The rising demand for high quality homogenous castings necessitate that vast amount of
manufacturing knowledge be incorporated in manufacturing systems. Rotary furnace involves several critical
parameters like excess air, flame temperature, rotational speed of the furnace drum, melting time, preheat air
temperature, fuel consumption and melting rate of the molten metal which should be controlled throughout the
melting process. A complex relationship exists between these manufacturing parameters and hence there is a
need to develop models which can capture this complex interrelationship and enable fast computation. In the
present work, we propose a generic approach where the applicability and effectiveness of neural network in
function approximation is used for rapid estimation of melting rate and they are integrated into the framework
of genetic evolutionary algorithm to form a neuro-genetic optimization technique. A neural network model is
trained with the experimental results. The results indicate that the heuristic converges to better solutions rapidly
as it provides the values of various process parameters for optimizing the objective in a single run and thus
assists for the improvement of quality in development of sound parts
IRJET- Application of Artificial Neural Networking Technique for the Lifecycl...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study that uses an artificial neural network technique to compare the lifecycle assessment of regular concrete to recycled aggregate concrete. Experimental testing was conducted on concrete mixes with different percentages of recycled coarse aggregate replacement. An artificial neural network was trained on literature data to predict the compressive strength of mixes. An "every possible combination" matrix was generated to find a normal concrete mix with equivalent predicted strength to the experimental recycled aggregate mixes. Lifecycle parameters like embodied energy, emissions, waste etc. were then compared between the equivalent mixes to analyze the environmental impacts. The results showed better performance for recycled aggregate concrete, suggesting its increased usage could support more sustainable construction practices. The study demonstrated a viable method for composition analysis but noted further validation was
Artificial Neural Network Model for Compressive Strength of Lateritic BlocksIJAEMSJORNAL
Lateritic soil are locally abundant and relatively cheap to be used for block production. Its use has gone a long way in reducing the cost of block production and construction work in general. In order to optimize the usefulness of lateritic soil, there is need to model the properties of lateritic blocks. Compressive strength is an important property of lateritic block that must be known, but it cannot be guessed easily due to the block mix proportion and processes. Statistical models used in predicting the properties of lateritic blocks operate on restricted range of data. That is, the model cannot predict input data that are outside the range of data used in developing the model. The need for a model that can predict the compressive strength of lateritic blocks for any given mix ratio became necessary. This study developed Artificial Neural Network model for predicting the compressive strength of lateritic blocks. Lateritic blocks were produced with mix ratios ranging from 1:4 to 1:12. The blocks were cured for 7, 14 and 28 days. The 28th day experimental results and results obtained from literatures on similar works were used to formulate the model. The test data were a total of 155 samples.The maximum compressive strength predicted by the model was 3.06 N/mm^2 corresponding to a mix ratio of 0.4:1:4 of water-cement ratio, cement and lateritic soil. The model accuracy was tested using Fisher test. The result of the Fisher test computations obtained 1.008 for calculated F and 3.5 for F obtained from the table. Hence the model satisfied the test. The model result also compares favourably with the experimental result.
Multi Objective Directed Bee Colony Optimization for Economic Load Dispatch W...IJECEIAES
Earlier economic emission dispatch methods for optimizing emission level comprising carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and sulpher dioxide in thermal generation, made use of soft computing techniques like fuzzy,neural network,evolutionary programming,differential evolution and particle swarm optimization etc..The above methods incurred comparatively more transmission loss.So looking into the nonlinear load behavior of unbalanced systems following differential load pattern prevalent in tropical countries like India,Pakistan and Bangladesh etc.,the erratic variation of enhanced power demand is of immense importance which is included in this paper vide multi objective directed bee colony optimization with enhanced power demand to optimize transmission losses to a desired level.In the current dissertation making use of multi objective directed bee colony optimization with enhanced power demand technique the emission level versus cost of generation has been displayed vide figure-3 & figure-4 and this result has been compared with other dispatch methods using valve point loading(VPL) and multi objective directed bee colony optimization with & without transmission loss.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Realizing Potential of Graphite Powder in Enhancing Machining Rate in AEDM of...IDES Editor
Additive mixed electric discharge machining
(AEDM) is a recent innovation for enhancing the capabilities
of electrical discharge machining process. The objective of
present study is to realize the potential of graphite powder as
additive in enhancing machining capabilities of AEDM on
Inconel 718. Taguchi methodology has been adopted to plan
and analyze the experimental results. L36 Orthogonal Array
has been selected to conduct experiments. Peak current, Pulse
on time, duty cycle, gap voltage, retract distance and
concentration of fine graphite powder added into the dielectric
fluid were chosen as input process variables to study
performance in terms of material removal rate. The ANOVA
analysis identifies the most important parameters to maximize
material removal rate. The recommended best parametric
settings have been verified by conducting confirmation
experiments. From the present experimental study it is found
that addition of graphite powder enhances machining rate
appreciably. Machining rate is improved by 26.85% with 12g/
l of fine graphite powder at best parametric setting.
Waste concrete is one of the most usable and economic kind of concrete which is used in many civil projects all around the world, and its importance is undeniable. Also, the explanation of constructional process and destruction of them cause the extensive growth of irreversible waste to the industry cycle, which can be as one of the main damaging factors to the economy. In this investigation, with using of constructional waste included concrete waste, brick, ceramic and tile and stone new aggregate was made. Also it was used with different weight ratios of cement in the mix design. The results of laboratory studies showed that the using of the ratio of sand to cement 1 and waste aggregate with 20% weight ratio (W20), replacing of normal aggregate, increased the 28 days compressive strength to the maximum stage 45.23 MPa. In the next stage, in order to develop the experimental results backpropagation neural network was used. This network with about 91% regression, 0.24 error, and 1.41 seconds, is a proper method for estimating results.
Virtual private networks (VPN) provide remotely secure connection for clients to exchange information with company networks. This paper deals with Site-to-site IPsec-VPN that connects the company intranets. IPsec-VPN network is implemented with security protocols for key management and exchange, authentication and integrity using GNS3 Network simulator. The testing and verification analyzing of data packets is done using both PING tool and Wireshark to ensure the encryption of data packets during data exchange between different sites belong to the same company.
IRJET- Application of Artificial Neural Networking Technique for the Lifecycl...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study that uses an artificial neural network technique to compare the lifecycle assessment of regular concrete to recycled aggregate concrete. Experimental testing was conducted on concrete mixes with different percentages of recycled coarse aggregate replacement. An artificial neural network was trained on literature data to predict the compressive strength of mixes. An "every possible combination" matrix was generated to find a normal concrete mix with equivalent predicted strength to the experimental recycled aggregate mixes. Lifecycle parameters like embodied energy, emissions, waste etc. were then compared between the equivalent mixes to analyze the environmental impacts. The results showed better performance for recycled aggregate concrete, suggesting its increased usage could support more sustainable construction practices. The study demonstrated a viable method for composition analysis but noted further validation was
Artificial Neural Network Model for Compressive Strength of Lateritic BlocksIJAEMSJORNAL
Lateritic soil are locally abundant and relatively cheap to be used for block production. Its use has gone a long way in reducing the cost of block production and construction work in general. In order to optimize the usefulness of lateritic soil, there is need to model the properties of lateritic blocks. Compressive strength is an important property of lateritic block that must be known, but it cannot be guessed easily due to the block mix proportion and processes. Statistical models used in predicting the properties of lateritic blocks operate on restricted range of data. That is, the model cannot predict input data that are outside the range of data used in developing the model. The need for a model that can predict the compressive strength of lateritic blocks for any given mix ratio became necessary. This study developed Artificial Neural Network model for predicting the compressive strength of lateritic blocks. Lateritic blocks were produced with mix ratios ranging from 1:4 to 1:12. The blocks were cured for 7, 14 and 28 days. The 28th day experimental results and results obtained from literatures on similar works were used to formulate the model. The test data were a total of 155 samples.The maximum compressive strength predicted by the model was 3.06 N/mm^2 corresponding to a mix ratio of 0.4:1:4 of water-cement ratio, cement and lateritic soil. The model accuracy was tested using Fisher test. The result of the Fisher test computations obtained 1.008 for calculated F and 3.5 for F obtained from the table. Hence the model satisfied the test. The model result also compares favourably with the experimental result.
Multi Objective Directed Bee Colony Optimization for Economic Load Dispatch W...IJECEIAES
Earlier economic emission dispatch methods for optimizing emission level comprising carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and sulpher dioxide in thermal generation, made use of soft computing techniques like fuzzy,neural network,evolutionary programming,differential evolution and particle swarm optimization etc..The above methods incurred comparatively more transmission loss.So looking into the nonlinear load behavior of unbalanced systems following differential load pattern prevalent in tropical countries like India,Pakistan and Bangladesh etc.,the erratic variation of enhanced power demand is of immense importance which is included in this paper vide multi objective directed bee colony optimization with enhanced power demand to optimize transmission losses to a desired level.In the current dissertation making use of multi objective directed bee colony optimization with enhanced power demand technique the emission level versus cost of generation has been displayed vide figure-3 & figure-4 and this result has been compared with other dispatch methods using valve point loading(VPL) and multi objective directed bee colony optimization with & without transmission loss.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Realizing Potential of Graphite Powder in Enhancing Machining Rate in AEDM of...IDES Editor
Additive mixed electric discharge machining
(AEDM) is a recent innovation for enhancing the capabilities
of electrical discharge machining process. The objective of
present study is to realize the potential of graphite powder as
additive in enhancing machining capabilities of AEDM on
Inconel 718. Taguchi methodology has been adopted to plan
and analyze the experimental results. L36 Orthogonal Array
has been selected to conduct experiments. Peak current, Pulse
on time, duty cycle, gap voltage, retract distance and
concentration of fine graphite powder added into the dielectric
fluid were chosen as input process variables to study
performance in terms of material removal rate. The ANOVA
analysis identifies the most important parameters to maximize
material removal rate. The recommended best parametric
settings have been verified by conducting confirmation
experiments. From the present experimental study it is found
that addition of graphite powder enhances machining rate
appreciably. Machining rate is improved by 26.85% with 12g/
l of fine graphite powder at best parametric setting.
