- The document presents a mathematical model to describe how plant cells in leaves generate energy at night from 6pm to 6am when sunlight is reduced.
- The model equations account for the storage of energy as starch by plant enzymes and its use over night. Solving the equations provides the energy generated as an exponential decay function between 6pm and 6am.
- The results show that plants use existing stored energy at night, reducing the stored level until photosynthesis can replenish it the next day as sunlight returns.
This document provides an overview of cellular respiration and metabolism. It defines key terms and outlines the metabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to produce 36 ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration produces 2 ATP through glycolysis and fermentation when oxygen is absent. Metabolism consists of both anabolic and catabolic processes, with anabolism requiring ATP to build molecules and catabolism releasing energy through ATP.
The document summarizes key topics in biochemistry including metabolism, bioenergetics, and biochemical pathways. Specifically, it discusses [1] the principles of bioenergetics including thermodynamics, phosphoryl group transfers, and oxidation-reduction reactions; [2] how ATP and other phosphorylated compounds are used to drive cellular processes; and [3] how electrons flow through metabolic pathways and soluble electron carriers to provide energy for biological work. It concludes by outlining topics to be covered in the next chapter on glycolysis and carbohydrate catabolism.
Bioenergetics deals with energy changes in biochemical reactions, specifically the initial and final energy states without considering mechanisms. Energy rich compounds store energy that can be released, such as ATP which contains energy in its phosphate bonds and is used universally in metabolism. Cyclic AMP is synthesized from ATP by adenyl cyclase and acts as a second messenger in intracellular signal transduction such as regulating metabolism.
This document provides an overview of the course content for BMB 2101: Metabolism and Human Nutrition. The 3-credit course covers topics related to bioenergetics including definitions, types of bioenergetic reactions, metabolism, laws of bioenergetics, free energy, entropy, the TCA cycle, ATP-ADP cycle, and ATP as an energy carrier. The course aims to explain how energy is transferred and involved in chemical bond formation in cells, tissues, and organisms. Key areas of study are cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and how food energy is released and converted to ATP.
The document discusses cellular metabolism and energy transfer. It explains that (1) metabolism is the totality of chemical reactions in an organism that convert energy from one form to another. (2) Catabolic pathways break down molecules and release energy, while anabolic pathways use energy to build molecules. (3) ATP acts as the main energy carrier in cells, undergoing phosphorylation to power cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic ones.
This document discusses metabolism and energy transformations in living systems. It covers topics like thermodynamics, metabolic pathways, oxidation-reduction reactions, and experimental approaches to study metabolism. Key points include:
- ATP is used as the main "currency" of energy in cells and is generated by catabolic reactions and used by anabolic reactions.
- Electron transfer reactions and phosphorylation group transfers are two major mechanisms for energy transfer in biological systems.
- Metabolic pathways are organized series of chemical reactions that are regulated and sometimes compartmentalized within cells.
- Experimental techniques like isolating enzymes and studying genetic defects help uncover regulatory mechanisms and blocked steps in metabolism.
The study of energy in living systems (environments) and the organisms (plants and animals) that utilize them.
I'm a st.Xavier's student . i think this ppt will be helpful to the others. Because this is needed in our daily life.
This document discusses bioenergetics, which is the study of energy transformations and exchanges within and between living things. It focuses on how cells transform energy through processes like cellular respiration and photosynthesis to produce, store, and use ATP. The two main laws of bioenergetics are that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form, and that energy will transfer in the direction of increased entropy. Major bioenergetic processes discussed include glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the citric acid cycle, and photosynthesis. ATP is also summarized as the key energy currency molecule in cells, being produced through pathways like oxidative phosphorylation and hydrolysis of other phosphate compounds.
This document provides an overview of cellular respiration and metabolism. It defines key terms and outlines the metabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to produce 36 ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration produces 2 ATP through glycolysis and fermentation when oxygen is absent. Metabolism consists of both anabolic and catabolic processes, with anabolism requiring ATP to build molecules and catabolism releasing energy through ATP.
The document summarizes key topics in biochemistry including metabolism, bioenergetics, and biochemical pathways. Specifically, it discusses [1] the principles of bioenergetics including thermodynamics, phosphoryl group transfers, and oxidation-reduction reactions; [2] how ATP and other phosphorylated compounds are used to drive cellular processes; and [3] how electrons flow through metabolic pathways and soluble electron carriers to provide energy for biological work. It concludes by outlining topics to be covered in the next chapter on glycolysis and carbohydrate catabolism.
Bioenergetics deals with energy changes in biochemical reactions, specifically the initial and final energy states without considering mechanisms. Energy rich compounds store energy that can be released, such as ATP which contains energy in its phosphate bonds and is used universally in metabolism. Cyclic AMP is synthesized from ATP by adenyl cyclase and acts as a second messenger in intracellular signal transduction such as regulating metabolism.
This document provides an overview of the course content for BMB 2101: Metabolism and Human Nutrition. The 3-credit course covers topics related to bioenergetics including definitions, types of bioenergetic reactions, metabolism, laws of bioenergetics, free energy, entropy, the TCA cycle, ATP-ADP cycle, and ATP as an energy carrier. The course aims to explain how energy is transferred and involved in chemical bond formation in cells, tissues, and organisms. Key areas of study are cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and how food energy is released and converted to ATP.
The document discusses cellular metabolism and energy transfer. It explains that (1) metabolism is the totality of chemical reactions in an organism that convert energy from one form to another. (2) Catabolic pathways break down molecules and release energy, while anabolic pathways use energy to build molecules. (3) ATP acts as the main energy carrier in cells, undergoing phosphorylation to power cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic ones.
This document discusses metabolism and energy transformations in living systems. It covers topics like thermodynamics, metabolic pathways, oxidation-reduction reactions, and experimental approaches to study metabolism. Key points include:
- ATP is used as the main "currency" of energy in cells and is generated by catabolic reactions and used by anabolic reactions.
- Electron transfer reactions and phosphorylation group transfers are two major mechanisms for energy transfer in biological systems.
- Metabolic pathways are organized series of chemical reactions that are regulated and sometimes compartmentalized within cells.
- Experimental techniques like isolating enzymes and studying genetic defects help uncover regulatory mechanisms and blocked steps in metabolism.
The study of energy in living systems (environments) and the organisms (plants and animals) that utilize them.
