what is network protocols?
n networking, a protocol is a set of rules for formatting and processing data. Network protocols are like a common language for computers. The computers within a network may use vastly different software and hardware; however, the use of protocols enables them to communicate with each other regardless.
Provide first level remote help desk supportGera Paulos
The document provides guidance on how to provide detailed client support for a technical problem by outlining 7 key steps:
1. Determine the nature of the problem and describe what is lacking to solve it.
2. Research and determine a possible solution, listing any required hardware, software, or training.
3. Discuss the suggested solution with others and seek approval to implement it.
4. Implement the approved solution.
5. Create documentation about the new system for the client.
6. Provide face-to-face instruction to the client based on the documentation.
7. Create a feedback form and seek client feedback on the instruction to identify areas for improvement.
This document provides information on determining the best network topology. It describes the key types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, hybrid and tree. For each topology, it outlines the basic design, how communication works, advantages and disadvantages. The document is intended to help identify the appropriate topology based on factors like equipment, growth needs, management approach and more.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of serotonin and endorphins which elevate mood and may help prevent mental illness.
This document provides information about network topologies and media access methods. It begins by defining a network topology as the physical layout of computers on a network. The four primary network topologies are then described as star, bus, ring, and mesh. Communication methods for bus, ring, and star topologies are explained. Hybrid topologies that combine elements of different primary topologies are also introduced. The document concludes by discussing two common media access methods: CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA.
This document discusses network monitoring tools and techniques. It defines network monitoring as the process of collecting network activity statistics to inform management decisions. Regular monitoring is needed to troubleshoot problems, identify slow or failing components, and notify administrators of outages. Common diagnostic tools discussed include Ping, Traceroute, Ipconfig and Netstat which can test connectivity and determine device availability. The document also outlines some network monitoring platforms and utilities that can perform specialized tasks like protocol analysis, connectivity testing and log analysis.
The document discusses configuring and administering servers. It defines network operating systems and their characteristics. A network OS is software that runs on a server and enables it to manage networking functions. It also defines servers and their roles in providing services and resources to users. The document outlines learning outcomes related to confirming server specifications, verifying compatibility and interoperability, and configuring and testing servers.
how to configure the wireless local area network? the general steps of configure the WLAN and its needed equipment are computer, Ethernet cable and network devices...
Provide first level remote help desk supportGera Paulos
The document provides guidance on how to provide detailed client support for a technical problem by outlining 7 key steps:
1. Determine the nature of the problem and describe what is lacking to solve it.
2. Research and determine a possible solution, listing any required hardware, software, or training.
3. Discuss the suggested solution with others and seek approval to implement it.
4. Implement the approved solution.
5. Create documentation about the new system for the client.
6. Provide face-to-face instruction to the client based on the documentation.
7. Create a feedback form and seek client feedback on the instruction to identify areas for improvement.
This document provides information on determining the best network topology. It describes the key types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, hybrid and tree. For each topology, it outlines the basic design, how communication works, advantages and disadvantages. The document is intended to help identify the appropriate topology based on factors like equipment, growth needs, management approach and more.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of serotonin and endorphins which elevate mood and may help prevent mental illness.
This document provides information about network topologies and media access methods. It begins by defining a network topology as the physical layout of computers on a network. The four primary network topologies are then described as star, bus, ring, and mesh. Communication methods for bus, ring, and star topologies are explained. Hybrid topologies that combine elements of different primary topologies are also introduced. The document concludes by discussing two common media access methods: CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA.
This document discusses network monitoring tools and techniques. It defines network monitoring as the process of collecting network activity statistics to inform management decisions. Regular monitoring is needed to troubleshoot problems, identify slow or failing components, and notify administrators of outages. Common diagnostic tools discussed include Ping, Traceroute, Ipconfig and Netstat which can test connectivity and determine device availability. The document also outlines some network monitoring platforms and utilities that can perform specialized tasks like protocol analysis, connectivity testing and log analysis.
The document discusses configuring and administering servers. It defines network operating systems and their characteristics. A network OS is software that runs on a server and enables it to manage networking functions. It also defines servers and their roles in providing services and resources to users. The document outlines learning outcomes related to confirming server specifications, verifying compatibility and interoperability, and configuring and testing servers.
how to configure the wireless local area network? the general steps of configure the WLAN and its needed equipment are computer, Ethernet cable and network devices...
This document provides information about planning and designing internet infrastructure. It defines internet infrastructure as the collection of hardware and software that enables internet operations, including transmission lines, routing equipment, DNS, email servers, databases, and other critical components. The key components of internet infrastructure are data centers, networks, computer equipment, storage services, and server applications. Common transmission media for internet infrastructure are coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, and fiber optic cable.
This document provides information about setting up and managing a help desk to provide first level remote support. It discusses key terms related to client support and help desks. It explains the different roles and responsibilities within a help desk support system. These include first, second, and third level support technicians who handle issues escalated from previous tiers. The document also outlines important hard skills like technical expertise and soft skills like communication that help desk technicians require to effectively support clients remotely.
