Neuromuscular Adaptations to Sports Training from my Undergrad Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland. Outcomes: 1) Understand the role of the brain and nervous system in relation to motor control 2) Understand the basic structure of a muscle fibre 3) Appreciate the implications and effects of training on the neuromuscular system. Hope it's useful to someone. Any critical feedback is welcome.
OBJECTIVES
Identify the anatomical structures, indications, and contraindications of therapeutic exercise.
Describe the equipment, personnel, preparation, and technique in regard to therapeutic exercise.
Review the appropriate evaluation of the potential complications and clinical significance of therapeutic exercise.
Summarize inter-professional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance therapeutic exercise and improve outcomes.
Cardio and muscle endurance
Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. Aerobic literally means "relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism. Generally, light-to-moderate intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time
Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.
OBJECTIVES
Identify the anatomical structures, indications, and contraindications of therapeutic exercise.
Describe the equipment, personnel, preparation, and technique in regard to therapeutic exercise.
Review the appropriate evaluation of the potential complications and clinical significance of therapeutic exercise.
Summarize inter-professional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance therapeutic exercise and improve outcomes.
Cardio and muscle endurance
Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. Aerobic literally means "relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen", and refers to the use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism. Generally, light-to-moderate intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time
Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.
Three Techniques, One System: How to Effectively Characterize Complete Muscle...InsideScientific
An essential resource for all muscle researchers interested in methodology, best-practices, and techniques for in-vivo, in-vitro, and in-situ muscle experimentation.
As muscle researchers know, functional measurements and assays are the foundation of successful research and are a growing necessity for publication. However, choosing the right experimental technique to answer a broad array of questions can be a challenge.
In this exclusive webinar sponsored by Aurora Scientific, Drs. Christopher Ward and Ramzi Khairallah will discuss methodology, best-practices, and show attendees how to perform basic in-vivo, in-situ, in-vitro experimentation. Discussions will focus on how these techniques can answer questions about animal phenotyping, compound screening, and be used to evaluate interventions and therapies longitudinally. In addition, presenters will review how these techniques can be integrated with other whole animal physiology measurements, biological assays, and genetic tests to provide greater insights into muscle function.
Electrical Muscle Stimulation for Speed and Strength Development - Derek HansenDerek Hansen
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The study of isolated cardiac myocytes provide a wealth of basic cellular and molecular information without the complications often associated with heterogeneous multicellular preparations. The overwhelming majority of data presented in myocyte studies, however, are reported in mechanically unloaded conditions. Join us for a practical demonstration of an exciting new technique where mechanical control of the cell reveals the myocyte's force-length relationship by varying pre- and afterload to achieve isometric, isotonic, and, ultimately, work-loop style contractions analogous to the pressure-volume relationship in whole heart studies.
In this exclusive webinar sponsored by IonOptix, Michiel Helmes presents methodology and best-practices that scientists should follow in order to replicate the cardiac cycle in an isolated cardiomyocyte. He discusses how this research method can be used to better address contractile function in cardiovascular disease studies and highlight critical features of the IonOptix MyoStretcher system that are important for this emerging and novel technique.
Beyond Isometric Twitch: Utilizing lengthening, shortening and isotonic contr...InsideScientific
An important webinar for muscle researchers discussing characterization of complete muscle function by combining lengthening, shortening and isotonic contraction tests with traditional isometric twitch and tetanus measurements.
Quantifying muscle function continues to be an important part of any research where muscle is being directly or indirectly studied. However, a broad survey of literature reveals research remains heavily skewed towards isometric twitch and tetanus testing, which may not necessarily provide the most physiologically relevant data to the researcher. This webinar intends to discuss the subject of complete characterization of muscle and how scientists can combine a number of functional tests in their experimental design to better reveal scientific findings relating to muscle dynamics.
In this webinar, sponsored by Aurora Scientific, experts will show how to increase your experimental toolbox to create protocols that utilize lengthening, shortening and isotonic contractions, in addition to the more common isometric tests. Attendees will also learn when best to implement these new protocols to obtain the most complete data possible.
Sistem saraf adalah sistem yang berfungsi untuk mengatur dan mengkoordinasikan tubuh manusia. Ada 2 sistem regulatorik yang berperan: sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin (hormon). Perbedaan dari sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin dilihat dari responnya: Sistem saraf:cepat,singkat,spesifik. Sistem endokrin: Lambat,lebih lama, spesifik.