Waste concrete is one of the most usable and economic kind of concrete which is used in many civil projects all around the world, and its importance is undeniable. Also, the explanation of constructional process and destruction of them cause the extensive growth of irreversible waste to the industry cycle, which can be as one of the main damaging factors to the economy. In this investigation, with using of constructional waste included concrete waste, brick, ceramic and tile and stone new aggregate was made. Also it was used with different weight ratios of cement in the mix design. The results of laboratory studies showed that the using of the ratio of sand to cement 1 and waste aggregate with 20% weight ratio (W20), replacing of normal aggregate, increased the 28 days compressive strength to the maximum stage 45.23 MPa. In the next stage, in order to develop the experimental results backpropagation neural network was used. This network with about 91% regression, 0.24 error, and 1.41 seconds, is a proper method for estimating results.
Virtual private networks (VPN) provide remotely secure connection for clients to exchange information with company networks. This paper deals with Site-to-site IPsec-VPN that connects the company intranets. IPsec-VPN network is implemented with security protocols for key management and exchange, authentication and integrity using GNS3 Network simulator. The testing and verification analyzing of data packets is done using both PING tool and Wireshark to ensure the encryption of data packets during data exchange between different sites belong to the same company.
This document presents a method for tuning PID controller parameters for an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA). It compares the step response results of using PSO versus GA for tuning the PID controller. The key steps are: 1) Define an objective function to minimize transient response characteristics like overshoot and settling time, 2) Minimize the objective function using PSO and GA to determine optimal PID parameters, 3) Compare the closed-loop step response results of the PSO-PID and GA-PID controllers, with the PSO-PID controller showing better performance.
IRJET- A Review on Application of Artificial Intelligence to Predict Strength...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using artificial neural networks to predict the strength and properties of concrete. It reviews several past studies that have successfully used ANNs to model the compressive strength and durability of concrete mixtures based on input parameters like cement content, water-cement ratio, and use of admixtures or supplementary cementitious materials. The document outlines the methodology of ANN modeling and highlights key findings from previous research, including that ANNs can accurately predict concrete properties for mixtures not included in the original training data. Overall, the review shows that ANN modeling is an effective technique for predicting nonlinear relationships in concrete performance based on mixture ingredients and proportions.
IRJET- Prediction of Compressive Strength of High Performance Concrete using ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study that develops artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple regression analysis (MRA) models to predict the compressive strength of high performance concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash, silica fume, and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Experimental data from literature is used to train, validate, and test the models. The ANN model achieves regression coefficients of 0.97 and 0.94 using Bayesian regularization and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithms, outperforming the MRA model which attains a regression value of only 0.74. The study concludes that ANN modeling is better suited than MRA for predicting compressive strength in such concrete mixtures.
Algorithm for Modeling Unconventional Machine Tool Machining Parameters using...IDES Editor
Unconventional machining process finds a lot of
application in aerospace and precision industries. It is
preferred over other conventional methods because of the
advent of composite and high strength to weight ratio
materials, complex parts and also because of its high accuracy
and precision. Usually in unconventional machine tools, trial
and error method is used to fix the values of process
parameters. In the proposed work an algorithm which is
developed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is proposed
to create mathematical model functionally relating process
parameters and operating parameters of any unconventional
machine tool. This is accomplished by training a feed forward
network with back propagation learning algorithm. The
required data which are used for training and testing the ANN
in the case study is obtained by conducting trial runs in EBW
machine. By adopting the proposed algorithm there will be a
reduction in production time and set-up time along with
reduction in manufacturing cost in unconventional machining
processes. This in general increases the overall productivity.
The programs for training and testing the neural network are
developed, using MATLAB package
For aircraft or launch vehicles, its carrying capacity is defined as a Payload. It is usually measured in weights. For a rocket, payload can be satellite or scientific instruments. The design of the payload is a challenging task as it has to withstand space environment and launch loads. Due to launch vibrations, there are possibilities of failure of design of payload so it is very important to reduce these vibrations by alternative techniques.
This paper studies the effect of different materials on the natural frequency of payload which helps in the reduction of the natural frequency of the payload and for safe functioning of satellite.
Software Effort Estimation Using Particle Swarm Optimization with Inertia WeightWaqas Tariq
Software is the most expensive element of virtually all computer based systems. For complex custom systems, a large effort estimation error can make the difference between profit and loss. Cost (Effort) Overruns can be disastrous for the developer. The basic input for the effort estimation is size of project. A number of models have been proposed to construct a relation between software size and Effort; however we still have problems for effort estimation because of uncertainty existing in the input information. Accurate software effort estimation is a challenge in Industry. In this paper we are proposing three software effort estimation models by using soft computing techniques: Particle Swarm Optimization with inertia weight for tuning effort parameters. The performance of the developed models was tested by NASA software project dataset. The developed models were able to provide good estimation capabilities.
Modeling of wedm process for complex shape using multilayer perceptron and re...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Wire cut electric discharge machining is the present days requirement in manufacturing the intricate and complex shape parts as required in the modern industrial products. The process being complex in nature for control over the machining process parameters. In the present study Multilayer perceptron (MLP) model is developed to predict the Material removal rate. The mathematical regression model is also developed by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to establish the relationshIp between the MRR and input process parameters like pulse on time (Ton), Pulse off time (Toff), Peak current (IP) and Servo voltage (SV). The predicted value by using MLP and RSM were compared with the experimental values. The average percentage errors are found to be 1.29 and -0.36527 for MLP and RSM respectively. It is observed that the predicted values with RSM are closer to experimental values as compared to MLP model. Key Words: WEDM, Response Surface Methodology, Neural Network, Multi Layer Perception, Material Removal Rate, Surface Roughness
IRJET- A New Approach to Economic Load Dispatch by using Improved QEMA ba...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an improved Quantum behaved electro-magnetism algorithm particle swarm optimization (QEMAPSO) approach to solve the economic load dispatch (ELD) problem. The objective is to minimize the total generation cost while considering constraints like generator limits, transmission losses, and valve point effects. It formulates the ELD problem and describes the QEMA-PSO algorithm which uses QEMA to determine an initial solution that is then optimized using PSO. Results on a 6-generator IEEE 30-bus test system show that the proposed QEMA-PSO approach improves upon other methods like genetic algorithm and dance bee colony optimization in minimizing costs and emissions.
Implementing a neural network potential for exascale molecular dynamicsPFHub PFHub
The document discusses implementing a neural network potential for molecular dynamics simulations using the CabanaMD framework. Key points include:
- A neural network potential was implemented in CabanaMD using Kokkos/Cabana constructs, offering significant on-node scalability and the first GPU implementation of a neural network potential, showing up to 10x speedup over CPU.
- Data layout changes provided an additional 10% performance gain for the GPU implementation.
- For a nickel system, the GPU implementation achieved over 1 million atomsteps per second, vastly outperforming the water system.
- Future work includes exploring hierarchical parallelism and MPI scaling as well as applying machine learning techniques to other computational materials problems like phase
Experimental Investigation and Analysis of Torque in Drilling Hybrid Metal Ma...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT :This paper presents an experimental investigation on torque in drilling of aluminium hybrid metal matrix composite the machining parameters used here was speed, feed, drill diameter of the drill bits for 3 levels. The optimized response parameter of aluminium hybrid composite found by Taguchi L27 orthogonal array experimentation. This hybrid metal matrix composite is fabricated using 50 micron sized Silicon Carbide and graphite particles are reinforced into aluminium matrix material via stir casting process. The torque is considered as experimental result and it is predicted using fuzzy logic. The results specify that the predicted torque values
Using an Explicit Nucleation Model in PRISIMS-PF to Predict Precipate Microst...PFHub PFHub
This document summarizes a presentation on using explicit nucleation models in the phase field modeling framework PRISMS-PF to predict precipitate microstructures. It provides an overview of PRISMS-PF capabilities, discusses explicit versus noise-based nucleation approaches, and describes implementing classical nucleation theory-based explicit nucleation in PRISMS-PF. It also presents 2D simulations of β1 precipitate nucleation, growth, and coarsening in Mg-Nd alloys to demonstrate the framework.
Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Operating Parameters for Multiobjective Mul...IDES Editor
Genetic Algorithm are capable of handling a large
number of design parameters and work for optimization
problems that have discontinues or non-differentiable
multidimensional solution spaces, making them ideal for
optimization of machining parameters. Current paper is based
on Genetic Algorithm (GA) for optimization of process
parameters (e.g. feed and speed) for multi-objective multi pass
end milling. GA has been implemented using the MATLAB
environment on the objective function, which is a hybrid
function of cost and time, feed and speed. The results of
optimum cost, feed and speed have been calculated after GA
based implementation with PSO based implementation and
conventional results. The GA results are found better in terms
of the objective function as compared with PSO results for
the multi-objective multipass end milling process.