Identifying and resolving network problemsGera Paulos
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of exercise on memory and thinking abilities in older adults. The study found that regular exercise can help reduce the decline in thinking abilities that often occurs with age. Specifically, older adults who exercised regularly performed better on memory and thinking tests compared to those who did not exercise regularly.
installing and optimizing operating system software Jaleto Sunkemo
This document provides information about installing and optimizing operating system software. It discusses determining the functions of operating systems, comparing different operating systems, and installing and configuring the Windows operating system. Key topics covered include the components and features of operating systems, popular operating systems like Windows and MacOS, and how operating systems manage system resources and security.
install and manage network protocol .pptxTadeseBeyene
Network protocols allow devices to communicate over a network by establishing rules for data transmission. Protocols define syntax, semantics and timing for exchanging information between devices in an easy, reliable and secure manner. Common network protocols include TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and more which perform functions like routing, file transfers, instant messaging and more. Protocols must be implemented in software, operating systems or hardware for devices to communicate using the standardized rules.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Administrate network and hardware peripherals Lecture #1Gera Paulos
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to experience these benefits.
The document discusses various network connectivity devices including network interface cards (NICs), repeaters, hubs, bridges, and switches. It provides details on the functions and operations of each device. NICs receive and transmit data to and from the network, converting electrical signals to data packets. Repeaters and hubs extend network reach but do not filter or prioritize traffic. Bridges split a network into segments and filter traffic by MAC address. Switches learn MAC addresses to selectively transmit frames to destination ports, improving network efficiency over hubs.
A wireless LAN allows computers and devices to connect to a local area network without wires. It works by using radio waves to transmit and receive data between devices within a small area. The document discusses the technologies used to implement wireless LANs and their advantages and disadvantages, but also includes an off-topic question about stealing a neighbor's stock tips that is unrelated to the main topic.
The document provides information about configuring and administering a server. It discusses server specifications, compatibility, configuration and testing. It defines what a server and network operating system are. The document outlines different server types including file, print, application, mail, terminal and remote access servers. It also covers client support, communication, users and groups, Windows server editions, UNIX/Linux servers, network computer groups, and items that need to be configured on a server like services, authentication, and authorization.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used in computer networks, including guided and unguided media. It focuses on the three primary types of cables used to build local area networks (LANs): coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, and fiber optic cable. For each cable type, the document describes the cable construction, common varieties used in networking, maximum data transmission speeds, and typical applications. Twisted-pair cable is highlighted as the most common medium in modern LANs.
Care for Network and Computer Hardware L-2 (3).pptxaytenewbelay1
This document provides information about computer hardware components, both internal and external. It discusses the main internal components like the motherboard, CPU, power supply, and storage devices. It also covers external peripherals like monitors, keyboards, printers, and scanners. The document then discusses computer networks, including the advantages of networking computers, types of networks based on coverage area (LAN, MAN, WAN), and types based on configuration (peer-to-peer and server-based networks). Finally, it introduces some specialized servers used in large networks.
This document provides information about operating a personal computer. It discusses starting the computer by checking peripheral connections and power input. It defines peripheral devices as those connected but not core to the computer, like input devices (mouse, keyboard), output devices (monitor, printer) and storage devices. It details starting the learning process to operate the computer and applications, including navigating the desktop environment, organizing files and folders, printing, and using word processing.
Computer Keyboard and Proper Finger Positioning
What is keyboard?
A keyboard is a peripheral device that enables a user to input text into a computer or any other electronic machinery. A keyboard is an input device and is the most basic way for the user to communicate with a computer..
The document discusses policies for client support, including defining what a policy is, the skills and knowledge needed to assist with policy development requests from clients, common client support issues and requests, the roles of help desk operators, and an eight step policy development cycle involving issue identification, analysis, consultation, instrument development, coordination, decision making, implementation, and evaluation. It provides information on developing and modifying policies to meet the needs of clients requesting changes or improvements to support policies and procedures.
This presentation summarizes a thesis on comparing hardware and software troubleshooting tools. The thesis discusses various hardware tools like cable testers, crimpers, multimeters, POST cards, and LSA punch down tools. It also examines software tools such as Putty, Ping, Tracert, Network Monitor, Ipconfig, Nslookup, and Netstat. The goal is to identify the best troubleshooting tools capable of solving computer problems by discussing their functions and how they can be used for network and system troubleshooting. In conclusion, the thesis compares different hardware and software troubleshooting methods.
I have discussed about the common problem of network issues of a computer . How we can find out what is the bug on our network wizerd and what should we do for that perticular problem . I also discussed about the physical hardware problem and how to find out what the problem is and what is the way to find the solution for it . If you think for a problem that i am finished or my machine is finished it is your foolishness . So you can read my slides and can find out the problem and their solution .
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks and the internet. It defines a network as a collection of interconnected computers and devices that allow sharing of resources. It describes the basic components of a network like computers, network interface cards, cables, and technical knowledge. It also summarizes different types of networks including LAN, MAN and WAN and factors to consider when choosing a network. The document then defines the internet and summarizes how it works, common internet services, and how people use the internet. It also discusses internet connections, internet service providers, URLs and common types of internet connections.