I'm a st.Xavier's student . i think this ppt will be helpful to the others. Because this is needed in our daily life.
This document discusses bioenergetics, which is the study of energy transformations and exchanges within and between living things. It focuses on how cells transform energy through processes like cellular respiration and photosynthesis to produce, store, and use ATP. The two main laws of bioenergetics are that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form, and that energy will transfer in the direction of increased entropy. Major bioenergetic processes discussed include glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the citric acid cycle, and photosynthesis. ATP is also summarized as the key energy currency molecule in cells, being produced through pathways like oxidative phosphorylation and hydrolysis of other phosphate compounds.
Bioenergetics is the study of energy in living systems and how organisms utilize energy. Energy is required by all organisms and is provided through exergonic reactions that release free energy. Free energy (ΔG) is negative for spontaneous reactions where the change in enthalpy (ΔH) is less than the temperature multiplied by the change in entropy (TΔS). ATP is the most important energy-rich compound in living cells, with hydrolysis of its terminal phosphate bond releasing -7.3 kcal/mol of free energy. ATP provides energy for important biological processes like metabolism, movement, active transport, secretion, and chemical reactions in cells.
1) The document discusses key concepts about metabolism from chapters 5.1-5.4 of a biology textbook, including how enzymes work to catalyze reactions and the roles of ATP, activation energy, and temperature and pH in metabolism.
2) It explains how alcohol is broken down by the liver enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase and how energy flows through biological systems in one direction according to the laws of thermodynamics.
3) The summary highlights that ATP couples exergonic and endergonic reactions to do cellular work and that enzymes lower activation energies to speed up metabolic reactions.
This document summarizes key concepts in bioenergetics and cellular respiration. It discusses how living organisms obtain and use energy through redox reactions and electron carriers like ATP. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are introduced as the two main pathways of energy transformation. Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water, while cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. The document aims to explain the basic processes of how energy is transformed and utilized in living cells and organisms.
Essential Biology: Making ATP Workbook (SL Core only)Stephen Taylor
This document contains a workbook for a biology unit on cellular respiration and photosynthesis. It includes questions assessing understanding of topics like ATP, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, and factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis. There are also sections on the carbon cycle, the greenhouse effect, and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels as shown in the Keeling Curve graph.
1) The document discusses light-dependent (photosynthetic) generators of proton potential, specifically focusing on the photosynthetic apparatus of purple bacteria.
2) Photosynthesis in purple bacteria involves a light-dependent cyclic redox chain where absorption of light by bacteriochlorophyll leads to electron transfer across the membrane, generating a proton gradient.
3) Key components of the redox chain include bacteriochlorophyll dimer and monomer, bacteriopheophytin, ubiquinone, cytochromes, and a nonheme iron-sulfur protein that facilitate electron transfer and proton pumping across the membrane.
Describe flow of energy through living systems
Compare chemical processes of autotrophs and heterotrophs
Describe role of ATP in metabolism
Describe how energy released.
Energy flows through living cells in various forms and is used to drive important cellular functions. [1] All cells use energy for movement, synthesis of molecules, and maintaining homeostasis. [2] Energy enters cells through photosynthesis which captures light energy and converts it into chemical energy stored in glucose. [3] Cells release energy through cellular respiration which breaks down glucose and other molecules to generate ATP, the cell's immediate energy currency.
The document discusses bioenergetics and the electron transport chain. It begins with an introduction to bioenergetics and its history. It then describes the electron transport chain, including the four complexes, carriers that transport electrons and protons, and how a proton gradient is generated. Iron-sulfur proteins and cytochromes are metalloproteins that transport electrons in the electron transport chain.
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It discusses:
1) Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen through a series of light-dependent and light-independent reactions in the chloroplasts of plants.
2) Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria of cells, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide, water, and ATP as energy for cells.
3) Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interconnected processes where photosynthesis produces the organic compounds that are broken down for energy through cellular respiration.
This presentation was prepared in order to take Lecture of students in a summarised way and to provide them with the short, sweet and concise notes. It is based on PCI syllabus and is meant for B. Pharm. Second Semester...
This document discusses bioenergetics and energy production through the TCA (Krebs) cycle. It defines bioenergetics as the part of biochemistry concerned with energy flow through living systems. It explains that living organisms obtain energy through breaking chemical bonds and oxidizing materials, often with oxygen. The energy is used to produce ATP, which acts as an energy battery. The TCA cycle is described as a series of chemical reactions that starts and ends with oxaloacetate, and produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn to generate energy.
Detailed description of photosynthesis and respiration along with a recap on enzymes (SIMPLIFIED)
For a good insight on bioenergetics visit http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html
1. ATP acts as a carrier of chemical energy within cells, undergoing phosphorylation and hydrolysis reactions.
2. During hydrolysis, ATP is broken down into ADP + Pi, releasing energy that powers cellular work like transport, mechanical work, and chemical reactions.
3. ATP can be regenerated through phosphorylation reactions coupled to exergonic processes like cellular respiration, using the energy released to drive the endergonic phosphorylation of ADP back to ATP.
This shuttling of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions via ATP hydrolysis and regeneration is essential for powering metabolism.
The document contains an email address and passages in different languages discussing God creating the heavens and earth through his power and arm, with nothing being too difficult for him. It praises God as great, mighty, and powerful with great counsel and deeds.
The document discusses energy transformations in living organisms. It explains that glucose is the main source of chemical energy for plants and animals. ATP is the energy currency of cells and is regenerated through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration can occur aerobically, using oxygen to produce more ATP, or anaerobically through fermentation without oxygen. Photosynthesis captures solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Plants have evolved C3, C4, and CAM pathways to photosynthesize that help conserve water in different environments.
Bioenergetics is the study of energy in living systems and how organisms utilize energy. Energy is required by all organisms and is provided through exergonic reactions that release free energy. Free energy (ΔG) is negative for spontaneous reactions where the change in enthalpy (ΔH) is less than the temperature multiplied by the change in entropy (TΔS). ATP is the most important energy-rich compound in living cells, with hydrolysis of its terminal phosphate bond releasing -7.3 kcal/mol of free energy. ATP provides energy for important biological processes like metabolism, movement, active transport, secretion, and chemical reactions in cells.