This document describes research using an artificial neural network (ANN) to model the behavior of a single chamber solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) without relying on physical equations. Experimental data from a previous study was used to train and validate the ANN model. The ANN was able to adequately predict the cell voltage based on inputs of current density and temperature. Genetic algorithms were then used to optimize the ANN model and determine the operating conditions that achieve maximum power density of 381.54 A/m2 at 687°C and 0.44V cell voltage. The results demonstrate the capabilities of ANNs and genetic algorithms for modeling and optimizing SOFC performance without detailed physical knowledge.
IRJET- Optimization of Fink and Howe TrussesIRJET Journal
This document describes research on optimizing the weight of different truss configurations, including double fink, triple fink, modified fink, double Howe, and triple Howe trusses. The optimization problem aims to minimize weight by treating cross-sectional areas as design variables, while satisfying stress, buckling, and deflection constraints. An improved sequential linear programming technique is used to solve the optimization problem. The process involves developing a C program for load calculation, using MATLAB for truss analysis, and applying an optimizer based on improved SLP to determine optimized cross-sectional areas. A parametric study is then carried out by varying span, height, and spacing to identify the most economical truss configuration under the given conditions.
Improved ant colony optimization for quantum cost reductionjournalBEEI
Heuristic algorithms play a significant role in synthesize and optimization of digital circuits based on reversible logic yet suffer with multiple disadvantages for multiqubit functions like scalability, run time and memory space. Synthesis of reversible logic circuit ends up with trade off between number of gates, quantum cost, ancillary inputs and garbage outputs. Research on optimization of quantum cost seems intractable. Therefore post synthesis optimization needs to be done for reduction of quantum cost. Many researchers have proposed exact synthesis approaches in reversible logic but focussed on reduction of number of gates yet quantum cost remains undefined. The main goal of this paper is to propose improved ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm for quantum cost reduction. The research efforts reported in this paper represent a significant contribution towards synthesis and optimization of high complexity reversible function via swarm intelligence based approach. The improved ACO algorithm provides low quantum cost based toffoli synthesis of reversible logic function without long computation overhead.
High Phase Order Transmission System: “A solution for Electrical Power Transm...IJERD Editor
1) The document discusses converting existing three-phase double circuit 400kV transmission lines to six-phase transmission lines as a solution for bulk power transmission over long distances.
2) Simulation results show that six-phase transmission allows for 1.7-1.74 times more power transfer capability compared to the three-phase line. It also allows for lower transmission voltages and reduced tower sizes for the same power transferred.
3) Fault current magnitudes are lower for six-phase transmission compared to three-phase transmission for the same fault type and location, with four-phase to ground faults being the most severe for six-phase lines. Load voltages also exhibit less distortion for faults on six-phase lines.
Exploiting Multi Core Architectures for Process Speed UpIJERD Editor
The document discusses exploiting multi-core architectures to speed up processing of satellite data. It describes developing a multithreaded application using a master-slave model to parallelize preprocessing steps like extracting auxiliary data, Reed-Solomon decoding, and decompression. Performance analysis shows the application scales dynamically based on system resources and achieves maximum speedup when assigning 7 threads per core. While theoretical speedup is limited by Amdahl's law, accounting for parallelization overhead provides a more realistic performance measure.
Numerical Deterministic Method of Including Saturation Effect in the Performa...IJERD Editor
This document describes a numerical method for including the effect of magnetic saturation in the performance analysis of a single-phase induction motor. The author computes the magnetic saturation factor (Ksat) of the motor to be 1.18 by determining the magnetomotive force (mmf) in different parts of the magnetic circuit through numerical calculations. Using the saturation factor, the saturated values of the motor reactances are obtained. Performance parameters like efficiency, torque, current, losses are then computed using the saturated reactances. The efficiency decreases by 2.92% and starting torque increases by 17.1% with saturation included in the analysis.
Thermo mechanical characterization and damage of polymer materials:Applicatio...IJERD Editor
The document summarizes research on characterizing and modeling damage in the polymer material acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on ABS specimens at temperatures ranging from 60°C to 170°C. The tests showed the material's mechanical properties degrade with increasing temperature. A damage model was developed to describe the reduction in residual strength based on measurements of ultimate stress in virgin and damaged conditions. Damage was found to gradually increase from 0 for virgin material to 1 for complete damage, progressing through three stages. The model provides a way to predict damage for ABS structures under different loading conditions.
PALLAVAS IMMIGRATION? (Father of “DARK RICE”)IJERD Editor
This scientific research focus that Ancient Pallavas race called by author as “FLYING
PALLAVAS” shall be considered as origin of ancient human race on the “Earth Planet” lived in KACHCHA
THEEVU (3,00,000 years ago) even before emission of 1st sun rays on the earth planet. The scientific research
focus that the Pallavas race shall be considered as ancient angel race migrated from DEVAS RACE of white
planet (also called as mother planet of universe). The Pallavas race shall also be considered as expert in stone
architect work, father of dark rice and inventor of “IDLI FORMULA”.
Comparative Analysis of Social Sustainability at Four Locations of Indore Cit...IJERD Editor
Sustainable development is the thought process behind well being of humanity. It expects the
sustenance of mankind on earth. As per the idea of sustainable development lays stress on encompassing all the
three parameters of sustainability, meaning balance between socio-economic activities with environment
ultimately, the process should enhance the quality of human life. The development should encourage human
bonding in the society and feeling of neighbourhood satisfaction by fulfilling community needs. Finally
sustainable development is devolvement which accompanies welfare of the society by including some design
elements in the safe built environment. Some alterations in physical environment can bring in the feeling of
safety for the society.
Indore is a fast growing city of Madhya Pradesh in India. The research paper aims at analysing the Social
Sustainability at four locations of the city. The four locations have been selected as per their socio-economic
status. The comparative analysis has been done by ANOVA, SPSS 21.
Study showed that when the city is developing and maintaining parameters of Social Sustainability then all its
neighbourhoods follows the paths of development. It is a good sign towards positive growth.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
This document presents a method for tuning PID controller parameters for an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA). It compares the step response results of using PSO versus GA for tuning the PID controller. The key steps are: 1) Define an objective function to minimize transient response characteristics like overshoot and settling time, 2) Minimize the objective function using PSO and GA to determine optimal PID parameters, 3) Compare the closed-loop step response results of the PSO-PID and GA-PID controllers, with the PSO-PID controller showing better performance.
IRJET- A Review on Application of Artificial Intelligence to Predict Strength...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using artificial neural networks to predict the strength and properties of concrete. It reviews several past studies that have successfully used ANNs to model the compressive strength and durability of concrete mixtures based on input parameters like cement content, water-cement ratio, and use of admixtures or supplementary cementitious materials. The document outlines the methodology of ANN modeling and highlights key findings from previous research, including that ANNs can accurately predict concrete properties for mixtures not included in the original training data. Overall, the review shows that ANN modeling is an effective technique for predicting nonlinear relationships in concrete performance based on mixture ingredients and proportions.
IRJET- Prediction of Compressive Strength of High Performance Concrete using ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study that develops artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple regression analysis (MRA) models to predict the compressive strength of high performance concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash, silica fume, and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Experimental data from literature is used to train, validate, and test the models. The ANN model achieves regression coefficients of 0.97 and 0.94 using Bayesian regularization and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithms, outperforming the MRA model which attains a regression value of only 0.74. The study concludes that ANN modeling is better suited than MRA for predicting compressive strength in such concrete mixtures.
Algorithm for Modeling Unconventional Machine Tool Machining Parameters using...IDES Editor
Unconventional machining process finds a lot of
application in aerospace and precision industries. It is
preferred over other conventional methods because of the
advent of composite and high strength to weight ratio
materials, complex parts and also because of its high accuracy
and precision. Usually in unconventional machine tools, trial
and error method is used to fix the values of process
parameters. In the proposed work an algorithm which is
developed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is proposed
to create mathematical model functionally relating process
parameters and operating parameters of any unconventional
machine tool. This is accomplished by training a feed forward
network with back propagation learning algorithm. The
required data which are used for training and testing the ANN
in the case study is obtained by conducting trial runs in EBW
machine. By adopting the proposed algorithm there will be a
reduction in production time and set-up time along with
reduction in manufacturing cost in unconventional machining
processes. This in general increases the overall productivity.
The programs for training and testing the neural network are
developed, using MATLAB package
For aircraft or launch vehicles, its carrying capacity is defined as a Payload. It is usually measured in weights. For a rocket, payload can be satellite or scientific instruments. The design of the payload is a challenging task as it has to withstand space environment and launch loads. Due to launch vibrations, there are possibilities of failure of design of payload so it is very important to reduce these vibrations by alternative techniques.
This paper studies the effect of different materials on the natural frequency of payload which helps in the reduction of the natural frequency of the payload and for safe functioning of satellite.
Software Effort Estimation Using Particle Swarm Optimization with Inertia WeightWaqas Tariq
Software is the most expensive element of virtually all computer based systems. For complex custom systems, a large effort estimation error can make the difference between profit and loss. Cost (Effort) Overruns can be disastrous for the developer. The basic input for the effort estimation is size of project. A number of models have been proposed to construct a relation between software size and Effort; however we still have problems for effort estimation because of uncertainty existing in the input information. Accurate software effort estimation is a challenge in Industry. In this paper we are proposing three software effort estimation models by using soft computing techniques: Particle Swarm Optimization with inertia weight for tuning effort parameters. The performance of the developed models was tested by NASA software project dataset. The developed models were able to provide good estimation capabilities.
