it remained till
late1950s (Qiu et al., 2011).

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ECONOMIC IMPACT
Pakistan Economic Survey (2011-2012) reported
that poultry sector generates income and direct
and indirect employment for about 1.5 million
people till 2012.
ND and avian influenza (AI) are major
concerns of animal husbandry due to hazardous
infections (Ge et al.,2012). All over the world,
poultry industry is facing severe economic losses
with every passing year (Haque et al.,2010; Khan
et al., 2011)

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MOLECULAR BASIS OF PATHOGENICITY
The genome of NDV encodes for six major
structural proteins. Viral replication, transcription
and translation occur in the cytoplasm of the
host cell, while virus particles are assembled in
plasma membrane by budding (Zanetti et al.,
2003)
Important pathogenic marker of NDV exists in F
protein (Madadgar et al., 2013).
Office of International Epizootics (OIE) accepts
F cleavage sequence as determinant of primary
virulence (Wise et al., 2004). However, if this
cleavage sequence is not found, then an Intra
Cerebral Pathogenicity Index (ICPI) is required for
determination of the virulence.

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TRANSMISSION
NDV can infect more than 240 species of birds
and it spreads primarily through direct contact
between healthy and infected birds
Disease transmits through droppings and
secretions.
The disease spreads by contaminated water,
feed and transport.
Airborne transmission of the virus is also an
important route of transmission.
Mechanical transfer of infected faeces occurs by
rodents, insects, dogs, fleas, or scavenging
animals.
The disease may vary from subclinical with no
mortality to severe infection, with 100% mortality.

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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Clinical signs are dependent on factors such as
the virus strain, host species, age of the host, co-infection
with other micro-organisms,
environmental stress and immune status
General Symptoms
loss of appetite
Restlessness
Abnormal thirst,
Weakness,
Drop in egg production,
Air sacculitis,
Tracheitis
Conjunctivitis

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Respiratory Signs
Nervous symptoms
Hemorrhagic lesions in mucosa of intestine,
cecal tonsils, proventriculus and gizzard.
Swollen kidneys
Deposition of urates

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DIAGNOSIS
Clinical diagnosis based on history, signs and
lesions may establish a strong index of suspicion
but the laboratory confirmation must be done.
Hemagglutination Test
Hemagglutination inhibition Test,
Virus neutralization Test,
Enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay,
Plaque neutralization Test
Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
Now RT-PCR is the most exclusively used
method to detect.

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RT-PCR assay is more sensitive,specific and
less labor intensives as compare to other
conventional methods used for lab diagnoses such
as virus isolation, Immuno-Fluorescence Staining,
Neuraminidase Inhibition and ELIZA
Other molecular diagnostic tests like real time
PCR and nucleotide sequence analysis are also
important in viral disease diagnosis.

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Preventive Measures
Good biosecurity measures are essential to
prevent Newcastle disease in poultry flocks.
Commercial flocks should not have any contact
with domesticated poultry or wild birds or any pet
birds.
Workers should avoid contact with birds outside
the farm.
Biosecurity measures include bird-proof houses,
feed and water supplies, minimizing travel on and
off the facility, disinfecting vehicles and
equipments that enter the farm.
Pests such as insects and mice should also be
controlled.
If possible, employees should shower and
change into dedicated clothing prior entry into the
poultry farm.

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CONTROL
Vaccines are being used to control and prevent
ND. Currently, many inactivated and live ND
vaccines are available around the world
Although proper vaccination protects the birds
from clinical disease but it does not prevent virus
replication and shedding, which results in a source
of infection
In developing countries, there is wide use of
vaccines on commercial flocks.
Anti NDV antibody titers of flocks are
continuously monitored and flocks are
revaccinated to maintain the protective antibody
titers.
The breeders and layers are vaccinated against
NDV and oil based vaccines are being used prior
to onset of egg production for long term immunity.

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PUBLIC HEALTH
Humans are among the many species that
can be infected by NDV in addition to avian
species
NDV may cause conjunctivitis in humans, when
a person has been exposed to large quantities
of the virus
Mostly, Laboratory workers and vaccinators are
affected.
Infection is rarely seen in the workers of a farm;
moreover persons handling or consuming poultry
products do not appear to be at risk.

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The conjunctivitis usually resolves rapidly, but
the virus will be shed in the ocular discharges from
4 to 7 days. In some cases, mild, self limiting
influenza like disease with fever and headache has
also been reported in humans
There is no evidence found to support human
to human transmission but the potential for human
to bird transmission exists

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FUTURE CHALLENGES
The Newcastle disease virus has not been
studied for its evolutionary origin among various
outbreaks time to time
Most of the research work was focused on
immunological properties of the virus rather than
the genomic properties
The extensive use of vaccines makes the situa-tion
more favorable for genetic modifications in
patho- genic strains.

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in International interest, it is essential to address
these issues by conducting research on the
following lines:
1) Isolation and molecular characterization of
velogenic strains of NDV.
2) Complete genome sequence analysis of
different NDV isolates for further studies of
epidemiology, vaccinology and evolutionary
origin
3) Existing real time PCR assays should be
validated and measures should be devised for
prevention and control of epidemics in future

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