Healing process involved in anterior cruciate ligament injury and surgery/ reconstruction (majority based on animal studies - integrates human research when possible).
Strength and Conditioning - Periodisation Jill Costley
Periodisation presentation from my 2016/17 Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland (SINI). Includes presentation overview, principles of training, homeostasis of stress, main types of periodisation, periodisation of sprinting and athlete case study. Any names of athletes have been replaced with ''Athlete 1'' etc. to maintain confidentiality. I had the presentation sitting on my desktop but it might be a useful starting point for someone. Feel free to comment.
Olympic weightlifting clean presentation from my 2016/17 Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland (SINI). Includes presentation overview, clean phases and bar trajectory (first and second pull) and clean derivatives etc. Any names of athletes have been replaced with ''Athlete 1'' etc. to maintain confidentiality. I had the presentation sitting on my desktop but it might be a useful starting point for someone. Feel free to comment
Olympic weightlifting snatch presentation from my 2016/17 Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland (SINI). Includes presentation overview, snatch phases and bar trajectory (first and second pull) etc. Any names of athletes have been replaced with ''Athlete 1'' etc. to maintain confidentiality. I had the presentation sitting on my desktop but they might be a useful starting point for someone studying the area. Feel free to comment.
The 100m Sprint: a Basic Needs AnalysisJill Costley
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The Pelvis and Hip: Function and Anatomy Jill Costley
Anatomy and function of the hip joint from my Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland (SINI). Includes the pelvic girdle, the femoroacetabular joint, common bony landmarks, musculature, range of motion, pelvic tilt, movement tests, associated conditions and more. Athletes names have been replaced with ''Athlete 1'' etc. to maintain confidentiality. Feel free to give some critical feedback.
Anatomy and function of the shoulder from my Strength and Conditioning placement at the Sports Institute of Northern Ireland (SINI). Includes humeral, scapular and scapulohumeral movement, stability of the shoulder, possible exercises that may assist in preventing injury or of which may be utilised within a rehab setting, and a brief case study in relation to swimmers' shoulder.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
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In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
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optics at visible wavelengths.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. :
• Understand the role of the brain and nervous system in
relation to motor control
• Understand the structure of a muscle fibre
• Appreciate the implications and effects of training on the
neuromuscular system
3. The Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS ) – brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – nerves and sensory organs
outside of the CNS – sensory input and motor input
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) (Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Nervous System) – subconscious control
(heart, glands and hollow organs
Somatic Nervous System (SoNS) –direct conscious control
Three main functions:
1) Collecting information from internal and
external environment (input)
2) Processing the information
3) Providing an output via glands or muscle
Wilmore et al., 2008; Bompa & Haff, 2009; France, 2010; Plowman & Smith, 2011
4. The Brain and Motor Control
1. The Cerebrum (right and left cortices) – the cerebral cortex is the conscious region
of the brain
2. The Diencephalon - thalamus: receives all sensory information
- hypothalamus: is the control centre for homeostasis
3. The Cerebellum: coordinating movement
4. The Brain Stem: connects brain to spinal cord and is the location of reticular
formation (many analgesics temporarily alter fibres within the brain stem)
5. The Basal Ganglia – repetitive muscle contraction e.g. running and postural control
Wilmore et al., 2008
5. The Neuron - Structure
• Size and shape depends on function and location
• Cell body/ soma = neuron control centre
• Dendrites run to cell body • The axon extends away
from cell body
France, 2010; Watkins, 2014
• Action potentials generated at axon hillock
6. The Axon
Two primary roles:
• Conduction of the electrical signal
• Neurotransmitter secretion after stimulated by an action potential
Faster transmission of
action potential if the
axon has a larger in
diameter and if it is
myelinated (saltatory
conduction)
Glial cells – support the mechanical