Modeling of wedm process for complex shape using multilayer perceptron and re...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Wire cut electric discharge machining is the present days requirement in manufacturing the intricate and complex shape parts as required in the modern industrial products. The process being complex in nature for control over the machining process parameters. In the present study Multilayer perceptron (MLP) model is developed to predict the Material removal rate. The mathematical regression model is also developed by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to establish the relationshIp between the MRR and input process parameters like pulse on time (Ton), Pulse off time (Toff), Peak current (IP) and Servo voltage (SV). The predicted value by using MLP and RSM were compared with the experimental values. The average percentage errors are found to be 1.29 and -0.36527 for MLP and RSM respectively. It is observed that the predicted values with RSM are closer to experimental values as compared to MLP model. Key Words: WEDM, Response Surface Methodology, Neural Network, Multi Layer Perception, Material Removal Rate, Surface Roughness
IRJET- A New Approach to Economic Load Dispatch by using Improved QEMA ba...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an improved Quantum behaved electro-magnetism algorithm particle swarm optimization (QEMAPSO) approach to solve the economic load dispatch (ELD) problem. The objective is to minimize the total generation cost while considering constraints like generator limits, transmission losses, and valve point effects. It formulates the ELD problem and describes the QEMA-PSO algorithm which uses QEMA to determine an initial solution that is then optimized using PSO. Results on a 6-generator IEEE 30-bus test system show that the proposed QEMA-PSO approach improves upon other methods like genetic algorithm and dance bee colony optimization in minimizing costs and emissions.
Implementing a neural network potential for exascale molecular dynamicsPFHub PFHub
The document discusses implementing a neural network potential for molecular dynamics simulations using the CabanaMD framework. Key points include:
- A neural network potential was implemented in CabanaMD using Kokkos/Cabana constructs, offering significant on-node scalability and the first GPU implementation of a neural network potential, showing up to 10x speedup over CPU.
- Data layout changes provided an additional 10% performance gain for the GPU implementation.
- For a nickel system, the GPU implementation achieved over 1 million atomsteps per second, vastly outperforming the water system.
- Future work includes exploring hierarchical parallelism and MPI scaling as well as applying machine learning techniques to other computational materials problems like phase
Experimental Investigation and Analysis of Torque in Drilling Hybrid Metal Ma...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT :This paper presents an experimental investigation on torque in drilling of aluminium hybrid metal matrix composite the machining parameters used here was speed, feed, drill diameter of the drill bits for 3 levels. The optimized response parameter of aluminium hybrid composite found by Taguchi L27 orthogonal array experimentation. This hybrid metal matrix composite is fabricated using 50 micron sized Silicon Carbide and graphite particles are reinforced into aluminium matrix material via stir casting process. The torque is considered as experimental result and it is predicted using fuzzy logic. The results specify that the predicted torque values
Using an Explicit Nucleation Model in PRISIMS-PF to Predict Precipate Microst...PFHub PFHub
This document summarizes a presentation on using explicit nucleation models in the phase field modeling framework PRISMS-PF to predict precipitate microstructures. It provides an overview of PRISMS-PF capabilities, discusses explicit versus noise-based nucleation approaches, and describes implementing classical nucleation theory-based explicit nucleation in PRISMS-PF. It also presents 2D simulations of β1 precipitate nucleation, growth, and coarsening in Mg-Nd alloys to demonstrate the framework.
Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Operating Parameters for Multiobjective Mul...IDES Editor
Genetic Algorithm are capable of handling a large
number of design parameters and work for optimization
problems that have discontinues or non-differentiable
multidimensional solution spaces, making them ideal for
optimization of machining parameters. Current paper is based
on Genetic Algorithm (GA) for optimization of process
parameters (e.g. feed and speed) for multi-objective multi pass
end milling. GA has been implemented using the MATLAB
environment on the objective function, which is a hybrid
function of cost and time, feed and speed. The results of
optimum cost, feed and speed have been calculated after GA
based implementation with PSO based implementation and
conventional results. The GA results are found better in terms
of the objective function as compared with PSO results for
the multi-objective multipass end milling process.
This document describes research using an artificial neural network (ANN) to model the behavior of a single chamber solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) without relying on physical equations. Experimental data from a previous study was used to train and validate the ANN model. The ANN was able to adequately predict the cell voltage based on inputs of current density and temperature. Genetic algorithms were then used to optimize the ANN model and determine the operating conditions that achieve maximum power density of 381.54 A/m2 at 687°C and 0.44V cell voltage. The results demonstrate the capabilities of ANNs and genetic algorithms for modeling and optimizing SOFC performance without detailed physical knowledge.
IRJET- Optimization of Fink and Howe TrussesIRJET Journal
This document describes research on optimizing the weight of different truss configurations, including double fink, triple fink, modified fink, double Howe, and triple Howe trusses. The optimization problem aims to minimize weight by treating cross-sectional areas as design variables, while satisfying stress, buckling, and deflection constraints. An improved sequential linear programming technique is used to solve the optimization problem. The process involves developing a C program for load calculation, using MATLAB for truss analysis, and applying an optimizer based on improved SLP to determine optimized cross-sectional areas. A parametric study is then carried out by varying span, height, and spacing to identify the most economical truss configuration under the given conditions.
Improved ant colony optimization for quantum cost reductionjournalBEEI
Heuristic algorithms play a significant role in synthesize and optimization of digital circuits based on reversible logic yet suffer with multiple disadvantages for multiqubit functions like scalability, run time and memory space. Synthesis of reversible logic circuit ends up with trade off between number of gates, quantum cost, ancillary inputs and garbage outputs. Research on optimization of quantum cost seems intractable. Therefore post synthesis optimization needs to be done for reduction of quantum cost. Many researchers have proposed exact synthesis approaches in reversible logic but focussed on reduction of number of gates yet quantum cost remains undefined. The main goal of this paper is to propose improved ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm for quantum cost reduction. The research efforts reported in this paper represent a significant contribution towards synthesis and optimization of high complexity reversible function via swarm intelligence based approach. The improved ACO algorithm provides low quantum cost based toffoli synthesis of reversible logic function without long computation overhead.
High Phase Order Transmission System: “A solution for Electrical Power Transm...IJERD Editor
1) The document discusses converting existing three-phase double circuit 400kV transmission lines to six-phase transmission lines as a solution for bulk power transmission over long distances.
2) Simulation results show that six-phase transmission allows for 1.7-1.74 times more power transfer capability compared to the three-phase line. It also allows for lower transmission voltages and reduced tower sizes for the same power transferred.
3) Fault current magnitudes are lower for six-phase transmission compared to three-phase transmission for the same fault type and location, with four-phase to ground faults being the most severe for six-phase lines. Load voltages also exhibit less distortion for faults on six-phase lines.
Exploiting Multi Core Architectures for Process Speed UpIJERD Editor
The document discusses exploiting multi-core architectures to speed up processing of satellite data. It describes developing a multithreaded application using a master-slave model to parallelize preprocessing steps like extracting auxiliary data, Reed-Solomon decoding, and decompression. Performance analysis shows the application scales dynamically based on system resources and achieves maximum speedup when assigning 7 threads per core. While theoretical speedup is limited by Amdahl's law, accounting for parallelization overhead provides a more realistic performance measure.
Numerical Deterministic Method of Including Saturation Effect in the Performa...IJERD Editor
This document describes a numerical method for including the effect of magnetic saturation in the performance analysis of a single-phase induction motor. The author computes the magnetic saturation factor (Ksat) of the motor to be 1.18 by determining the magnetomotive force (mmf) in different parts of the magnetic circuit through numerical calculations. Using the saturation factor, the saturated values of the motor reactances are obtained. Performance parameters like efficiency, torque, current, losses are then computed using the saturated reactances. The efficiency decreases by 2.92% and starting torque increases by 17.1% with saturation included in the analysis.
Thermo mechanical characterization and damage of polymer materials:Applicatio...IJERD Editor
The document summarizes research on characterizing and modeling damage in the polymer material acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on ABS specimens at temperatures ranging from 60°C to 170°C. The tests showed the material's mechanical properties degrade with increasing temperature. A damage model was developed to describe the reduction in residual strength based on measurements of ultimate stress in virgin and damaged conditions. Damage was found to gradually increase from 0 for virgin material to 1 for complete damage, progressing through three stages. The model provides a way to predict damage for ABS structures under different loading conditions.
PALLAVAS IMMIGRATION? (Father of “DARK RICE”)IJERD Editor
This scientific research focus that Ancient Pallavas race called by author as “FLYING
PALLAVAS” shall be considered as origin of ancient human race on the “Earth Planet” lived in KACHCHA
THEEVU (3,00,000 years ago) even before emission of 1st sun rays on the earth planet. The scientific research
focus that the Pallavas race shall be considered as ancient angel race migrated from DEVAS RACE of white
planet (also called as mother planet of universe). The Pallavas race shall also be considered as expert in stone
architect work, father of dark rice and inventor of “IDLI FORMULA”.