This document discusses creating technical documentation. It covers identifying documentation needs through analyzing requirements and collecting stakeholder input. It also discusses designing documentation through defining templates, styles, audience and functions. The document outlines developing documentation by writing content that meets requirements and extracting information while respecting copyright. It provides guidance on structuring documentation through organizing basic elements and giving readers different levels of detail. The goal is to help technical writers design and develop documentation that is accurate, easy to understand and meets user needs.
The document provides guidance on planning and designing an infrastructure for Microsoft SQL Server 2008 and SQL Server 2008 R2. It outlines a 7-step process for determining requirements and designing the database engine, Integration Services, Analysis Services, Reporting Services, and Master Data Services components. Each step involves gathering requirements, making design decisions, and determining placement of servers and instances. The document also includes examples, job aids, and benefits of using the provided guidance.
This document provides an overview of network protocols for a training course. It defines what protocols are, their basic functions, and examples of common protocols like HTTP, FTP, and IP. It also discusses how protocols are implemented, their levels, types (standard vs proprietary), key elements (syntax, semantics, timing), and how they allow devices to communicate by establishing rules for data transmission.
iot.pptx related to technology which existVINODN33
The Internet of things (IoT) describes devices with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks.[1][2][3][4][5] The Internet of things encompasses electronics, communication, and computer science engineering. "Internet of things" has been considered a misnomer because devices do not need to be connected to the public internet; they only need to be connected to a network[6] and be individually addressable.[7][8]
The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, including ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors, and increasingly powerful embedded systems, as well as machine learning.[9] Older fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), independently and collectively enable the Internet of things.[10] In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with "smart home" products, including devices and appliances (lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems, cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers. IoT is also used in healthcare systems.[11]
The Internet of things (IoT) describes devices with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks.[1][2][3][4][5] The Internet of things encompasses electronics, communication, and computer science engineering. "Internet of things" has been considered a misnomer because devices do not need to be connected to the public internet; they only need to be connected to a network[6] and be individually addressable.[7][8]
The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, including ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors, and increasingly powerful embedded systems, as well as machine learning.[9] Older fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), independently and collectively enable the Internet of things.[10] In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with "smart home" products, including devices and appliances (lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems, cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers. IoT is also used in healthcare systems.[11]
he extensive set of applications for IoT devices[31] is often divided into consumer, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure spaces.[32][33]
Consumers
A growing portion of IoT devices is created for consumer use, including connected vehicles, home automation, wearable technology, connected health, and appli
This document provides information about planning and designing internet infrastructure. It defines internet infrastructure as the collection of hardware and software that enables internet operations, including transmission lines, routing equipment, DNS, email servers, databases, and other critical components. The key components of internet infrastructure are data centers, networks, computer equipment, storage services, and server applications. Common transmission media for internet infrastructure are coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, and fiber optic cable.
This document provides information about setting up and managing a help desk to provide first level remote support. It discusses key terms related to client support and help desks. It explains the different roles and responsibilities within a help desk support system. These include first, second, and third level support technicians who handle issues escalated from previous tiers. The document also outlines important hard skills like technical expertise and soft skills like communication that help desk technicians require to effectively support clients remotely.
Identifying and resolving network problemsGera Paulos
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of exercise on memory and thinking abilities in older adults. The study found that regular exercise can help reduce the decline in thinking abilities that often occurs with age. Specifically, older adults who exercised regularly performed better on memory and thinking tests compared to those who did not exercise regularly.
installing and optimizing operating system software Jaleto Sunkemo
This document provides information about installing and optimizing operating system software. It discusses determining the functions of operating systems, comparing different operating systems, and installing and configuring the Windows operating system. Key topics covered include the components and features of operating systems, popular operating systems like Windows and MacOS, and how operating systems manage system resources and security.
install and manage network protocol .pptxTadeseBeyene
Network protocols allow devices to communicate over a network by establishing rules for data transmission. Protocols define syntax, semantics and timing for exchanging information between devices in an easy, reliable and secure manner. Common network protocols include TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and more which perform functions like routing, file transfers, instant messaging and more. Protocols must be implemented in software, operating systems or hardware for devices to communicate using the standardized rules.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Administrate network and hardware peripherals Lecture #1Gera Paulos
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to experience these benefits.
The document discusses various network connectivity devices including network interface cards (NICs), repeaters, hubs, bridges, and switches. It provides details on the functions and operations of each device. NICs receive and transmit data to and from the network, converting electrical signals to data packets. Repeaters and hubs extend network reach but do not filter or prioritize traffic. Bridges split a network into segments and filter traffic by MAC address. Switches learn MAC addresses to selectively transmit frames to destination ports, improving network efficiency over hubs.
A wireless LAN allows computers and devices to connect to a local area network without wires. It works by using radio waves to transmit and receive data between devices within a small area. The document discusses the technologies used to implement wireless LANs and their advantages and disadvantages, but also includes an off-topic question about stealing a neighbor's stock tips that is unrelated to the main topic.