1) The document discusses key concepts about metabolism from chapters 5.1-5.4 of a biology textbook, including how enzymes work to catalyze reactions and the roles of ATP, activation energy, and temperature and pH in metabolism.
2) It explains how alcohol is broken down by the liver enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase and how energy flows through biological systems in one direction according to the laws of thermodynamics.
3) The summary highlights that ATP couples exergonic and endergonic reactions to do cellular work and that enzymes lower activation energies to speed up metabolic reactions.
This document summarizes key concepts in bioenergetics and cellular respiration. It discusses how living organisms obtain and use energy through redox reactions and electron carriers like ATP. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are introduced as the two main pathways of energy transformation. Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water, while cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. The document aims to explain the basic processes of how energy is transformed and utilized in living cells and organisms.
Essential Biology: Making ATP Workbook (SL Core only)Stephen Taylor
This document contains a workbook for a biology unit on cellular respiration and photosynthesis. It includes questions assessing understanding of topics like ATP, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, and factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis. There are also sections on the carbon cycle, the greenhouse effect, and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels as shown in the Keeling Curve graph.
1) The document discusses light-dependent (photosynthetic) generators of proton potential, specifically focusing on the photosynthetic apparatus of purple bacteria.
2) Photosynthesis in purple bacteria involves a light-dependent cyclic redox chain where absorption of light by bacteriochlorophyll leads to electron transfer across the membrane, generating a proton gradient.
3) Key components of the redox chain include bacteriochlorophyll dimer and monomer, bacteriopheophytin, ubiquinone, cytochromes, and a nonheme iron-sulfur protein that facilitate electron transfer and proton pumping across the membrane.
Describe flow of energy through living systems
Compare chemical processes of autotrophs and heterotrophs
Describe role of ATP in metabolism
Describe how energy released.
Energy flows through living cells in various forms and is used to drive important cellular functions. [1] All cells use energy for movement, synthesis of molecules, and maintaining homeostasis. [2] Energy enters cells through photosynthesis which captures light energy and converts it into chemical energy stored in glucose. [3] Cells release energy through cellular respiration which breaks down glucose and other molecules to generate ATP, the cell's immediate energy currency.
The document discusses bioenergetics and the electron transport chain. It begins with an introduction to bioenergetics and its history. It then describes the electron transport chain, including the four complexes, carriers that transport electrons and protons, and how a proton gradient is generated. Iron-sulfur proteins and cytochromes are metalloproteins that transport electrons in the electron transport chain.
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It discusses:
1) Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen through a series of light-dependent and light-independent reactions in the chloroplasts of plants.
2) Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria of cells, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide, water, and ATP as energy for cells.
3) Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interconnected processes where photosynthesis produces the organic compounds that are broken down for energy through cellular respiration.
This presentation was prepared in order to take Lecture of students in a summarised way and to provide them with the short, sweet and concise notes. It is based on PCI syllabus and is meant for B. Pharm. Second Semester...
This document discusses bioenergetics and energy production through the TCA (Krebs) cycle. It defines bioenergetics as the part of biochemistry concerned with energy flow through living systems. It explains that living organisms obtain energy through breaking chemical bonds and oxidizing materials, often with oxygen. The energy is used to produce ATP, which acts as an energy battery. The TCA cycle is described as a series of chemical reactions that starts and ends with oxaloacetate, and produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn to generate energy.
Detailed description of photosynthesis and respiration along with a recap on enzymes (SIMPLIFIED)
For a good insight on bioenergetics visit http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html
1. ATP acts as a carrier of chemical energy within cells, undergoing phosphorylation and hydrolysis reactions.
2. During hydrolysis, ATP is broken down into ADP + Pi, releasing energy that powers cellular work like transport, mechanical work, and chemical reactions.
3. ATP can be regenerated through phosphorylation reactions coupled to exergonic processes like cellular respiration, using the energy released to drive the endergonic phosphorylation of ADP back to ATP.
This shuttling of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions via ATP hydrolysis and regeneration is essential for powering metabolism.
The document contains an email address and passages in different languages discussing God creating the heavens and earth through his power and arm, with nothing being too difficult for him. It praises God as great, mighty, and powerful with great counsel and deeds.
The document discusses energy transformations in living organisms. It explains that glucose is the main source of chemical energy for plants and animals. ATP is the energy currency of cells and is regenerated through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration can occur aerobically, using oxygen to produce more ATP, or anaerobically through fermentation without oxygen. Photosynthesis captures solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Plants have evolved C3, C4, and CAM pathways to photosynthesize that help conserve water in different environments.
1 Objectives • Measure carbon dioxide evolution and .docxjoyjonna282
1
Objectives
• Measure carbon dioxide evolution and
uptake in plants and animals.
• Study the effect of temperature on cell
respiration.
• compare respiration rates in germinating
and non-germinating peas.
Introduction
Energy is required by living organisms for
movement, transport, and growth. Nothing
happens without energy! The Sun is the
ultimate source of virtually all energy on the
planet Earth. Solar energy is captured by
plants through the process of photosynthesis.
The glucose molecules holding this energy are
broken down by metabolic processes, creating
usable energy for living systems.
Cellular respiration is a series of reactions in
which glucose molecules are broken down,
releasing stored chemical bond energy
(Figure 6.1). The released energy is used to
make the energy rich molecule ATP
(adenosine triphosphate). Carbon dioxide is
released as a by-product of the breakdown of
glucose. It is a crucial by-product from the
perspective of plants, because they need CO2
to perform photosynthesis.
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular
respiration, and it results in the net production
of two ATP molecules. In glycolysis, the 6-
carbon glucose molecules are “split” into two,
3-carbon pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules.
LAB TOPIC 6: RESPIRATION
Pyruvate has two potential routes – aerobic
respiration or anaerobic respiration [as either
lactate fermentation or alcohol fermentation]
(Figure 6.1).
1
In laboratory today, you will be examining
respiration in organisms that use aerobic
respiration, which makes use of oxygen. In
this pathway, pyruvate is broken down
completely, and h igh-energy electrons are
stripped away and passed through a series of
electron carriers. Energy is released at each
transfer, and is used to make a net 34 ATP
molecules. Oxygen is the final electron
acceptor in the electron transport system,
hence the name aerobic cellular respiration. In
lecture you will compare this process to
anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the
absence of oxygen or under low oxygen
conditions. The equation below summarizes
the process of aerobic respiration:
C6H12O6
+
6
O2
à 6
CO2
+
6
H2O
+
ATP
+
Heat
Glucose
Oxygen
Carbon
Water
Dioxide
Considering the equation for aerobic
respiration what variables could you measure
to monitor respiration rate?