Comparative Analysis of Social Sustainability at Four Locations of Indore Cit...IJERD Editor
Sustainable development is the thought process behind well being of humanity. It expects the
sustenance of mankind on earth. As per the idea of sustainable development lays stress on encompassing all the
three parameters of sustainability, meaning balance between socio-economic activities with environment
ultimately, the process should enhance the quality of human life. The development should encourage human
bonding in the society and feeling of neighbourhood satisfaction by fulfilling community needs. Finally
sustainable development is devolvement which accompanies welfare of the society by including some design
elements in the safe built environment. Some alterations in physical environment can bring in the feeling of
safety for the society.
Indore is a fast growing city of Madhya Pradesh in India. The research paper aims at analysing the Social
Sustainability at four locations of the city. The four locations have been selected as per their socio-economic
status. The comparative analysis has been done by ANOVA, SPSS 21.
Study showed that when the city is developing and maintaining parameters of Social Sustainability then all its
neighbourhoods follows the paths of development. It is a good sign towards positive growth.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
WINE IS DIVINE TONIC?... (RAMANUJAM “MADHU”)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a scientific research article that puts forth several hypotheses about wine. It hypothesizes that white wine should be considered a divine tonic, distinct from alcohol. It suggests white wine originally contained zero alcohol and was the drink of human ancestors. It also hypothesizes variations in wine quality over the course of the expanding universe, from blue to red wine. The author believes political leaders should have minimum alcohol levels to best serve societies.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
This document analyzes online shopping behavior in India based on a survey conducted. Some key findings include:
- Males and females participate equally in online shopping. Most respondents are employed but students make up 27%.
- Over 50% of respondents search for product information online at least weekly.
- Discounts, wide product selection, and convenience are the top reasons for choosing online shopping.
- Respondents agree that online shopping saves time and money compared to traditional shopping.
- The most popular products purchased online are tickets, electronics, and books.
- Most respondents find online product/service information excellent or good.
- Payment methods like debit cards and net banking are preferred over cash on
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Spatial and temporal distribution of Nitrate (NO3 -) In groundwater of Rohtak...IJERD Editor
The contamination of ground water has increased with rapid urbanization, agricultural inputs and
industrialization. In the last few decades the nitrate (NO3
-) pollution is on the increase in the urban areas.
Contamination of ground water with nitrate is mainly by the process of leaching due to high mobility of nitrate
ions through soil. By mapping water quality using the decision support system like geographical information
system (GIS), the data can be represented graphically in map and is useful for taking quick decision. The
objective of present study was to monitor the spatial and temporal nitrate ion concentration in ground water of
Rohtak city in pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon season of private ground water drinking sources, and
graphical representation of data using GIS. The samples from the various colonies of Rohtak city showed nitrate
range from 1.8 mg/l to 45mg/l. Most areas showed a ground water nitrate level within permissible limits of 45
mg/L (CPCB) how ever Village Samargopalpur had the highest nitrate concentration (79mg/L). Higher nitrate
concentration was observed in area having history of agriculture use and open sewage, septic tanks, municipal
solid waste and dairy waste dumps. In all the sampling sites the nitrate concentration was highest during the pre
monsoon season.
High Power Lasers and New ApplicationsIJERD Editor
Jets, sprites, climate change, high power lasers, orbital electrical socket, electrical breakdown, Impulsar, launching of objects by laser, high power lasers, optical breakdown, shock waves, conductivity of dust plasma, optical breakdown
Model of Energy Generation in Plant by the Cells of The Leafs During the Nigh...IJERD Editor
- The document presents a mathematical model to describe how plant cells in leaves generate energy at night from 6pm to 6am when sunlight is reduced.
- The model equations account for the storage of energy as starch by plant enzymes and its use over night. Solving the equations provides the energy generated as an exponential decay function between 6pm and 6am.
- The results show that plants use existing stored energy at night, reducing the stored level until photosynthesis can replenish it the next day as sunlight returns.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Improvement in Quality of Power by PI Controller Hybrid PSO using STATCOMIRJET Journal
The document discusses using a hybrid particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique with a PI controller and STATCOM device to improve power quality and reduce costs. Voltage sags are a key power quality issue that are mitigated. The system is modeled in MATLAB Simulink. Simulation results show that using PSO to optimize the PI controller parameters and STATCOM operation leads to better voltage regulation and an improved inertia weight, demonstrating enhanced power quality and reduced costs.
Development of an Explainable Model for a Gluconic Acid Bioreactor and Profit...IRJET Journal
This document discusses developing an explainable artificial neural network model for optimizing a gluconic acid bioreactor process. It aims to 1) use a grey wolf optimizer trained ANN approach to model the complex bioreactor system, 2) convert the ANN model into an explainable closed-form equation to provide insight into the underlying reactor physics, and 3) optimize the model to maximize gluconic acid yield and profitability using an evolutionary algorithm. Artificial intelligence techniques like ANNs are effective for modeling complicated bioprocesses but provide "black box" solutions that lack explainability. This study develops a general methodology to increase the explainability and acceptability of an ANN model for engineering applications like bioreactor optimization
This document summarizes a project report on optimizing fracking simulations for GPU acceleration. The simulations model hydraulic fracturing and consist of three phases. The focus was on the second phase, which calculates interaction factors and stresses between grid cells and takes 80% of the CPU execution time. This phase was implemented on a GPU using techniques like finding parallelism at the cell and grid level, optimizing data transfers, memory access, and using streams to execute cells concurrently. These optimizations led to speedups of up to 56x compared to the CPU implementation.
The performance of an algorithm can be improved using a parallel computing programming approach. In this study, the performance of bubble sort algorithm on various computer specifications has been applied. Experimental results have shown that parallel computing programming can save significant time performance by 61%-65% compared to serial computing programming.
Artificial Intelligence based optimization of weld bead geometry in laser wel...IJMER
This paper reports on a modeling and optimization of laser welding of aluminum-magnesium alloy thickness of 1.7mm. Regression analysis is used for modeling and Genetic algorithm is used for optimize the process parameters.The input values for the regression methods is taken according the Taguchi based orthogonal array. A software named Computer aided Robust Parameter Genetic Algorithm CARPGA has been developed in MATLAB 2013 which combine all of these methodologies. This software has been validated with some published paper.
A novel auto-tuning method for fractional order PID controllersISA Interchange
Fractional order PID controllers benefit from an increasing amount of interest from the research community due to their proven advantages. The classical tuning approach for these controllers is based on specifying a certain gain crossover frequency, a phase margin and a robustness to gain variations. To tune the fractional order controllers, the modulus, phase and phase slope of the process at the imposed gain crossover frequency are required. Usually these values are obtained from a mathematical model of the process, e.g. a transfer function. In the absence of such model, an auto-tuning method that is able to estimate these values is a valuable alternative. Auto-tuning methods are among the least discussed design methods for fractional order PID controllers. This paper proposes a novel approach for the auto-tuning of fractional order controllers. The method is based on a simple experiment that is able to determine the modulus, phase and phase slope of the process required in the computation of the controller parameters. The proposed design technique is simple and efficient in ensuring the robustness of the closed loop system. Several simulation examples are presented, including the control of processes exhibiting integer and fractional order dynamics.
A Genetic Algorithm Based Approach for Solving Optimal Power Flow ProblemShubhashis Shil
This document describes a study that uses a genetic algorithm to solve the optimal power flow problem. The optimal power flow problem aims to minimize operating costs in a power system by optimizing generator outputs while meeting demand and constraints. The study develops a genetic algorithm approach and compares its results and computation time to traditional derivative-based methods on some example power flow cases. It finds that the genetic algorithm approach produces nearly equivalent results to traditional methods, but requires significantly less computation time to solve the optimal power flow problem, especially as more constraints are added.
Optimum capacity allocation of distributed generation units using parallel ps...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper proposes the application of Parallel Particle Swarm Optimization (PPSO) technique to find the optimal sizing of multiple DG(Distributed Generation) units in the radial distribution network by reduction in real power losses and enhancement in voltage profile. Message passing interface (MPI) is used for the parallelization of PSO. The initial population of PSO algorithm has been divided between the processors at run time. The proposed technique is tested on standard 123-bus test system and the obtained results show that the simulation time is significantly reduced and is concluded that parallelization helps in enhancing the performance of basic PSO. The procedure has been implemented in an environment in which OpenDSS (Open Distribution System Simulator) is driven from MATLAB. An adaptive weight particle swarm optimization algorithm has been developed in MATLAB , parallelization is achieved using MATLABMPI and the unbalanced three-phase distribution load flow (DLF) has been performed using Electric Power Research Institute’s (EPRI) open source tool OpenDSS. Index Terms: Distributed Generation, Message Passing Interface, Optimal Placement, Parallel Particle Swarm Optimisation
Using particle swarm optimization to solve test functions problemsriyaniaes
In this paper the benchmarking functions are used to evaluate and check the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. However, the functions utilized have two dimension but they selected with different difficulty and with different models. In order to prove capability of PSO, it is compared with genetic algorithm (GA). Hence, the two algorithms are compared in terms of objective functions and the standard deviation. Different runs have been taken to get convincing results and the parameters are chosen properly where the Matlab software is used. Where the suggested algorithm can solve different engineering problems with different dimension and outperform the others in term of accuracy and speed of convergence.