The document provides information about configuring and administering a server. It discusses server specifications, compatibility, configuration and testing. It defines what a server and network operating system are. The document outlines different server types including file, print, application, mail, terminal and remote access servers. It also covers client support, communication, users and groups, Windows server editions, UNIX/Linux servers, network computer groups, and items that need to be configured on a server like services, authentication, and authorization.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used in computer networks, including guided and unguided media. It focuses on the three primary types of cables used to build local area networks (LANs): coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, and fiber optic cable. For each cable type, the document describes the cable construction, common varieties used in networking, maximum data transmission speeds, and typical applications. Twisted-pair cable is highlighted as the most common medium in modern LANs.
Care for Network and Computer Hardware L-2 (3).pptxaytenewbelay1
This document provides information about computer hardware components, both internal and external. It discusses the main internal components like the motherboard, CPU, power supply, and storage devices. It also covers external peripherals like monitors, keyboards, printers, and scanners. The document then discusses computer networks, including the advantages of networking computers, types of networks based on coverage area (LAN, MAN, WAN), and types based on configuration (peer-to-peer and server-based networks). Finally, it introduces some specialized servers used in large networks.
This document provides information about operating a personal computer. It discusses starting the computer by checking peripheral connections and power input. It defines peripheral devices as those connected but not core to the computer, like input devices (mouse, keyboard), output devices (monitor, printer) and storage devices. It details starting the learning process to operate the computer and applications, including navigating the desktop environment, organizing files and folders, printing, and using word processing.
Computer Keyboard and Proper Finger Positioning
What is keyboard?
A keyboard is a peripheral device that enables a user to input text into a computer or any other electronic machinery. A keyboard is an input device and is the most basic way for the user to communicate with a computer..
The document discusses policies for client support, including defining what a policy is, the skills and knowledge needed to assist with policy development requests from clients, common client support issues and requests, the roles of help desk operators, and an eight step policy development cycle involving issue identification, analysis, consultation, instrument development, coordination, decision making, implementation, and evaluation. It provides information on developing and modifying policies to meet the needs of clients requesting changes or improvements to support policies and procedures.
This presentation summarizes a thesis on comparing hardware and software troubleshooting tools. The thesis discusses various hardware tools like cable testers, crimpers, multimeters, POST cards, and LSA punch down tools. It also examines software tools such as Putty, Ping, Tracert, Network Monitor, Ipconfig, Nslookup, and Netstat. The goal is to identify the best troubleshooting tools capable of solving computer problems by discussing their functions and how they can be used for network and system troubleshooting. In conclusion, the thesis compares different hardware and software troubleshooting methods.
I have discussed about the common problem of network issues of a computer . How we can find out what is the bug on our network wizerd and what should we do for that perticular problem . I also discussed about the physical hardware problem and how to find out what the problem is and what is the way to find the solution for it . If you think for a problem that i am finished or my machine is finished it is your foolishness . So you can read my slides and can find out the problem and their solution .
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks and the internet. It defines a network as a collection of interconnected computers and devices that allow sharing of resources. It describes the basic components of a network like computers, network interface cards, cables, and technical knowledge. It also summarizes different types of networks including LAN, MAN and WAN and factors to consider when choosing a network. The document then defines the internet and summarizes how it works, common internet services, and how people use the internet. It also discusses internet connections, internet service providers, URLs and common types of internet connections.
This document discusses creating technical documentation. It covers identifying documentation needs through analyzing requirements and collecting stakeholder input. It also discusses designing documentation through defining templates, styles, audience and functions. The document outlines developing documentation by writing content that meets requirements and extracting information while respecting copyright. It provides guidance on structuring documentation through organizing basic elements and giving readers different levels of detail. The goal is to help technical writers design and develop documentation that is accurate, easy to understand and meets user needs.
The document provides guidance on planning and designing an infrastructure for Microsoft SQL Server 2008 and SQL Server 2008 R2. It outlines a 7-step process for determining requirements and designing the database engine, Integration Services, Analysis Services, Reporting Services, and Master Data Services components. Each step involves gathering requirements, making design decisions, and determining placement of servers and instances. The document also includes examples, job aids, and benefits of using the provided guidance.