Figure
6.1
Glycolysis
and
the
potential
fates
of
pyruvate
during
cellular
respiration.
2
2
Oxygen Consumption during Aerobic
Respiration
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the
terminal electron‐acceptor in the electron
transport chain and produces carbon dioxide
(see equation above). You can, therefore,
monitor the respiration rate of an organism by
measuring its uptake of oxygen or evo ...
This document describes mathematical models of the three main systems that produce energy in the human body: phosphocreatine (PC), anaerobic respiration, and aerobic respiration. Differential equations were formulated to model how these systems interact over time based on assumptions about the underlying chemical reactions and feedback loops. The models were fitted to data on world record running times using Bayesian inference to manipulate variables and match the energy output. This allowed studying how the different energy systems contribute at varying intensities and durations of exercise.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and partially oxidizes glucose to produce pyruvic acid, generating a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle then fully oxidizes pyruvic acid in the mitochondria, producing NADH, FADH2, and one GTP molecule. Oxygen is still required for the electron transport chain to generate the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation using the energy from NADH and FADH2.
This document discusses bioenergetics and how cells obtain and use energy. It explains that life requires energy to perform functions like muscle movement and cell growth. Energy exists in kinetic or potential forms. Cells capture energy from exergonic reactions through ATP synthesis, then use that stored energy from ATP hydrolysis to drive endergonic reactions. The main energy pathways involve breaking down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to form acetyl-CoA, which feeds into the Krebs cycle to generate ATP. This allows cells to couple energy inputs from food molecules to the outputs required for cellular work.
Enzymes are highly specific and catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy, not by supplying energy directly. Using heat would not selectively catalyze the desired biochemical reactions and could damage cellular components.
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It begins with an introduction to photosynthesis, noting that it occurs in chloroplasts and uses light to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. It then discusses the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, including the roles of ATP and NADPH. The document also describes the Calvin cycle and how it fixes carbon into glucose. It concludes with an introduction to cellular respiration and the different types and mechanisms, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert food energy from glucose into ATP energy through a series of metabolic pathways. It occurs in four main parts: glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain and chemiosmotic phosphorylation. These pathways take place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria and ultimately produce 36-38 ATP per glucose molecule through substrate-level phosphorylation and chemiosmotic phosphorylation. Cellular respiration and its production of ATP are essential for powering cellular work and processes.
Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to release energy. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate which enters the mitochondria, undergoing further breakdown through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. This releases carbon dioxide, water, and generates up to 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule for energy in the cell.
This document provides an overview of the biology syllabus for the A-Level core and applications topics, as well as paper 5 skills. It includes an index of topics covered and multi-paragraph explanations of energy and respiration, including the structure and function of ATP, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and chemiosmosis. The document was arranged by Marwa Fawzi, with contact information provided.
The document outlines photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration harvests the chemical energy stored in glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to produce ATP in aerobic organisms or byproducts like ethanol in anaerobic organisms. Both processes are essential for energy transfer within living systems.
How cells harvest or extract energy - Cell respirationVi Lia
Cellular respiration uses a series of metabolic pathways to extract energy from glucose and other food molecules in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and generates a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then enters the Krebs cycle where more ATP is produced. Electrons extracted from glucose are passed through protein complexes in the electron transport chain, powering ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. The overall process oxidizes glucose and other fuels completely to carbon dioxide and water, capturing their energy to make approximately 36 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
Photosynthetic organelle and its role in crop improvementSushrutMohapatra
Chloroplasts are organelles specializing in the conversion of radiant energy to chemical energy. The chloroplast is involved in photosynthesis and consequently cells that contain chloroplasts are autotrophic, which means that they are able to make their own food from inorganic molecules by using the radiant energy of sunlight. The chloroplast converts the radiant energy of the sun into chemical energy by producing organic matter from carbon dioxide and water. The individual reactions of photosynthesis span times from femtoseconds to hours and can be divided into two major groups, reactions that require light directly and reactions that do not require light directly. Chloroplasts contain the single most important pigment on earth, i.e., chlorophyll. They impart the characteristic green colour to plants and carry out photosynthesis, the ultimate source of all organic compounds. Chloroplasts are typically biconvex lens-shaped of about 5 u diameter and 3 µ thickness. However, they exhibit a large variation is size and shape. An average cell may have 20-40 chloroplasts. but some algae, e.g. Chlamydomonas, have a single chloroplast per cell. The average chemical composition of chloroplasts may be as follows: protein 50-59 per cent, lipid 21-34 per cent, chlorophyll 5-8 per cent. carotenoids 0.7-1.1 per cent, RNA 1-7.5 per cent, and DNA 0.2-1 per cent. Chlorophyll and carotenoid molecules are associated with chloroplast thylakoid membranes.
Cell Energy 2: Respiration & FermentationRobin Seamon
1. Cellular respiration involves a series of steps to break down glucose and produce ATP as energy.
2. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces some ATP. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in mitochondria to produce more ATP through aerobic respiration.
3. Without oxygen, glycolysis continues as lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation to produce a small amount of ATP. Large animals use lactic acid fermentation briefly during intense exercise when oxygen is limited.
Cellular respiration occurs in four stages to produce ATP from glucose:
1. Glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm, producing 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules.
2. Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, producing more NADH.
3. Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle in the mitochondria, producing 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, and 6 NADH as carbons are removed and oxidized.
4. Oxidative phosphorylation uses the electron transport chain to produce ATP from NADH and FADH2, yielding up to 34 additional ATP molecules.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured and used to produce ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where ATP and NADPH fuel the building of glucose molecules from carbon dioxide. Chlorophyll and other pigments absorb sunlight which is then used to split water, producing oxygen, protons and electrons. The electrons are passed through an electron transport chain which generates a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.