and metabolic processes of neurons
1) Oligodendrocytes - CNS
2) Schwann cells - PNS
Bompa & Haff, 2009; France, 2010; Watkins, 2014
7. Potentials of the Axon
• Resting potential (approximately -70 mV) – positively
charged outer (high Na+ ions concentration); negatively
charged inner (high K+ concentration)
Potential difference maintained through: Na+ less permeable; the
sodium-potassium pump of the neuron’s membrane (three Na+ out for
every two K+ in)
• Depolarization – membrane permeability increases causing Na+
to move in
Intracellular charge = more positive (closer to 0mV)
• Graded potential – localized depolarization - signal diminishes
down the axon – not very capable of signal conduction – does
not reach stimulus threshold ( approximately -55/-50 mV)
All-or-None Principle
Rhoades & Bell, 2012; Kenney et al., 2015
8. Action Potential
• Depolarization to repolarization (including hyperpolarization)
Absolute refractory period – incapable of signal
transmission
Relative refractory period – signal transmission only if
higher threshold level is met
Rhoades & Bell, 2012;
Kenney et al., 2015
9. The Motor Unit
• A motor unit: ‘’A motor neuron
and the fibres it innervates’’
McGinnis, 2005; Rhoades & Bell, 2012
1. Alpha neurons (α-motor neurons) –
extrafusal fibres
2. Gamma neurons (γ-motor neurons) –
intrafusal fibre
Innervating smaller number of
fibres – more precision in smaller
muscles
Innervating larger number of fibres
– force production in larger muscles
10. The Neuromuscular Junction
The junction located between a synaptic bulb of the motor neuron and the
muscle it innervates
Electrical signal Chemical signal
Mechanical Work
1. Arrival of pre-synaptic action potential
2. Calcium ions into pre-synaptic bulb
3. Acetylcholine (ACh) released into
synaptic cleft
4. Binds to nicotinic ACh receptors on
postjunctional folds of muscle
5. Post-synaptic membrane permeability
altered - Na+ moves into muscle cell; K+
ions moves out
6. ACh hydrolysed by acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) = acetate and choline
7. Acetate and Choline moves back into
pre-synaptic cell where reforms into
ACh (energy from mitochondria – ATP)
Wilmore et al., 2008; Rhoades & Bell, 2012; Kenney et al., 2015
Ensures only unidirectional motion
11. The Muscle Fibre - Structure
• Sarcolemma – polarised allowing for the muscle’s irritable characteristic
• Nuclei
• Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm of skeletal muscle
• Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) – storage, release and uptake of calcium ions
• Transverse tubules (T-tubules) – enables the transfer of electrical signals
throughout muscle fibre
Baechle & Earle, 2008
12.
13. Skeletal Muscle - Proprioceptors
Proprioceptors – sensory receptors within skeletal muscle that are found
within the joints, muscles and tendons
Augustine, 2008; Baechle & Earle, 2008
1. Muscle Spindles –
• Intrafusal fibres enclosed in a sheath of
connective tissue
• Muscle length sensitive
• Intrafusal fibres lengthen as extrafusal
fibres lengthen transmits
information via gamma motoneurons
• Extrafusal fibre contraction (safety
mechanism)
• The Stretch Reflex: extreme/ rapid
stretch all motor units of muscle
may be activated
• Force output enhancement as polar
ends of intrafusal can contract i.e. the
SSC
14. 2. Golgi Tendon Organs –
• Sensory receptors encapsulated within a group of muscle
tendon fibres
• Sensitive to changes in tension
• Inhibitory response created – agonist inhibited; antagonist
activated
• Strength-power training theoretically may decrease
inhibitory response
Stone et al., 2007; Baechle & Earle, 2008
15. NeuromuscularAdaptationsto Strength Training
Strength: ‘’the ability of the neuromuscular system to produce force
against an external resistance’’ (Stone et al., 2007)
Neural Changes –
• Inter-muscular coordination & Cross-education
• Synergist activation & co-activation of antagonists
• Neural inhibition (spindles and GTOs)
• Motor unit recruitment
• Motor Unit rate coding
• Motor unit synchronisation
Morphological Changes
• Muscle fibre type
• Muscle Architecture
• Cross-sectional area (CSA)
• Fascicle Length
• Angle of Pennation
6-10 wks for neural; <10 wks for morphological changes)
Baechle & Earle, 2008; Stone et al, 2007; Cormie et al., 2011; French, 2015
16. Motor Unit Recruitment
Affected by the force exerted, contractile speed,
contraction type and metabolic state
Henneman’s Size Principle (muscle fibre recruitment
from the smallest to the largest)
refers to the amount of motor units stimulated to produce
muscular contraction; the more motor units recruited, the
higher the degree of force that is produced
Henneman et al., 1965; Bergh et al., 1977; Ford et al., 2000; Baechle & Earle, 2008; Bompa &
Haff, 2009
17. Motor Unit Rate Coding
refers to the frequency/ rate at which a motor unit
innervates its muscle fibres.