This document provides an overview of network protocols for a training course. It defines what protocols are, their basic functions, and examples of common protocols like HTTP, FTP, and IP. It also discusses how protocols are implemented, their levels, types (standard vs proprietary), key elements (syntax, semantics, timing), and how they allow devices to communicate by establishing rules for data transmission.
iot.pptx related to technology which existVINODN33
The Internet of things (IoT) describes devices with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks.[1][2][3][4][5] The Internet of things encompasses electronics, communication, and computer science engineering. "Internet of things" has been considered a misnomer because devices do not need to be connected to the public internet; they only need to be connected to a network[6] and be individually addressable.[7][8]
The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, including ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors, and increasingly powerful embedded systems, as well as machine learning.[9] Older fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), independently and collectively enable the Internet of things.[10] In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with "smart home" products, including devices and appliances (lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems, cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers. IoT is also used in healthcare systems.[11]
The Internet of things (IoT) describes devices with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks.[1][2][3][4][5] The Internet of things encompasses electronics, communication, and computer science engineering. "Internet of things" has been considered a misnomer because devices do not need to be connected to the public internet; they only need to be connected to a network[6] and be individually addressable.[7][8]
The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, including ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors, and increasingly powerful embedded systems, as well as machine learning.[9] Older fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), independently and collectively enable the Internet of things.[10] In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with "smart home" products, including devices and appliances (lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems, cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers. IoT is also used in healthcare systems.[11]
he extensive set of applications for IoT devices[31] is often divided into consumer, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure spaces.[32][33]
Consumers
A growing portion of IoT devices is created for consumer use, including connected vehicles, home automation, wearable technology, connected health, and appli
This document discusses network protocols. It begins by defining what a protocol is and provides some common examples used at different layers, such as TCP, UDP, IP, and HTTP. It then explains that protocols break large processes into smaller tasks and functions that must cooperate across network levels. Protocols are created according to industry standards. The document categorizes protocols for communication, network management, and security. It provides examples for each category and concludes with descriptions of some frequently used protocols like HTTP, SSH, and SMS.
Network protocols are sets of rules that allow devices to communicate by defining a common language. They perform key functions like communication, network management, and security. Some important low-level protocols are TCP, UDP, and IP, which higher-level applications like HTTP, FTP, and SSH are built upon. Protocols break large processes into smaller tasks and work together across different network layers and devices to transfer data, ensure optimal performance, and protect the network from unauthorized access. Common examples include protocols for routing, file transfer, internet access, remote access, and text messaging.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on network protocols. It defines what a protocol is and discusses some common network protocols like TCP, UDP, HTTP, and Ethernet. It also covers different types of network protocols including Ethernet, LocalTalk, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM. Benefits of using network protocols include standardized communication between hardware and software. Protocols are needed for computers to effectively communicate over a network.
The document discusses networking standards and protocols. It describes de facto and de jure standards, with de facto standards arising organically without planning and de jure being formally adopted. It then details the seven layers of the OSI model and their functions, from the physical layer dealing with signals and media up to the application layer interacting with user applications. It also discusses encapsulation of data moving through the layers, TCP/IP model, and common protocols like TCP, IP, and Ethernet.
1) Protocols are needed so your computer can interact with other com.pdfaravlitraders2012
1) Protocols are needed so your computer can interact with other computers for things such as
using the internet and sending and receiving files and emails. Protocols are the \"language\"
computers use to talk to each other. Standards are important so all networks have to follow the
same rules. Standards are a set of guidelines on how different companies need to make their
equipment.
2) a protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use
when they communicate. Protocols specify interactions between the communicating entities.
Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. For example, there are
protocols for the data interchange at the hardware device level and protocols for data interchange
at the application program level. In the standard model known as Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI), there are one or more protocols at each layer in the telecommunication exchange that both
ends of the exchange must recognize and observe.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other
Internet points at the information packet level
Internet Protocol (IP), which uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the Internet
address level
Others are Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP), each with
defined sets of rules to use with corresponding programs elsewhere on the Internet
3)
Standards play an important role in networking. Without standards, manufacturers of networking
products have no common ground on which to build their systems. Interconnecting products
from various vendors would be difficult, if not impossible.
Standardization can make or break networking products. These days many vendors are hesitant
to support new technology unless there is a standardization base from which to work. Vendors
want to know there will be some measure of interoperability for their hardware and software.
Examples :
IEEE 802.1 (LAN/MAN)
IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)
IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring)
IEEE 802.11 (Wireless LAN)
4)
IEEE 802 group of standards
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802
5)
File transfer protocol ( ftp)
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol
Solution
1) Protocols are needed so your computer can interact with other computers for things such as
using the internet and sending and receiving files and emails. Protocols are the \"language\"
computers use to talk to each other. Standards are important so all networks have to follow the
same rules. Standards are a set of guidelines on how different companies need to make their
equipment.
2) a protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use
when they communicate. Protocols specify interactions between the communicating entities.
Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. For example, there are
protocols for the data interchange at the hardware device level and protocols for data interchange
at t.
This document discusses network software and protocols. It covers two main types of network software: network operating systems and network protocols. It provides examples of network operating systems like UNIX, Windows NT, Linux, Novell NetWare, and Windows 2000. It also discusses the seven-layer OSI model and provides examples of protocols at the application, transport, and network layers, such as SMTP, FTP, TCP, IP, and SPX.
Protocols define rules for transmitting data over a network and ensure reliable communication between computers. Protocols break data into packets, add addressing information, and prepare packets for transmission by the sending computer. The receiving computer strips added information, reassembles the data, and passes it to the application. Well-known protocol stacks combine protocols like TCP, IP, and Ethernet to handle functions like transport, addressing, and physical transmission. Protocols are implemented and removed using setup programs, similarly to drivers.