Autotuning of pid controller for robot arm and magnet levitation planteSAT Journals
Abstract
One of the most essential work of the control engineer is tuning of controller. Majority of the controller used in industry are of the
PID type. An auto tuning is one of the method of controller tuning in which tuning of the parameters of controller is done
automatically and possibly, without any user interaction expect from initiating the operation. Present study emphasis on the relay
based auto tuning of PID controller. An auto-tuning method is implemented based on a relay experiment to determine the ultimate
gain and the ultimate period, with which the PID parameters are obtained using the Ziegler-Nichols tuning rules. An auto tuning
of robot arm model and magnet levitation model are carried out. Performance of relay based auto tuning on the basis of integral
square error is better than artificial neural network.
Keywords: Relay auto tuning, PID, FOPDT, SOPDT, Integral square error.
This document describes using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithms (GA) to tune the parameters of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. PSO and GA are used to minimize the objective function by adjusting the PID parameters to achieve optimal step response with minimal overshoot, settling time, and rise time. The results show that PSO provides high-quality solutions within a shorter calculation time than other stochastic methods.
This paper discusses the possible applications of particle swarm optimization (PSO) in the Power system. One of the problems in Power System is Economic Load dispatch (ED). The discussion is carried out in view of the saving money, computational speed – up and expandability that can be achieved by using PSO method. The general approach of the method of this paper is that of Dynamic Programming Method coupled with PSO method. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated, and it is compared with the lambda iterative method in terms of the solution quality and computation efficiency. The experimental results show that the proposed PSO method was indeed capable of obtaining higher quality solutions efficiently in ED problems.
Transforming an Existing Distribution Network Into Autonomous MICRO-GRID usin...IJERA Editor
A distribution network with renewable and fossil-based resources can be operated as a micro-grid, in autonomous or nonautonomous modes. Autonomous operation of a distribution network requires cautious planning. In this context, a detailed methodology to develop a sustainable autonomous micro-grid is presented in this paper. The proposed methodology suggests novel sizing and siting strategies for distributed generators and structural modifications for autonomous micro-grids. This paper introduces the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to solve the optimal network reconfiguration problem for power loss reduction. The PSO is a relatively new and powerful intelligence evolution method for solving optimization problems. It is a population-based approach. The PSO was inspired from natural behavior of the bees on how they find the location of most flowers. The proposed PSO algorithm is introduced with some modifications such as using an inertia weight that decreases linearly during the simulation. This setting allows the PSO to explore a large area at the start of the simulation.
Fault-Tolerance Aware Multi Objective Scheduling Algorithm for Task Schedulin...csandit
Computational Grid (CG) creates a large heterogeneous and distributed paradigm to manage and execute the applications which are computationally intensive. In grid scheduling tasks are assigned to the proper processors in the grid system to for its execution by considering the execution policy and the optimization objectives. In this paper, makespan and the faulttolerance of the computational nodes of the grid which are the two important parameters for the task execution, are considered and tried to optimize it. As the grid scheduling is considered to be NP-Hard, so a meta-heuristics evolutionary based techniques are often used to find a solution for this. We have proposed a NSGA II for this purpose. The performance estimation ofthe proposed Fault tolerance Aware NSGA II (FTNSGA II) has been done by writing program in Matlab. The simulation results evaluates the performance of the all proposed algorithm and the results of proposed model is compared with existing model Min-Min and Max-Min algorithm which proves effectiveness of the model.
Prediction of Critical Temperature of Superconductors using Tree Based Method...IRJET Journal
1. The document describes research using tree-based machine learning methods like Random Forest, CatBoost, LightGBM, and XGBoost to predict the critical temperature of superconductors.
2. These models were trained and tested on a dataset of 21263 superconductors using k-fold cross validation. Random Forest, CatBoost, LightGBM and XGBoost achieved root-mean-squared errors of 9.05 K, 8.95 K, 8.86 K and 8.85 K, respectively, showing they can effectively predict critical temperature.
3. LightGBM and XGBoost performed best, with XGBoost having the lowest error rate of 8.853 K, slightly out
A new approach to the solution of economic dispatch using particle Swarm opt...ijcsa
This document presents a new approach to solving the economic dispatch problem using particle swarm optimization combined with simulated annealing (PSO-SA). The economic dispatch problem aims to minimize the total generation cost while satisfying constraints like power demand and generator limits. Previous solutions had limitations. The authors propose using PSO-SA to find high quality solutions more efficiently. PSO is able to find global optima but can get trapped in local optima. SA helps avoid this through probabilistic jumping. The authors combine PSO and SA techniques to leverage their benefits while overcoming individual limitations. They test the PSO-SA method on three generator systems and find it provides better results than traditional and other computational methods.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new approach for solving the economic dispatch problem in power systems using a hybrid particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing algorithm. The paper introduces economic dispatch and describes previous solution methods. It then presents the new hybrid algorithm, which combines the global search capabilities of particle swarm optimization with the probabilistic jumping of simulated annealing to find high-quality solutions faster. The paper applies the method to test cases and finds it performs better than traditional and other computational techniques at determining low-cost generation schedules that satisfy operational constraints.
The document proposes a new approach for solving the economic dispatch problem in power systems using a hybrid particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing algorithm. It begins with introductions to economic dispatch and optimization techniques like particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing. It then describes the economic dispatch problem formulation, including the objective of minimizing generation cost while satisfying constraints. The document proposes a novel hybrid algorithm that combines the salient features of particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing to generate high-quality solutions efficiently. It presents the particle swarm optimization, simulated annealing and hybrid algorithms in detail. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through case studies on different power systems.
Design and testing of systolic array multiplier using fault injecting schemesCSITiaesprime
Nowadays low power design circuits are major important for data transmission and processing the information among various system designs. One of the major multipliers used for synchronizing the data transmission is the systolic array multiplier, low power designs are mostly used for increasing the performance and reducing the hardware complexity. Among all the mathematical operations, multiplier plays a major role where it processes more information and with the high complexity of circuit in the existing irreversible design. We develop a systolic array multiplier using reversible gates for low power appliances, faults and coverage of the reversible logic are calculated in this paper. To improvise more, we introduced a reversible logic gate and tested the reversible systolic array multiplier using the fault injection method of built-in self-test block observer (BILBO) in which all corner cases are covered which shows 97% coverage compared with existing designs. Finally, Xilinx ISE 14.7 was used for synthesis and simulation results and compared parameters with existing designs which prove more efficiency.
Similar to Neuro-Genetic Optimization of LDO-fired Rotary Furnace Parameters for the Production of Quality Castings (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and limestone powder to replace cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Tests were conducted on SCC mixes with 0-50% replacement of cement with GGBS and 0-20% replacement with limestone powder. The results showed that replacing 30% of cement with GGBS and 15% with limestone powder produced SCC with the highest compressive strength of 46MPa, meeting fresh property requirements. The study concluded that this ternary blend of cement, GGBS and limestone powder can improve SCC properties while reducing costs.
Seismic Drift Consideration in soft storied RCC buildings: A Critical ReviewIJERD Editor
Reinforced concrete frame buildings are becoming increasingly common in urban India. Many such
buildings constructed in recent times have a special feature – the ground storey is left open for the purpose of
parking, i.e., columns in the ground floor do not have any partition walls (of either masonry or
Reinforced concrete) between them. Such buildings are often called open ground storey buildings. The
relative horizontal displacement in the ground storey is much larger than storeys above it. The total horizontal
earthquake force it can carry in the ground storey is significantly smaller than storeys above it. The soft or weak
storey may exist at any storey level other than ground storey level. The presence of walls in upper storeys
makes them much stiffer than the open ground storey. Still Multi storey reinforced concrete buildings are
continuing to be built in India which has open ground storeys. It is imperative to know the behavior of
soft storey building to the seismic load for designing various retrofit strategies. Hence it is important to
study and understand the response of such buildings and make such buildings earthquake resistant based
on the study to prevent their collapse and to save the loss of life and property.
Post processing of SLM Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in accordance with AMS 4928 standardsIJERD Editor
This Research work was done to find out the impact of AMS 4928 standard heat treatment on
Selective Laser Melted (SLM) Ti-6Al-4V Grade 23 alloy. Ti-6Al-4V Grade 23 is an Extra Low Interstitial
version of Ti alloy with lower impurities and is α+β type alloy at room temperature. SLM is one type of method
in Additive Manufacturing based on Powder bed system. Each powder layer of few microns is coated and a laser
beam is scanned to melt the metal powder according to the specification of the part and subsequently moved
downwards layer by layer. The test coupons were first heat treated according to the above mentioned standard.
The tensile testing and the microstructural analysis were done to compare the results with that of mentioned in
the AMS 4928.The yield stress andPercentage elongation in the test coupons achieved are better than the
minimum requirement by AMS 4928 standard. Coarse lamellar grain structures were obtained with no
continuous network of alpha at prior beta grain boundaries.