• Increase force output by increasing firing rate of motor unit;
smaller muscles rely more on this variable
Baechle & Earle, 2008; Wilmore et al., 2008; Bompa & Haff, 2009
• A twitch – one single
stimulus from a motor unit
• Summation – more than two
successive stimuli
• Tetanus - continued
successive stimuli which
enables muscular tension to
build
18. Motor Unit Synchronisation
• Asynchronisation/ Synchronisation
• Motor Unit Asynchronisation – ‘’recycling’’ of
motor units during low-intensity muscular
efforts
• Motor Unit Synchronisation – many motor
units are stimulated simultaneously
• Increases in rate of force development (RFD)
Sale, 1987; Bompa & Haff, 2009
19. Inter-muscular coordination (hypothesised):
Optimal timing and magnitude of force production from
agonist, synergist and antagonistic muscles through:
• Greater activation of synergists
• Reduction of antagonist coactivation: still required for
joint stability, safety and movement coordination
• Reciprocal Inhibition
Neuromuscular Adaptations
Cross-Education
Strength improvements in untrained heteronymous
contralateral limb:
• Predominately neural
• Dynamic exercises more effective than isometric
• Electrical stimulation
Gabriel et al., 2006
20. Motor Unit Recruitment – Adaptations to:
1. Heavy resistance training -
• All fibres get larger (Size Principle); greater in type 2b
• More effective selective recruitment; Inhibition of
smaller muscle fibres by the CNS for recruitment of
larger fibres
• A possible reduction in the number of motor units
required to undertake the same movement (Ploutz et
al., 1994)
• Greater motor unit recruitment maintained at maximal
force output
2. Aerobic training –
• Increased Type 1 muscle fibre motor unit recruitment
Sale, 1987; Ploutz et al., 1994; Baechle & Earle, 2008
21. Motor Unit Synchronisation - Adaptations to:
1. Strength training –
• more effective at motor unit synchronisation: may have
little effect on maximal force development
• Weightlifters have an enhanced ability to
synchronise motor units
2. Aerobic training –
• Greater asynchronisation ability; delays fatigue
Motor Unit Rate Coding - Adaptations to:
1. Strength training –
• Increase in firing rate: increases force and power
production
• Ballistic movements can enhance firing rate: enhances
(RFD)
Sale, 1987; Ploutz et al., 1994; Baechle & Earle, 2008; Cormie et al., 2011
22. Cross-SectionalArea(CSA)ofMuscle
Hypertrophy:
An increase in the cross-sectional area of muscle which is
thought to enhance maximal strength output
Resistance training –
• Transient hypertrophy – short term; occurs after a single
bout of training
• Chronic hypertrophy – long term; an absolute increase in
contractile units due to greater size (hypertrophy) and/ or
number (hyperplasia) of muscle fibres
Wilmore et al., 2008; Bompa & Haff, 2009
Morphological Adaptations
23.
24. Folland & Williams, 2007; Baechle & Earle, 2008; Wilmore et al., 2008; Cormie et al., 2011; French,
2015
Muscle Fibre Type - Adaptations to:
1. Strength training –
• Conversion
• Reduction of Type IIb that increases IIa isoform
2. Combined (aerobic and resistance) – an almost complete
conversion of IIx (IIb) to IIa
3. Detraining – IIa to IIx (IIb)
Muscle Architecture - Adaptations to:
1. Strength training –
• Hypertrophy (previously described)– contractile unit increase
• Increase in force output
• Explosive exercises - increase Type II (specifically IIb) fibres
that changes CSA ratio between I and II
2. Detraining – Type 11b show greater atrophic response
25. Angle of Pennation - Adaptations to:
1. Strength training –
• increases fibre pennation in some muscles (Aagaard et
al., 2001; vastus lateralis) – possibly relates to
hypertrophy
2. Sprint training –
• Decrease the angle of pennation
Fascicle Length - Adaptations to:
1. Strength training –
• Increased fascicle length – velocity and power output;
sprinters show greater vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius
fascicle length compared to long distance runners (a
genetic predisposition??**)
Aagaard et al., 2001; Baechle & Earle, 2008; Wilmore et al., 2008; Cormie et al., 2011; French, 2015
26. NMJ - Adaptations to:
1. Strength training –
• no real impact on performance
2. Aerobic training –
• no real impact on performance
Aagaard et al., 2000; Stone et al, 2007 ; Baechle & Earle, 2008; Wilmore et al., 2008; Bompa &
Haff, 2009 Cormie et al., 2011; French, 2015
Proprioceptors - Adaptations to:
1. Strength training:
• A reduction or alteration in the inhibitory response may
allow a higher percentage of maximal strength potential
to be realised
27. Majority of sports benefit from
development of power over a wide
range of loads (inc. unloaded): power
output maximized at or near the load
being trained
Mixed-method approach for
developing maximal power
output: developments within
the whole force-velocity curve
Cormie et al, 2011; Haff & Nimphius, 2012
Strength before power in beginners
As athlete becomes more
advanced – do not ignore
strength!!