Contents –
INTRODUTION
PATHWAY OF ATP PRODUCTION
GLYCOLYSIS
PHASES
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
UTILIZATLION
ASSEMBLY OF MACROMOLECULES
ATP PROVIDES ENERGY BY GROUP TRANSFER
ATP ENERGIES ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND GROUP TRANSFER
GLOWING REPORTS OF ATP
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
IRJET- Energy Generating Gymnasiums Machines for Renewable, Sustainable and G...IRJET Journal
The document proposes a theoretical model called Energy Generating Gymnasium Systems (EGGS) that would harvest renewable energy from gym equipment. As people physically operate gym machines, their expended energy could be converted into electrical energy. This would provide clean, renewable energy for the gym and excess power could be sold back to the electric grid. The model is based on the idea that human physical activity represents a source of renewable energy, as our chemical energy from food intake can be transformed through motion. EGGS could help address energy demands and shortages by tapping into this untapped energy source from gym users.
The document discusses how cells obtain and store energy. Cells use photosynthesis or respiration to meet their energy needs. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to produce sugars and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, storing energy in the bonds of glucose. Respiration breaks down glucose to release energy, producing carbon dioxide and water. The energy is stored in ATP molecules through bonding phosphate groups. Cells need ATP for processes like active transport, cell division, and protein production.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorbs light which is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-storing molecules like glucose. The byproducts of photosynthesis like oxygen and glucose are essential for other organisms to survive.
Similar to Model of Energy Generation in Plant by the Cells of The Leafs During the Night (From 18:00 to 6:00). (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and limestone powder to replace cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Tests were conducted on SCC mixes with 0-50% replacement of cement with GGBS and 0-20% replacement with limestone powder. The results showed that replacing 30% of cement with GGBS and 15% with limestone powder produced SCC with the highest compressive strength of 46MPa, meeting fresh property requirements. The study concluded that this ternary blend of cement, GGBS and limestone powder can improve SCC properties while reducing costs.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 2 – CoE RolesDianaGray10
In this session, we will review the players involved in the CoE and how each role impacts opportunities.
Topics covered:
• What roles are essential?
• What place in the automation journey does each role play?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024Vadym Kazulkin
Java is for many years one of the most popular programming languages, but it used to have hard times in the Serverless community. Java is known for its high cold start times and high memory footprint, comparing to other programming languages like Node.js and Python. In this talk I'll look at the general best practices and techniques we can use to decrease memory consumption, cold start times for Java Serverless development on AWS including GraalVM (Native Image) and AWS own offering SnapStart based on Firecracker microVM snapshot and restore and CRaC (Coordinated Restore at Checkpoint) runtime hooks. I'll also provide a lot of benchmarking on Lambda functions trying out various deployment package sizes, Lambda memory settings, Java compilation options and HTTP (a)synchronous clients and measure their impact on cold and warm start times.
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
"What does it really mean for your system to be available, or how to define w...Fwdays
We will talk about system monitoring from a few different angles. We will start by covering the basics, then discuss SLOs, how to define them, and why understanding the business well is crucial for success in this exercise.
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMsSease
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
That is where AI – and most importantly, Natural Language Processing and Large Language Model techniques – could make a difference. This natural language, conversational engine could facilitate access and usage of the data leveraging the semantics of any data source.
The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
The key concept is to enable users to express their search queries in natural language, which the LLM then enriches, interprets, and translates into structured queries based on the Solr index’s metadata.
This approach leverages the LLM’s ability to understand the nuances of natural language and the structure of documents within Apache Solr.
The LLM acts as an intermediary agent, offering a transparent experience to users automatically and potentially uncovering relevant documents that conventional search methods might overlook. The presentation will include the results of this experimental work, lessons learned, best practices, and the scope of future work that should improve the approach and make it production-ready.
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMs
Model of Energy Generation in Plant by the Cells of The Leafs During the Night (From 18:00 to 6:00).
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 11, Issue 04 (April 2015), PP.53-59
53
Model of Energy Generation in Plant by the Cells of The Leafs
During the Night (From 18:00 to 6:00).
Godwin C. E. Mbah, 2
Titus Ifeanyi Chinebu, 3
Adanma Cecilia Eberendu
1
Department of Mathematics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
2, 3
Department of Computer Science, Madonna University, Elele, Nigeria
Abstract:- It is known fact that plants generates energy using the sunlight and that the intensity of the sun
drastically reduced from 18:00 hours to 6:00 hours (over the night). A mathematical model is presented to
describe the process and the energy generated by the cells in the leaf of a plant at this period. The model
equations are solved with graph showing the production level within the range of periods stated. This study
assumed that plants have already generated enough energy both stored and used. The result showed that plant
makes use of existing stored energy thus reducing the level of the stored energy until the next day when the
energy level begins to increase.
Keywords:- Energy, Photosynthesis, Equation, Carbon-dioxide, Plant, Sunlight
I. INTRODUCTION
Growth in plant is as a result of their ability to get light energy and change it into chemical energy,
which is used to fix carbon dioxide in order to produce food. The plant adapts and interacts with its environment
through the flow of energy and flow of gases and molecules produced between the plant and the environment.
However, all plant process including their manufacturing of food (photosynthesis), cell-enlargement, cell-
division, translocation, respiration, etc do work and consume energy. Plant generates its energy through the
process of photosynthesis with the help of its green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll when concentrated
into structures is known as chloroplast. The chlorophyll is the only structure capable of typing the sun energy or
other form of light energy.
Therefore, this study wish to know how the cells of the leaf of a plant generate this energy especially
during the night and what quantity generated are actually stored as a source of energy in other parts of the plant
for growth and other metabolic processes.
II. RELATED WORKS
Plant is divided into leaf, shoot, and root and according to Weisz (1980) and Guttmann (1983), plant
leaf consists of cells, which accommodates chloroplast that contains green pigment called chlorophyll. Plant
manufactures its energy in the leaf and stores them in the trunk, stems and roots in the form of carbohydrates,
proteins, vitamins, etc as well as those stored in the leafs. Weisz (1980) also states that in addition to the energy
subsequently generated by the leaf in the presence of light energy from the sun, the variation in the amount of
energy supplied by the plant is as a result of the variation in the energy generated by the cells of the leaf.
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: light dependent and light independent (dark) reactions. Cushman (2001)
stated the three phases of the light dependent reaction collectively called Calvin cycle as carbon fixation,
reduction reactions, and ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate (RUBP) regeneration. Light dependent reaction captures the
energy of light and uses it to make the energy storage and transport molecule ATP and NADPH (Campbell et al,
2006). The light independent reactions are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other components
into glucose. These reactions occur in the stoma. The fluid filled area of the chloroplast outside the thylakiod
membranes. This process takes the light dependent reaction and performs further chemical processes on them.