Treatment of Waste Water from Organic Fraction Incineration of Municipal Soli...IJERD Editor
Evaporation is one of treatment alternatives of waste water from condensation of vapour in flue gas
or from flue gas scrubber system of an incinerator. The waste water contains tar and heavy metals which are
toxic and must be separated, before discharged to environment or recycled. Due to the relatively low efficiency
of the evaporation process, a combination of the evaporation-absorption process is developed to increase the
efficiency. The aim of this research is to study the separation efficiency of tar from the tar-water mixture from
organic fraction incineration of garbage by evaporation-absorption process, and compared it with the
evaporation process. The evaporation process was performed by evaporating the waste water directly, while the
evaporation-absorption process was carried out by evaporating the waste water before it had been mixed with
palm oil as an absorbent. The results showed that the efficiency to separate the heavy tar of the evaporation
process was 73.27% compared to the combination of evaporation-absorption that was 98.82%. Meanwhile, for
the separation of the light tar, the efficiencies of both process types were almost the same. This system can be
integrated with the incinerator for the treatment of flue gases and waste water generated from the burning of
organic fraction of MSW
Content Based Video Retrieval Using Integrated Feature Extraction and Persona...IJERD Editor
This document describes a content-based video retrieval system that extracts features from videos and uses those features to retrieve matching videos from a database. The system first segments videos into frames, applies optical character recognition (OCR) to extract text and automatic speech recognition (ASR) to extract keywords. It then extracts additional low-level visual features like color, texture and edges. All the extracted keywords and features are stored in a database. When a query video is input, the same features are extracted and used to search the database for similar videos. The results are then re-ranked based on the user's past viewing history to personalize the results. The system is evaluated on a database of 15 videos and is able to retrieve matching videos
Planar Internal Antenna Design for Cellular Applications & SAR AnalysisIJERD Editor
This paper presents a new design of direct-fed Multi band printed Planar Internal Antenna (PIA), for
cellular applications. The PIA antenna is composed of ground plane, meander radiating strip and two other
parasitic strips are printed on a common substrate. The designed antenna has been simulated in CST
environment. The simulated results for the resonant frequency, return loss, radiation pattern and gain are
presented and discussed. The bandwidths for three resonance achieved on the basis of -6 dB return loss.These
Bandwidths can be utilized for GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900, LTE 2300 and Bluetooth/WLAN as an
acceptable reference in mobile phones applications. Further the antenna was placed in proximity to the SAR
head on CST environment. The simulated results of SAR analysis are presented in this paper with acceptable
range.
Intelligent learning management system startersIJERD Editor
learning management system (lms) is increasingly gaining popularity in the academic community as
a means of delivering e-learning contents. Simply placing lecture notes and videos among other contents on
lmss do not particularly train the best. This situation could be improved with intelligent tutoring systems (itss)
integration into preferred lms to make it more adaptive and effective, through enhanced student participation
and learning. This work aims, therefore, to create a starter model and a model java its integrated preferred lms.
The its integrated lms starter model was proposed through augmentation and a fluid iterative cycle of
awareness, suggestion, development, evaluation and conclusion. Known open/inexpensive, tried and tested
popular lmss were evaluated at cms matrix site, and complemented. Java its integrated moodle (preferred),
employing certain architectural framework of its integrated lms, was created following the spiral model of
software development
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Neuro-Genetic Optimization of LDO-fired Rotary Furnace Parameters for the Production of Quality Castings
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 11, Issue 06 (June 2015), PP.30-37
30
Neuro-Genetic Optimization of LDO-fired Rotary Furnace
Parameters for the Production of Quality Castings
Gurumukh Das1
, Padam Das2
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, DEI, Agra, UP, INDIA.
2
Adviser - Workshop, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, DEI, Agra, UP, INDIA.
Abstract:- The rising demand for high quality homogenous castings necessitate that vast amount of
manufacturing knowledge be incorporated in manufacturing systems. Rotary furnace involves several critical
parameters like excess air, flame temperature, rotational speed of the furnace drum, melting time, preheat air
temperature, fuel consumption and melting rate of the molten metal which should be controlled throughout the
melting process. A complex relationship exists between these manufacturing parameters and hence there is a
need to develop models which can capture this complex interrelationship and enable fast computation. In the
present work, we propose a generic approach where the applicability and effectiveness of neural network in
function approximation is used for rapid estimation of melting rate and they are integrated into the framework
of genetic evolutionary algorithm to form a neuro-genetic optimization technique. A neural network model is
trained with the experimental results. The results indicate that the heuristic converges to better solutions rapidly
as it provides the values of various process parameters for optimizing the objective in a single run and thus
assists for the improvement of quality in development of sound parts.
Keywords:- Rotary furnace, Neural networks (NN), Genetic algorithm (GA), Optimization, Neuro-genetic
optimization
I. INTRODUCTION
A continuously rotating dome for getting homogeneous castings is the main idea of eco-friendly Rotary
Furnace. This furnace consists of a cylindrical structure, which rotates continuously about its axis. The furnace
can be run by a variety of fuels but at present we are considering a light diesel oil (LDO) fired furnace. This
technique suits the conditions and requirements of the local foundries in terms of the cost of castings produced
as well as their quality. Moreover, the pollutants emitted by the furnace are well within the range specified by
the central pollution control board (CPCB) of India.
The Rotary furnace is the most versatile and economical mode of melting iron in ferrous foundries. But
it is very strange that a very little information is available in the form of literature on this furnace.
There are a number of variables controllable to varying degrees which affect the quality and
composition of the out-coming molten metal. These variables, such as excess air, flame temperature, rotational
speed of the furnace drum, melting time, preheat air temperature, fuel consumption and melting rate play
significant role in determining the molten metal‟s properties and should be controlled throughout the melting
process. However, even an experienced operator may find it difficult to select the optimum input parameters
which would yield ideal molten metal and often he may choose them by guessing which may not be effective
and economical [1].
Process parameters are optimized to minimize the production cost in conventional manufacturing. In
specialized manufacturing applications, such as production of high quality homogeneous castings in rotary
furnace, achievement of specific goals in terms of improved casting quality and homogeneity may be the
primary objective. Considering such requirements, it is imperative that the process parameters are chosen
appropriately so as to ensure high quality castings and minimum possible production cost without violating any
of the imposed constraints.
Thus, in order to optimize process parameters, variety of soft computing techniques is used. Genetic
algorithm (GA) has been widely used for the selection of the operating conditions in several other applications.
To simplify modeling, simulated annealing, fuzzy logic, and neural networks (NNs) have been used with the
GAs. The GA finds the optimal solutions quickly when the analytical or empirical models are not available [2].
In this work, an effort is made to develop a neuro-genetic optimization technique, using a NN in
tandem with genetic evolutionary algorithm (GEA) in determining the optimal process parameters. The
optimization is performed using the GEA, which requires that, the fitness function, i.e., the value of melting rate
for a set of process parameters, is easily computable for the method to be computationally tractable. An artificial
neural network (ANN) model is used to provide the fitness function value in the technique. This technique has
its own modeling and optimization tool to model the system from experimental data and to obtain the optimal
2. Neuro-Genetic Optimization of LDO-fired Rotary Furnace Parameters for the Production of Quality Castings
31
operating conditions. This provides the value of process parameters in the form of result that correlate well with
the experimental data. In this work operating conditions were selected to maximize the melting rate [3].
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Back propagation (BP) is one of the basic and most frequently used NNs. The user determines the
number of inputs, outputs, hidden layers, and nodes of the hidden layers. In most applications, each node is
connected to all the nodes of the next layer. The hidden and output layer nodes multiply the incoming values by
weights and use a transfer function to determine their output. Sigmoid is the most commonly used transfer
function. Linear, Gaussian, and various hyperbolic functions have also been used depending on the need. The
network starts to process the incoming training signals with arbitrary weights. The error is calculated by
comparing the output of the network with the corresponding values in the training file. All the weights are
adjusted by back-propagating the errors through the network at each interaction. This process is repeated many
times until the network‟s output errors are reduced to an acceptable level [4].
Fig.1: NN Architecture
ANNs are currently gaining wide popularity in manufacturing field. ANNs are proposed to represent
the relationship between the operating conditions and the process-related variables because of their data driven
approach i.e. they can capture and model extremely complex relationships even without the help of an explicitly
stated mathematical model. This property of ANNs is extremely useful in situations where it is difficult to
derive the mathematical model that links the various parameters.
3. Neuro-Genetic Optimization of LDO-fired Rotary Furnace Parameters for the Production of Quality Castings
32
The back propagation neural network (BPNN) is a multiple layer network with one input layer, one
output layer and some hidden layers between input and output layers. Its learning procedure is based on gradient
search with least sum squared optimality criterion. This algorithm can be expressed succinctly in the form of a
pseudo-code as given below:
PSEUDO-CODE:
1. Pick a rate parameter R.
2. Until performance is satisfactory.
3. For each sample input, compute the resulting output.
4. Compute for nodes in the output layer using: z = Dz – Oz; where D represents the desired output and O
represents the actual output of the neuron.
5. Compute for all other nodes using: 1j j k k k kk
W O O
6. Compute weight changes for all weights using: 1i j i j j jW rOO O
7. Add up the weight changes for all sample inputs and change the weights [5].
The standard BP algorithm suffers from the serious drawbacks of slow convergence and inability to
avoid local minima. Therefore, BP with Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) approximation is used in this work. LM
learning rule uses an approximation of the Newton's method to get better performance. This technique is
relatively faster but requires more memory. The LM update rule is:
1T T
W JJ J I e
; where J is the
Jacobean matrix of derivatives of each error to each weight, is a scalar and e is an error vector. If the scalar is
very large, the above expression approximates the Gradient Descent method and if it is small, the above
expression becomes the Gauss–Newton method. The Gauss–Newton method is faster and more accurate near
error minima. Hence, the aim is to shift towards the Gauss–Newton as quickly as possible. The is decreased
after each successful step and increased only when the step increases the error [6-8].
