The document defines key networking concepts including clients, servers, hosts, mainframes, grid computing, Ethernet, peer-to-peer networks, LANs, WANs, VLANs, the internet, intranets, extranets, VPNs, routers, switches, hubs, optical fiber, cables, WiFi, WiMax, Bluetooth, network operating systems, storage area networks, RAID, network administration, access control, authentication, authorization, accountability, computer security, physical security, network policies, ethics, protocols, synchronous and asynchronous communication, remote access, bandwidth, broadband, and bit rates.

2. Client, Host, Server
 Server- applications or systems available to clients and
hosts
 Interconnects clients with hosts
 Host- is the main server
 Clients use what is provided by the server

3. Mainframe, Supercompute
rs
 Synonymous of each other
 Powerful computers used by corporate &
government organization
 Used for processing bulk data such as a census

4. Grid Computing, Distributed
Processing
 Grid computing- combination of computer resources
 Distributed processing- how the grid computing
works

5. Ethernet, Peer-to-peer
(P2P)
 Ethernet divides data into packets
 Each frame contains source and destination
addresses and error-checking data
 P2P is am application that distributes workloads
among peers

6. Local Area Network (LAN),
Wide Area Network (WAN)
 LAN is a computer network that interconnects
computers in a limited area
 WAN is a telecommunication network that covers a
broad area
 Businesses and governments use WANs to relay
data

7. Virtual LAN (VLAN), Wireless
LAN (WLAN)
 VLAN is a group of hosts with a common set of
requirements
 WLAN links two or more devices using one of
several wireless distribution methods

8. Internet, Intranet, Extranet
 Internet is publically shared throughout anyone who
has access to it
 Intranet is a private network that is accessible only
to people of the same company or organization
 Extranet allows access with the use of a username
and password

9. Virtual Private Network
 Uses public telecommunication
 Provides remote offices or traveling users access to
a central organized network
 Users have to be authenticated

10. Routers, Switches, Hubs
 Routers perform the “traffic directing”
 Forward data packets between computer networks
 Switch- small hardware device that joins multiple
computers together within one (LAN)
 They are capable of inspecting data packets as they are
received
 Hub- small, simple, inexpensive device that joins multiple
computers together
 Support the Ethernet standard

11. Optical Fiber, Cables
 Optical fiber- the medium and technology associated
with the transmission of information as light pulses
along a glass or plastic strand or fiber
 Carry much more information than conventional
copper wire
 Cables are basic tools used to share data or
transmit power

12. Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)
 Used to wirelessly connect electronic devices
 300-600 feet of range depending on strength
 Requires a wireless network or an internet hot spot

13. WiMax
 WiMAX is a wireless digital communications system
that is intended for wireless "metropolitan area
networks”
 It can provide broadband wireless access (BWA) up
to 30 miles for fixed stations, and 3-10 miles for
mobile stations

14. Bluetooth
 Bluetooth is a very simple type of wireless
networking
 It sends out a weak connection that is only picked up
by devices within a 32 foot range
 Bluetooth uses a technique called
spread-spectrum frequency
hopping

15. Network Operating System
(NOS) & Utility Software
 NOS is the software that runs on a server and
enables the server to manage data, users, etc
 Utility software is a kind of system software
designed to help analyze, configure, optimize and
maintain the computer
 Usually focuses on how the computer infrastructure
operates
 Utilities are often rather technical and targeted at
people with an advanced level of computer
knowledge

16. Storage Area Network (SAN) &
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
(RAID)
 SAN is a dedicated network that provides access to
consolidated, block level data storage
 They are primarily used to make storage devices
 RAIDs are used for their higher reliability and data-
transfer rate, rather than for economic reasons

18. Introduction to Network
Administration
 A network administrator is a person who’s job is to
monitor, install, configure and repair network
equipment
 Also, in some companies a network admin can
involve themselves in fixing some of the computers
on the network.

19. Access Control
Gaining admission to a network requires both
Identification and Authentication.
Identification: State your identity.
Authentication: Prove it.

20. Authentication
 Network authentication is usually based off of having
one or more of the following:
 Something you know: a password, or possibly a PIN
 Something you have: a key, ID card
 Something you are: fingerprints, retinas/iris, voice
 Somewhere you are: proximity to a certain place

21. Authorization
 This is applied once a user has access to network.
 Authorization dictates what a “subject” can do to the
system once they have access
 “One-Note, Google Docs”
 Sometimes these are called “Permissions”

22. Accountability
 Just as the Authorization system tells you what you
can do, a system for Accountability monitors what
you did.
 These systems will monitor things like:
 Applications used
 Internet history
 Time spent on the network

23. Computers & Security
 Firewall: a device set up to deny access to a
network if a computer does not match a set of
requirements
 Proxy: a server used to access other computers
 License: gives a owner the right to use a network or
software (single user, multi-user, network-wide)
 Encryption: Information transformed using a cypher
that will seem useless unless one has a certain key
to have it make sense.

24. Physical Security
 Networks and mainframe data centers can also be
protected physically.
 Locks and doors
 Extra authentification requirements
 Surveillance
 Security Guards
 Ext…

25. Network Policies
 These are the rules, guidelines and constraints that
dictate how and what things can be done on a
network.
 These will also dictate how the network is protected
from corruption and is archived.
 A more physical policy used to protect data centers
is that of UPS (uninterruptable power supply)

26. Ethics
 Networks can also be used in more unethical
ways, such as spreading viruses, spam and other
hindrances
 Many people/companies/schools have network rules
that employees must follow while on their network

28. Protocols
 A set of rules that governs the communications
between computers on a network
 To communicate, two computers must speak the
same “language”
 Different network protocols allow any computer to
communicate around the world

29. Synchronous &
Asynchronous
 The two different ways used communicating over a
physical circuit
 Synchronous- This connection negotiation process
takes longer on a low error-rate, but is better with
systems that the transmission medium is not very
reliable
 Transmissions are synced by external clock

30. Synchronous & Asynchronous
Continued
 Asynchronous- Called “best effort” transmission
because on side transmits and the other receives
(the best it can)
 Transmissions synchronized by signals

31. Remote Access
 People are able to access data or resources from a
remote location.
 Traditional remote access solutions used dial-up
technologies to allow employees to connect to an
office network via telephone networks connecting to
remote access servers

32. Bandwidth & Broadband
 Bandwidth- The amount of
communication resources
used or vacant expressed in
bits/second
 Broadband- The
telecommunications signal
or device of a
greater bandwidth than
another signal or device
(the broader the band, the
greater the capacity for
traffic)

33. Bit Rates
 The number of bits that are conveyed or processed
per unit of time