The document describes an architecture framework for ecommerce applications consisting of 6 layers: 1) Application services with consumer, business, and intra-organization applications, 2) Brokerage and data management for service integration, 3) Interface layer providing catalogs and directories, 4) Secure messaging for communicating data, 5) Middleware services for interaction between systems, and 6) Network infrastructure including the World Wide Web as an architecture with protocols like HTTP, IP, and TCP. Communication between layers is enabled by protocols such as FTP, HTTP, SMTP, and SSL to securely transfer files and messages.
Internetworking involves connecting distinct computer networks together using common routing technologies to form an internetwork. The largest example is the Internet, which connects networks worldwide using TCP/IP protocols. An internetwork functions as a single large network by connecting individual networks through intermediate devices like routers. [/SUMMARY]
Congestion control is a technique used to regulate network traffic and prevent network congestion.
It works by monitoring network conditions and adjusting the amount of data being sent to avoid overloading the network.
The most common congestion control
algorithms are:
TCP Congestion Control
Leaky Bucket
Random Early Detection
It provides additional features like spell checking, grammar checking,
translation etc.
Networking: It handles all the networking tasks like establishing connection with
server, sending and receiving HTTP requests and responses.
UI Backend: It provides platform specific implementation for user interface.
Data Storage: It stores cookies, cache, bookmarks, history etc.
Plug-ins: It provides support for additional features like Flash, PDF, media players
etc.
JavaScript Interpreter: It interprets and executes the JavaScript code embedded in
web pages.
Browser Security: It provides security features like sandboxing, same-origin policy,
digital signatures etc.
Browser Extensibility: It allows third party extensions to add
Communication Protocol - Arindam Samantasankhadeep
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This document discusses the different types of protocols used in IoT communication. There are 4 layers of protocols: application layer, transport layer, network layer, and link layer. The application layer defines how data is sent over the network and includes HTTP, WebSocket, and MQTT protocols. The transport layer controls data flow and error handling and includes TCP and UDP protocols. These layers work together to establish communication between IoT devices and servers over the internet.
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Protocol testing is a method to check communication protocols by examining the structure of packets sent over a network. It involves using tools like protocol analyzers and simulators to test devices under test like routers and switches. The primary goals are to check if protocols like EIGRP and OSPF are working as specified. Protocol testing can examine functionality, performance, interoperability and more. It verifies that packets are received correctly and measures latency and bandwidth. Tools like Wireshark, Scapy and IxNetworks are used to craft packets and analyze network traffic during protocol testing.
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install and manage network protocols.pptx
1. Addis ababa medical and business college
Department of information technology ITNS
Level III
unit of competence install and manage network protocols
Email:- jaletosunkemo2019@gmail.com
2. At the end of this module the trianee will able to know:-
• basic concept of protocol
• network protocol and their function
• how protocol is work
• protocols and port number
• purpose of network protocol
• HTTP,HTTPS,FTP,IP,ICMP,POP3 and etc
by jaleto S. 2
LO1 INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK PROTOCOL
3. basic concept of network protocol
• A network protocol is an established set of
rules that determine how data is
transmitted between different devices in the
same network.
• Essentially, it allows connected devices to
communicate with each other, regardless of
any differences in their internal processes,
structure or design.
by jaleto S. 3
LO1 INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK PROTOCOL
4. CONT...
• a protocol is a standardized set of rules for formatting and
processing data. Protocols enable computers to communicate
with one another.
• Network protocols are a set of rules, conventions, and data
structures that dictate how devices exchange data across
networks.
• Network Protocols are a set of rules governing exchange of
information in an easy, reliable and secure way.
• In order for two computers to talk to each other, they must be
speaking the same language.
by jaleto S. 4
5. List of Network Protocols
• There are thousands of different network
protocols, but they all perform one of three
primary actions:
– Communication
– Network Management
– Security
by jaleto S. 5
6. Communication
• Communication protocols allow different network devices to communicate with
each other. They are used in both analog and digital communications and can be
used for important processes, ranging from transferring files between devices to
accessing the internet.
• Common types of communication protocols include the following:
• Automation: These protocols are used to automate different processes in both
commercial and personal settings, such as in smart buildings, cloud technology or
self-driving vehicles.
• Instant messaging: Instantaneous, text-based communications on smartphones and
computers occur because of a number of different instant messaging network
protocols.
• Routing: Routing protocols permit communication between routers and other
network devices. There are also routing protocols specifically for ad hoc networks.
• Bluetooth: Ever-popular Bluetooth devices — including headsets, smartphones and
computers — work due to a variety of different Bluetooth protocols.
• File transfer: If you have ever moved files from one device to another, either via a
physical or digital medium, you’ve used file transfer protocols (FTP).
• Internet Protocol: Internet Protocol (IP) allows data to be sent between devices via
the internet. The internet could not operate as it currently does without IP.
by jaleto S. 6
7. Network management
• protocols define and describe the various procedures needed to effectively
operate a computer network. These protocols affect various devices on a
single network — including computers, routers and servers — to ensure
each one, and the network as a whole, perform optimally.