Despite its name, this process occurs only when light is available. Plants do not carry out Calvin cycle by night;
instead they release sucrose into the phloem from their starch reserve. This process happens when light is
available independent of the kind of photosynthesis (C3 Carbon fixation, C4 Carbon fixation, and Crassulacean
Acid Metabolism) CAM plants store malic acid in the vacuoles every night and release it by day in order to
make this process work (Cushman, 2001).
The key enzymes of the cycle are called RuBisCO. In the following biochemical equations, the
chemical species (phosphates and carboxylic acids) exist in equilibria among various ionized states or governed
2. Model of Energy Generation in Plant by the Cells of The Leafs During the Night (From 18:00 to 6:00).
54
by the pH. The enzymes in the Calvin cycle are equivalent to most enzymes used in other metabolic pathways
such as gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, but they are to be found in the chloroplast stoma
instead of the sell cytoplasm separating the reactions. They are activated in the light, and also byproduct of the
light dependent reaction. These regulatory functions prevent Calvin cycle from being respired to carbon dioxide.
Energy (in form of ATP) would be wasted in carry out these reactions that has no net production (Farazdaghi,
2009). The sum of the reaction in the Calvin cycle is the following
3CO2 + 6NADPH + 5H2O + 9ATP → glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) + 2H+
+ 6NADP+
+ 9ADP + 8Pi (Pi =
Inorganic phosphate)
Hexose (six-carbon) sugars are not a product of Calvin cycle. Although many texts list a product of
photosynthesis as
6CO2 + 6H2O +
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛
𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠
C6H12O6 + 6O2 aerobic respiration
This is mainly a convenience to counter the equation of respiration when six carbon sugars are oxidized in
mitochondria.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O +
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡
The carbon products of the Calvin cycle are three carbon sugar phosphate molecules or “triose phosphates”
namely glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) (Russell et al, 2010, Leegood, 2007). From the two processes shown
in the simplified equations above, photosynthesis absorbs energy (from the sunlight) where as aerobic
respiration yields energy ( as a result of the oxidation of the glucose the carbohydrate molecule) observe that
these are essentially completing processes, one producing glucose (photosynthesis) and the other consuming
glucose (respiration). During respiration, plants turn glucose into energy. Inside the cells, plants use energy to
turn glucose into energy. They also produce carbon dioxide and water. On sunny days, plant makes lots of
glucose which lasts for them through the night and through several cloudy days but they cannot store up lots of
glucose. If glucose is not used in respiration and other metabolic processes, they are turned into starch. Starch
can be stored in leaf cells and other parts of the plant for later use. Hence, we develop the model equation for the
energy generation for storage and usage by the plant during the night.
III. THE MODEL
In our model, the system of enzymes 𝑋 converts excess carbohydrate to starch and other
polysaccharides and is stored in the leaf, stem, branches and roots. Here all the stored energies will be sum up as
𝐸∗
. Using this therefore, we present the model equation as:
𝑑𝐸∗
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐸∗
− 𝑎2 𝑋𝐸0
∗
− 𝑎3 𝐸∗
− 𝑎4 𝐸∗
𝑒−𝛼(𝑡−𝑡∗)
(1)
𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑏1 𝐸∗
− 𝑏2 𝑋 (2)
where 𝑎2, 𝑎3, 𝑎4, 𝑏1, 𝑏2 are constants to be determined,
𝛼 is the factor associated with sunlight energy,
𝐸0
∗
is the quantity of starch/ glucose not used nor converted when the
sun goes down by 18:00,
𝑡∗
is the time when the sun energy seizes,
𝑡 is the time between 18:00 – 6:00,
𝐸∗
is enough carbohydrate already stored in the cell, and
𝑋 is the system of enzymes involved in the conversion process of the
carbohydrate to starch and other polysaccharides.
Solving these two equations (1) and (2) simultaneously by solving for the complementary and particular
solutions. The complimentary parts of equations (1) and (2) are:
Whose complimentary solutions are:
𝑑𝐸∗
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐸∗
− 𝑎2 𝑋𝐸0
∗
− 𝑎3 𝐸∗
− 𝑎4 𝐸∗
𝑒−𝛼(𝑡−𝑡∗)
(1)
𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑏1 𝐸∗
− 𝑏2 𝑋 (2)
𝐸𝐶
∗
𝑋 𝐶
=
𝜌
𝜇 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
(3)
From equation (1) and (2), we have the matrix co-efficient of the complimentary equation as:
3. Model of Energy Generation in Plant by the Cells of The Leafs During the Night (From 18:00 to 6:00).
55
𝑇 =
1 − 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 𝑒−𝛼(𝑡−𝑡∗)
−𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
𝑏1
−𝑏2
whose eigen-vector is given as:
1 − 𝑎3− 𝑎4 𝑒 𝑒−𝛼(𝑡−𝑡∗)
− 𝜆 −𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
𝑏1 −𝑏2 − 𝜆
= 0 (4)
which is evaluated as:
1 − 𝑎3− 𝑎4 𝑒−𝛼(𝑡−𝑡∗)
− 𝜆 −𝑏2 − 𝜆 − (𝑏1) −𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
= 0
𝜆2
+ 𝑎3 𝜆 + 𝑏2 𝜆 + 𝑎4 𝜆𝑒−𝛼(𝑡−𝑡∗)
− 𝜆 + 𝑎3 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 𝑏1 𝐸0
∗
+ 𝑎4 𝑏2 𝑒−𝛼(𝑡−𝑡∗)
− 𝑏2 = 0
𝜆2
+ (𝑎3 + 𝑏2 + 𝑎4 𝑒−𝛼(𝑡−𝑡∗)
− 1)𝜆 + 𝑎3 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 𝑏1 𝐸0
∗
+ 𝑎4 𝑏2 𝑒−𝛼(𝑡−𝑡∗)
− 𝑏2 = 0
solving for λ using 𝜆 =
−𝑏± 𝑏2−4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
we have:
𝜆 = {−(𝑎3 + 𝑏2 + 𝑎4 𝑒−𝛼 𝑡−𝑡∗
− 1)
± (𝑎3 + 𝑏2 + 𝑎4 𝑒−𝛼 𝑡−𝑡∗ − 1)2 − 4(𝑎3 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 𝑏1 𝐸0
∗
+ 𝑎4 𝑏2 𝑒−𝛼(𝑡−𝑡∗) − 𝑏2 ) }/2
𝜆 = (𝑎3 + 𝑏2 + 𝑎4 𝑒−𝛼 𝑡−𝑡∗
− 1)2
±
1
2
−(𝑎3 + 𝑏2 + 𝑎4 𝑒−𝛼(𝑡−𝑡∗)
− 1) − 4(𝑎3 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 𝑏1 𝐸0
∗
+ 𝑎4 𝑏2 𝑒−𝛼 𝑡−𝑡∗
− 𝑏2 }
1
2 (5)
For the particular solution this does not exist for any of the equations. Since the equations are solved
simultaneously, we have the solutions as:
𝐸𝑝
∗
𝑋 𝑝
=
𝐶
𝐷
(6)
If we differentiate this equation (6) with respect to “t” and then substitute into equations (1) and (3), we have
then that:
𝐸𝑝
∗
= 0
𝑋 𝑝 = 0
⟹ 0 = 𝐶 − 𝑎2 𝐷𝐸0
∗
− 𝑎3 𝐶 − 𝑎4 𝐶𝑒−𝛼(𝑡−𝑡∗)
0 = 𝑏1 𝐶 − 𝑏2 𝐷
𝑎2 𝐷𝐸0
∗
= 𝐶 − 𝑎3 𝐶 – 𝑎4 𝐶𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗)
𝑏2 𝐷 = 𝑏1 𝐶
(𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
)𝐷 = (1 − 𝑎3 𝐶 – 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗)
)𝐶 (7)
(𝑏2)𝐷 = (𝑏1)𝐶 (8)
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐶 =
𝑏2 𝐷
𝑏1
(9)
Substituting equation (9) into (7), we have:
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
𝐷 = (1 − 𝑎3 𝐶 – 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗)
)
𝑏2 𝐷
𝑏1
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
𝐷𝑏1 = 𝐷(𝑏2 − 𝑎3 𝑏2 – 𝑎4 𝑏2 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗)
)
⟹ {𝑎2 𝑏1 𝐸0
∗
− (𝑏2 − 𝑎3 𝑏2 – 𝑎4 𝑏2 𝑒−∝ 𝑡−𝑡∗
)}𝐷 = 0
⟹ 𝐷 = 0
Since D = 0, C = 0 (10)
Thus:
𝐸𝑝
∗
𝑋 𝑝
=
0
0
(11)
4. Model of Energy Generation in Plant by the Cells of The Leafs During the Night (From 18:00 to 6:00).
56
From equation (3) and (11) we have the general solution to equation (1) and (2) as;
𝐸∗
𝑋
=
𝐸𝐶
∗
𝑋 𝐶
+
𝐸 𝑃
∗
𝑋 𝑃
So that more explicitly we have:
𝐸∗
(𝑡) = 𝜌𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗)
+ 0 (12)
𝑋 𝑡 = µ𝑒 𝑘𝑡∗
+ 0 (13)
From these two equations; (12) and (13), we need to find the expression for “𝜌” and “µ”. Thus using equation
(3), we have:
𝐸𝐶
∗
𝑋 𝐶
=
𝜌
µ
𝑒 𝑘𝑡
=
𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ 𝜌2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
µ1
𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ µ2
𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
Where k = λ
This means that:
𝐸𝐶
∗
= 𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ 𝜌2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡 (14)
𝑋 𝐶 = µ1
𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ µ2
𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
(15)
If we differentiate these and substitute into (1) and (2), we then get:
𝑘1 𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ 𝑘2 𝜌2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
= 𝐸∗
− 𝑎2 𝑋𝐸0
∗
− 𝑎3 𝐸∗
− 𝑎4 𝐸∗
𝑒−𝛼(𝑡−𝑡∗)
(a)
𝑘1µ1
𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ 𝑘2µ2
𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
= 𝑏1 𝐸∗
− 𝑏2 𝑋 (b)
Using equation (a) and substituting appropriately for 𝑋 𝐶 and 𝐸𝐶 using equation (14) and (15), we have:
𝜌1 𝑘1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ 𝜌2 𝑘2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
= 𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ 𝜌2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
− 𝑎2(µ1
𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ µ2
𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
) 𝐸0
∗
−𝑎3 (𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ 𝜌2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
) − 𝑎4 (𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ 𝜌2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
) 𝑒−𝛼 𝑡−𝑡∗
𝜌1 𝑘1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
− 𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ 𝑎3 𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ 𝑎4 𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
𝑒−𝛼 𝑡−𝑡∗
+ 𝜌2 𝑘2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
− 𝜌2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
+ 𝑎3 𝜌2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
+𝑎4 𝜌2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
𝑒−𝛼 𝑡−𝑡∗
= − 𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
µ1
𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
− 𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
µ2
𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
Equating terms of corresponding coefficients, we have:
(𝐾1 – 1 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗)
)𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1𝑡
= −𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
µ1
𝑒 𝑘1𝑡
(𝐾2 – 1 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗)
)𝜌2 𝑒 𝑘2𝑡
= −𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
µ2
𝑒 𝑘2𝑡
(𝐾1 – 1 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗)
)𝑝1 = −𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
µ1
(𝐾2 – 1 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗)
)𝑝2 = −𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
µ2
(𝐾1 – 1 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 𝑒−∝ 𝑡−𝑡∗
)𝜌1
−𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
𝐾2 – 1 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 𝑒−∝ 𝑡−𝑡∗
𝜌2
−𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
(16)
Substituting these values appropriately into equations (12) and (13) gives:
𝐸∗
(𝑡) = 𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ 𝜌2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡 (17)
where
𝜌𝑒 𝑘𝑡
= 𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ 𝜌2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
𝑋 (𝑡) = µ1
𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ µ2
𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
(18)
where
µ𝑒 𝑘𝑡
= µ1
𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ µ2
𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
Substituting 𝜇1 and 𝜇2 we have:
𝑋(𝑡) =
−(𝐾1 – 1 + 𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗))𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗ −
(𝐾2 – 1 + 𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗))𝜌2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗ (19)
From these two equations, we need to find the value of 𝜌1 and 𝜌2 at a given time “t” and let this time “t” be t=t+
which will be any comfortable time of interest. This, using our t* as our starting time of count such that t+
= t*,
solving equations (38) and (40) simultaneously, we obtain:
𝐸∗+
= 𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ 𝜌2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
(17)
𝑋+
=
−(𝐾1 – 1 + 𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗))𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗ −
(𝐾2 – 1 + 𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗))𝜌2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗ (19)