28. Summary –
• Many regions of the brain are involved in motor control
• The axon is the electrical conduction unit of the nervous
system
• The transmission of electrical energy into chemical energy to
create mechanical movement
• Strength training - neuromuscular adaptations: increase of
MU activation, activation of synergists, coactivation of
antagonists, transition of type IIb fibres to IIa and of many
muscular components
• Aerobic training – neuromuscular adaptations: increased
asynchronisation and Type I fibre recruitment
29. How this has impacted my practice
as a Placement S&C coach
1. Considering the sport to potential adaptations
found e.g. sprinting decreasing fascicle length
2. Developing a greater understanding of the
application of force, power and velocity
3. Studying programmes others have written
30. 1. Cerebral Palsy, oligodendrocytes and the
impact on movement – the why, what,
and how
2. Biochemistry of the neuromuscular system
– a greater and more in-depth known of
the role of neurotransmitters
I would like to advance my knowledge in….
Muscular adaptations summary – strength
Mito and capillarisation dec – only relative
Buffering inc
Supercompensation effect
Glycogen
Enzyme
Muscle fibre type
Power and strength ahtletes – higher 2 –
Olympic weightlifting – higher IIb able to lift greater weights and better at vertical jump
Endurance – more type I – lower maximal force outputs
Combined training – almost full conversion
Architecture – IIb – hypertrophic and atrophic
Longer fascicle – inc velocity and power output – eccentric & high velocity
sprinters: longer gastro and v.l compared to endurance runners – inc max shortening velocity
conflicting - genetic predisposition; chicken or egg?)
Pennation – strength – inc pennation
sprint – dec pennation (velocity rather than force?)
NMJ – no real influence on performane
total NMJ area, nerve terminal branch length, end plate perimeter length and area, and increased distance between each of the acetylcholine
receptors.
Proprioceptors – reduced inhibitory response
maximal power : use a mixed-method approach
It has also been suggested that development of maximal power output has been shown to be more effective over a variety of loads (unloaded and loaded at different loads) – this will enable developments within the whole force-velocity curve – this can be achieved through using sequential periodization (focusing on one variable of training – Long linear (other areas detrain; 4 weeks too long; okay for beginners), short linear (okay for mediocre athletes; 1 week; not enough stimulus of focus for elite), long undulated (waves; not a great periodization as high intensities too quickly for beginners; focuses on only one variable for elite), short undulated (shorter periods prevent detraining etc; more suitable to mediocre athletes; probably the best) - or completing submaximal loads during warm-up at a fast rate. It has also been
Depends on athlete and situation
Brain works in unison with body
Axon – main conduction unit
Electical to chemical to mechanical
Strength training – MU and synergist activation, coactivation of antagonists, transition of type IIb fibres to IIa and of many muscular components
Aerobic – asynchronisation, type 1 recruitnent
From this presentation I have gained a better insight into the fact that specific exercise types are required to enhance certain aspects: you train to get specific adaptive responses that then produce the improvements in performance. I have developed a better understanding of the role that strength has with power and velocity how to tailor force-velocity training to get the most out of what you are trying to achieve and believe that I will now approach the thought of programming in a different way – think about what an athlete needs developed.
During this presentation I have looked very briefly into cerebral palsy and what causes it. I was talking to …earlier in the week about his CP but he didn’t actually know very much about his condition; although I am not a doctor I feel that it would be interesting to look into the condition finding out why it happens, what are the consequences and effects upon training and how it affects his progression in sport…are there the same motor unit responses to that of unaffected individuals? Another area that I would to advance my knowledge in is the biochemistry involved in the neuromuscular system. The process that occurs at the neuromuscular junctions with the acetylcholine binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine junctions along with it’s hydrolysis into acetate and choline interests me a lot.