• The functions of network management protocols include the following:
• Connection: These protocols establish and maintain stable connections
between different devices on the same network.
• Link aggregation: Link aggregation protocols allow you to combine
multiple network connections into one link between two devices. This
works to increase the strength of the connection and helps sustain the
connection should one of the links fail.
• Troubleshooting: Troubleshooting protocols allow network administrators
to identify errors affecting the network, evaluate the quality of the network
connection, and determine how administrators can fix any issues.
by jaleto S. 7
8. Security
• Security protocols, also called cryptographic protocols, work to
ensure that the network and the data sent over it are protected from
unauthorized users.
• Common functions of security network protocols include the
following:
• Encryption: Encryption protocols protect data and secure areas by
requiring users to input a secret key or password in order to access
that information.
• Entity Authentication: Entity authentication protocols create a
system that requires different devices or users on a network to verify
their identity before accessing secure areas.
• Transportation: Transportation security protocols protect data
while it is transported from one network device to another.
by jaleto S. 8
9. Here are a few examples of the most commonly used network
protocols:
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): This Internet Protocol
defines how data is transmitted over the internet and
determines how web servers and browsers should respond to
commands. This protocol (or its secure counterpart, HTTPS)
appears at the beginning of various URLs or web addresses
online.
• Secure Socket Shell (SSH): This protocol provides secure
access to a computer, even if it’s on an unsecured network.
SSH is particularly useful for network administrators who
need to manage different systems remotely.
• Short Message Service (SMS): This communications
protocol was created to send and receive text messages over
cellular networks. SMS refers exclusively to text-based
messages. Pictures, videos or other media require Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS), an extension of the SMS protocol.
by jaleto S. 9
10. Cont…
• Protocols
• Protocols are a fundamental aspect of digital
communication as they dictate how to format, transmit
and receive data. They are a set of rules that determines
how the data will be transmitted over the network.
• It can also be defined as a communication standard
followed by the two key parties(sender and receiver) in
a computer network to communicate with each other.
• It specifies what type of data can be transmitted, what
commands are used to send and receive data, and how
data transfers are confirmed.
by jaleto S. 10
11. How to implement network protocols
• In order for network protocols to work, they must be coded within
software -- either as part of the computer's operating system (OS) or
as an application -- or implemented within the computer's hardware.
Most modern OSes possess built-in software services that are
prepared to implement some network protocols. Other applications,
such as web browsers, are designed with software libraries that
support the protocols necessary for the application to function. In
addition, TCP/IP and routing protocol support is implemented in
direct hardware for enhanced performance.
• Whenever a new protocol is implemented, it is added to the protocol
suite. The organization of protocol suites is considered to be
monolithic since all protocols are stored in the same address and
build on top of one another.
by jaleto S. 11
12. Levels of a Protocol
• There are mainly three levels of a protocol, they are as
follows:
• Hardware Level: In this level, the protocol enables the
hardware devices to connect and communicate with
each other for various purposes.
• Software Level: In the software level, the protocol
enables different software to connect and communicate
with each other to work collaboratively.
• Application Level: In this level, the protocol enables
the application programs to connect and communicate
with each other for various purposes.
by jaleto S. 12
13. Types of Protocols
• Protocols can be broadly divided into the
following two types:
– Standard Protocols
– Proprietary Protocols
by jaleto S. 13
14. Standard Protocols
• A standard protocol is a mandated protocol for all
devices. It supports multiple devices and acts as a
standard.
• Standard protocols are not vendor-specific i.e.
they are not specific to a particular company or
organization. They are developed by a group of
experts from different organizations .
• These protocols are publicly available, and we
need not pay for them.
• Some of the examples of Standard Protocols
are FTP, DNS, DHCP, SMTP, TELNET, TFTP, etc.
by jaleto S. 14
15. Proprietary Protocols
• Proprietary protocols are developed by an
individual organization for their specific
devices. We have to take permission from the
organization if we want to use their protocols.
• It is not a standard protocol and it supports
only specific devices. We may have to pay for
these protocols.
• Some of the examples of Proprietary Protocols
are IMessage, Apple Talk, etc.
by jaleto S. 15
16. Key Elements of protocols
• The key elements of the protocol determine
what to be communicated, how it is
communicated, and when it is communicated.
• There are mainly three key elements of a
protocol, they are as follows:
– Syntax
– Semantics
– Timing
by jaleto S. 16
17. Syntax
• Syntax refers to the structure or format of data and
signal levels. It indicates how to read the data in the
form of bits or fields. It also decides the order in which
the data is presented to the receiver.
• Example: A protocol might expect that the size of a
data packet will be 16 bits. In which, the first 4 bits are
the sender’s address, the next 4 bits are the receiver’s
address, the next 4 bits are the check-sum bits, and the
last 4 bits will contain the message. So, every
communication that is following that protocol should
send 16-bit data.
by jaleto S. 17
18. Semantics
• Semantics refers to the interpretation or meaning
of each section of bits or fields. It specifies which
field defines what action. It defines how a
particular section of bits or pattern can be
interpreted, and what action needs to be taken. It
includes control information for coordination and
error handling.