5. Model of Energy Generation in Plant by the Cells of The Leafs During the Night (From 18:00 to 6:00).
57
From equation (17) we have:
𝐸∗+
= 𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
+ 𝜌2 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
𝐸∗+
− 𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
𝑒−𝑘2 𝑡
= 𝜌2 (20)
Substituting into equation (19) we have;
𝑋+
=
−(𝐾1 – 1 + 𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗))𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗ −
(𝐾2 – 1 + 𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗)) 𝐸∗+−𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡 𝑒−𝑘2 𝑡 𝑒 𝑘2 𝑡
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
𝑋+
=
−(𝐾1 – 1 + 𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗))𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗ −
(𝐾2 – 1 + 𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗)) 𝐸∗+
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗ +
(𝐾2 – 1 + 𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗)) 𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
𝑋+
+
𝐸∗+ 𝐾2 – 1 + 𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝ 𝑡−𝑡∗
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗ =
−(𝐾1 – 1 + 𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗))𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗ +
(𝐾2 – 1 + 𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗)) 𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
𝑋+
+
𝐸∗+ 𝐾2 – 1 + 𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝ 𝑡−𝑡∗
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗ =
−(𝐾1 – 1+1 + 𝑎3−𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝ 𝑡−𝑡∗
−𝑎4 𝑒−∝(𝑡−𝑡∗))𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
𝜌1 𝑒 𝑘1 𝑡
.
𝐾2−𝐾1
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗ = 𝑋+
+
𝐸∗+ 𝐾2 – 1 + 𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝ 𝑡−𝑡∗
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
𝜌1 =
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
𝐾2−𝐾1
𝑒−𝑘1 𝑡
X+
+ E∗+
𝐾2 – 1 + 𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝ 𝑡−𝑡∗
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗ (21)
But equation (20) may also be written as:
𝜌1 = 𝐸∗+
− 𝜌2 𝑒−𝑘1 𝑡
(22)
Substituting the above equation we have:
𝜌2 =
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗
𝐾2−𝐾1
𝑒−𝑘2 𝑡
X+
+ E∗+ 𝐾1 – 1 + 𝑎3+ 𝑎4 𝑒−∝ 𝑡−𝑡∗
𝑎2 𝐸0
∗ (23)
IV. DISCUSSION
In this model, we considered many variables as earlier stated and thus we had a fairly good model. Of
particular importance to be mentioned among the parameters here are the quantity of starch or glucose not used
nor converted when the sun goes down by 18:00 and the system of enzymes involved in the conversion process
of the carbohydrate to starch, and other polysaccharides. In showing how well this model predicts what happens
in the leaf, we made some assumptions about the values of the constants as well as other parameters in the
model. Thus, we assumed that 𝑎2 = 0.04, 𝑎3 = 0.04, 𝑎4 = 0.03, 𝑏1 = 0.27, 𝑏2 = 0.033, 𝐸∗
= 120, 𝐸0
∗
=
20, 𝑋 = 1.5, 𝑡 = 18
Figure 1: Production of energy at night
18 20 22 24 26 28 30
119.35
119.4
119.45
119.5
119.55
119.6
6. Model of Energy Generation in Plant by the Cells of The Leafs During the Night (From 18:00 to 6:00).
58
Figure1 shows that at 18.00 hour, production of carbohydrate or energy continues to reduce sharply
until 24.00 hour where there exists, a slower reduction rate of carbohydrate or energy. This simply indicates that
the plant is not generating more energy but rather making use of the already generated/stored ones. From the
biological view, it has been proposed that plants do not perform photosynthesis at night because there is no light
and they need light energy to do this. And since is not making more food, they shut down (close) their guard
cells accommodated in the stomata thereby not allowing the passage of carbon dioxide while oxygen production
within the leaf will continue. Farazdaghi (2009) stated that at night, or in the absence of light, photosynthesis
essentially cease, and respiration is the dominant process; the plant consumes food (for growth and other
metabolic processes). However, if the concentration of carbon dioxide is low, the enzyme that captures them in
the light independent reaction will bind oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. This process called photorespiration
uses energy but does not produce sugar. This is known as RuBisCO oxygenate activity and is disadvantageous
to plants as one of its product is 2-phosphoglycolate (2 carbon) instead of 3-phosphoglycolate (3 carbon) and
this represents loss of carbon. Also it drains the sugars that are required to recycle ribose 5-bisphospate and for
the continuation of the Calvin-Benson cycle.
V. CONCLUSION
However, by the modeled equation, where E*
representing the quantity of starch/glucose not used nor
converted, continues to decrease from 119.55 units at 18.00 hour to 119.38 units at 30.00hour. This can be
attributed to the fact that at night, plants cannot make food, but they perform cellular respiration
(photorespiration) which is an oxidative process that converts sugar and starch into energy using oxygen.
Energy stored as chemical energy is as a result of photosynthesis in the day (i.e. between 6.00 hour – 18.00
hour). Carbohydrate, protein etc. is continually released in living cells during the process of respiration.
Basically, photosynthesis creates and stores energy and respiration releases energy, allowing the plant to take up
water, building new cells and grow, and basically run all other growth processes. Unlike photosynthesis,
respiration does not depend on light, so it occurs at any time, even during the night as well as the day. Stomata
(singular stoma) which are microscopic openings on the undersurface of leaves that allow gas exchange and
water evaporation from inside the leaf closes when the plant is under water stress and at night. When closed,
CO2 needed for Calvin cycle cannot enter. Since the concentration of CO2 is low, oxygen will bind to the active
site of RuBisCO. When oxygen is bound to RuBisCO, RuBP is broken down and CO2 is released. This wastes
energy and is of no use to the plant. It is called photorespiration because oxygen is taken up and CO2 is released.
Normally, photosynthesis reduces CO2 to carbohydrate, but because oxygen is taken up and 𝐶𝑂2 is released,
further production of energy is not allowed at night. The plant only make use of the already stored energy
thereby reducing the level of the stored energy until the next day when the energy level begins to increase, as
production of energy through photosynthesis will commence.
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