GA uses the biological evolution principles including natural selection and survival of the fittest. All
the parameters are represented with chromosomes. The algorithm tries to find the best 0 and 1 combination of
this string either to minimize or to maximize the objective function [9]. The penalty functions might be used to
force some of the parameters to stay in the selected range. The user generally selects the population size, the
number of children for each set of the parents, and the probability of mutation [10]. The chromosomes are
generated randomly for the first generation. GA has proved to be an effective tool for optimization of machining
parameters as it converges to optimum solutions rapidly [11].
GA uses the biological evolution principles including natural selection, and survival of the fittest. The
user determines the number of the binary digits to be assigned for each parameter and their boundaries.
Additional bits can be assigned for switches. All the parameters and the switches are represented with
chromosome. The algorithm tries to find the best 0 and 1 combination of this string either to minimize or to
maximize the objective function. The penalty functions might be used to force some of the parameters to stay in
the selected range. The user generally selects the population size, the number of children for each set of the
parents, and the probability of mutation. The chromosomes are generated randomly for the first generation.
Generally, GAs follows a five-step optimization procedure which includes:
a. Selection of the mating parents
b. Selection of the hereditary chromosomes from the parents
c. Gene crossover
d. Gene mutation, and
e. Creation of the next generation [12].
The general scheme of GA is shown in Fig.2.
4. Neuro-Genetic Optimization of LDO-fired Rotary Furnace Parameters for the Production of Quality Castings
33
Fig.2: General scheme of GA.
III. PROPOSED OPTIMIZATION SYSTEM
The technique in this work used one BPNN and one GA. The NN had one output as melting rate to
have the best possible accuracy. The inputs of the NN were the flame temperature, preheat air temperature,
rotational speed of the furnace, excess air percentage, melting time and fuel consumption. The NN was trained
to estimate the melting rate by using the experimental results in Appendix. The architecture of the proposed
optimization system is shown in Fig.3.
Fig.3: The Architecture of the proposed optimization system.
The pseudo-code of the proposed algorithm can be expressed concisely as under:
PSEUDO-CODE:
1) Initialize:
a) Randomly select „N‟ parent strings,
b) Determine number of children to be generated by each parent,
c) Initialize Pareto-optimal Set (PS).
2) For each parent „i‟, generate „m (i)‟ children using crossover.
3) Perform mutation with a probability „pm’.
4) Find the best child for each parent, based on fitness evaluated with the NN model.
5) Select the best child as the parent for the next generation.
6) Repeat step 7 to step 10 for each family.
7) Count=0.
8) Repeat step 9 for each child; go to step 10.
5. Neuro-Genetic Optimization of LDO-fired Rotary Furnace Parameters for the Production of Quality Castings
34
9) Increase count as per pseudo-code given in the explanation of steps 6-9.
10) Acceptance number of the family is equal to count (A).
11) Sum up the acceptance number of all the families (S).
12) For each family „i‟, calculate the number of children to be generated in the next generation according to
the following formula: m(i)=(T×A)/S; where T=Total number of children generated by all the
families.
13) Update PS.
14) Repeat step 2 to step 14 until a certain number of iteration has been reached.
The NN model is used to provide the fitness function value by incorporating in the above mentioned
algorithm. This approach of using a NN model, in tandem with GEA is quite novel.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND DATA COLLECTION
The rotary furnace data used to train the ANNs have been extracted from the experiments conducted on
self-designed and developed furnace (see Fig.4) at Foundry Shop, Faculty of Engineering, DEI, Dayalbagh,
Agra, India.
Fig.4: Self-designed and developed Rotary furnace at Faculty of Engineering DEI, Agra
In the experimentation, 200 kg of the charge is melted in the rotary furnace. A circular burner is used
for burning light diesel oil (LDO) as fuel. Due to the heat transfer by conduction, when refractory material
comes in contact with the molten charge, to have better heat transfer, the maximum time is given to refractory to
be in contact with the charge. The quantity of fuel consumed is reduced in subsequent heats and normally it is
found to be almost constant in third heat onwards.
Numbers of experiments were conducted at different percentage of excess air varying from 10% to
50% and amount of air preheat from 200°C to 400°C.
It was observed that it is difficult to achieve the rotation below 0.8 RPM from the fabricated rotary
furnace so, keeping this in view the experiments were carried out at rotational speed ranged from 0.8 to 2.0
RPM and the following results were obtained.
While conducting experiments, it was observed that rate of melting varies with change of rotational
speed. The charge of 200 kg when melted at 2 RPM takes 45 min, the rate of melting (MR) is given by:
Quantity of charge in 60 0.2 60
0.266 (Metric Ton) /
Time taken for complete melting 45
MT
MR MT hr
Under similar conditions, the total time taken for complete melting from third heat onwards was
reduced to 35 min, when the rotational speed is reduced to 1 RPM. The MR is given by:
Quantity of charge in 60 0.2 60
0.343 /
Time taken for complete melting 35
MT
MR MT hr
From above, it can be interpreted that the rate of melting is high at slower rotational speed. During
experimentation it was observed that the fuel consumption varies with rotational speed percentage of excess air
and air preheat temperature. Charge of 200 kg, when melted in the furnace at 2 RPM with 20% excess air and
300°C air preheat, takes 47 min and consumed 85 liters of LDO.
6. Neuro-Genetic Optimization of LDO-fired Rotary Furnace Parameters for the Production of Quality Castings
35
Fuel consumed 85
Rate of fuel consumption 0.425
Quantity of charge 200
liters liters
kgkg
Under similar conditions, the fuel consumption for complete melting of charge at the rotational speed
of 1 RPM with 20% excess air and 300°C air preheat is 81 liters.
Fuel consumed 81
Rate of fuel consumption 0.405
Quantity of charge 200
liters liters
kgkg
From the above discussion it can be interpreted that the rate of fuel consumption is high at higher
rotational speed.
Large numbers of heats were taken from the rotary furnace with the variations of the above mentioned
parameters and finally a set of 201 heats was obtained from the furnace. This data was used to train the artificial
NN and to find optimum operating conditions for maximizing melting rate in the proposed technique. Here, a set
of 50 readings is presented.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A two layer feed forward network with six input neurons, twelve neurons in the first hidden layer (S1),
ten neurons in the second hidden layer (S2), and one output neurons in the output layer was designed and trained
with NN. The logarithm of sigmoid function is used in the first hidden layer, tangent of sigmoid in the second
hidden layer and the output layer has pure linear neurons.
The input parameters were:
1. Percentage of Excess Air (in %)
2. Flame Temperature (in °C)
3. Rotational Speed (in RPM)
4. Melting Time (in Minutes)
5. Preheat Air Temperature (in °C)
6. Fuel Consumed (in Liters)
Melting Rate is taken as single output parameter.
The training parameters are as follows:
Frequency of progress displays (in epochs) = 100
Maximum number of epochs to train = 10000
Sum-squared error goal = 10-10
Neurons in layer 1, S1 = 12
Neurons in layer 2, S2 = 10
Number of epochs = 1567.
While performing optimization, the technique was asked to maximize the melting rate. The population
size, child number, cross-probability, mutation-probability and creep-probability were selected as 100, 10, 0.2,
0.1, and 0.05, respectively, during the optimization process. Optimum values were found in less than 50
iterations. GA was stopped after 50 iterations were completed. The range of the parameters in the optimization
study is shown in Table I and the optimization results are presented in Table II.
The operating conditions were optimized to obtain the best maximized value of melting rate. Flame
temperature, preheat air temperature, rotational speed of the furnace, excess air percentage, melting time and
fuel consumption were kept in the desired range and the technique was asked to maximize the melting rate for a
set of process parameters. A series of alternatives were provided to the user. The results obtained correlated well
with the experimental data.
VI. CONCLUSION
The technique was proposed for selection of the optimal operating conditions in rotary furnace
operations from the experimental data without developing any analytical or empirical models. NNs were trained
by using a series of experimental results to represent the relationship between the process parameters such as
flame temperature, preheat air temperature, rotational speed of the furnace, excess air percentage, melting time
and fuel consumption. The technique determined the optimal process parameters while maximizing the melting
rate. The tendency of the estimations of the technique agreed with the theoretical expectations.
The technique has proved to be effective for constrained optimization as it provides the values of
various process parameters in a single run and so assists in achieving in energy and material saving.
7. Neuro-Genetic Optimization of LDO-fired Rotary Furnace Parameters for the Production of Quality Castings
36
Table I: Range of process parameters given to the proposed technique
Excess
air (%)
Flame
temperature
(°C)
Rotational
speed
(RPM)
Melting
time (Min)
Preheat air
temperature
(°C)
Fuel
consumed
(Liters)
10–50 1690–2300 0.8–2.0 32–50 200–400 74–88
Table II: Optimization results
Parameter
maximization
Melting
rate
(MT./
hr.)
Operating conditions
Excess
air (%)
Flame
temperature
(°C)
Rotational
speed
(RPM)
Melting
time
(Min.)
Preheat air
temperature
(°C)
Fuel
consumed
(Liters)
Melting Rate 0.3751 10 2290 0.8 32 400 74
The results indicate that the proposed heuristic converges to better solutions rapidly thereby assisting in
the improvement of quality in development of sound parts. This methodology ensures quality, precision,
economy and flexibility in agile manufacturing.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the inspiration provided by Most Revered Prof. P.S. Satsangi
Sahab, Chairman, Advisory Committee on Education, Dayalbagh, Agra.
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