• Example: It interprets whether the bits of address
identify the route to be taken or the final
destination of the message or something else.
by jaleto S. 18
19. Timing
• Timing refers to two characteristics:
– when the data should be sent?
– what will be the speed of sending and receiving the data?
• It performs speed matching, sequencing and flow
control of the data items.
• Example: A sender can send the data at a speed of 100
Mbps, but the receiver can consume it only at a speed
of 20 Mbps, then there may be data losses or the
packets might get dropped. So, proper synchronization
must be there between a sender and a receiver.
by jaleto S. 19
20. Functions of protocols
• The Following are the main functionalities of a
protocol:
• Data Sequencing: It mainly refers to dive data into
packets i.e. it divided the whole data into some packets.
• Data Flow: It mainly deals with sending data to the
correct destination i.e. the flow of the data is correct or
not.
• Data Routing: It refers to select the best path for data
transmission between a sender and a receiver because
there can be many routes from sender to receiver and
you should select the best possible route.
by jaleto S. 20
21. Cont…
• Encapsulation: It refers to the process of taking one
protocol and transferring it to some other another
protocol.
• Segmentation & Reassembly: It deals with
segmenting the data message i.e. diving the data into
packets when data flows from the upper protocol layer
to lower, and reassembly is vice-versa of segmentation
i.e. all the segmented packets are recollected in the
correct order at the receiver side.
• Connection Control: It ensures connection oriented
data transfer for lengthy data items.
by jaleto S. 21
22. cont...
• Multiplexing: It allows combining multiple transmission unit
signals or channels of higher-level protocols in one transmission unit
of a lower-level protocol. Multiplexing can be upward or downward.
• Ordered Delivery: Protocol facilitates ordered delivery of data, by
providing a unique sequence number to each data packet. It is the
function of the sender to maintain ordered delivery. By doing so, the
receiver will receive the data in the same order as sent by the sender.
• Transmission Services: It mainly deals with priority, Quality of
Service (QoS), and security of data packets.
• Addressing: It mainly deals with addressing levels, addressing
scope, communication identifiers, and addressing modes.
• Flow Control: It facilitates to limit the flow of data. It is the
function of the receiver's end to maintain flow control of data.
by jaleto S. 22
23. cont...
• Error Control: It deals with error
detection (using the checksum bits) and
its control. If any error is detected during
the transmission of the data, a request for
retransmission of data is sent to the
sender by the receiver, and the corrupt
data packet is discarded.
by jaleto S. 23
24. There are various types of protocols that support a major and compassionate
role in communicating with different devices across the network. These are:
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Internet Protocol (IP)
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• Post office Protocol (POP)
• Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
• Telnet
• Gopher
• NAT
by jaleto S. 24
25. Cont…
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): TCP is a popular
communication protocol which is used for communicating
over a network. It divides any message into series of packets
that are sent from source to destination and there it gets
reassembled at the destination.
• Internet Protocol (IP): An IP is an internet protocol address.
Essentially, it is a numeric value assigned to a network device,
and it is used for the identification and location of a network
device. IP addresses are assigned to every type of network
device.
• IP is designed explicitly as addressing protocol. It is mostly
used with TCP. The IP addresses in packets help in routing
them through different nodes in a network until it reaches the
destination system.
• TCP/IP is the most popular protocol connecting the networks.
by jaleto S. 25
26. Cont..
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP): UDP is a substitute
communication protocol to Transmission Control
Protocol implemented primarily for creating loss-
tolerating and low-latency linking between different
applications.
• Post office Protocol (POP): POP3 is designed for
receiving incoming E-mails.
• Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP): SMTP is
designed to send and distribute outgoing E-Mail.
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP): FTP allows users to
transfer files from one machine to another. Types of
files may include program files, multimedia files, text
files, and documents, etc.
by jaleto S. 26
27. Cont…
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): HTTP is designed for transferring a
hypertext among two or more systems. HTML tags are used for creating links.
These links may be in any form like text or images.
– HTTP is designed on Client-server principles which allow a client system for
establishing a connection with the server machine for making a request.
– The server acknowledges the request initiated by the client and responds
accordingly.
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS): HTTPS is abbreviated as
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure is a standard protocol to secure the
communication among two computers one using the browser and other fetching
data from web server.
– HTTP is used for transferring data between the client browser (request) and the web
server (response) in the hypertext format, same in case of HTTPS except that the
transferring of data is done in an encrypted format.
– So it can be said that https thwart hackers from interpretation or modification of
data throughout the transfer of packets.
by jaleto S. 27
28. Cont…
• Telnet: Telnet is a set of rules designed for
connecting one system with another. The
connecting process here is termed as remote
login.
– The system which requests for connection is the local
computer, and the system which accepts the
connection is the remote computer.
• Gopher: Gopher is a collection of rules
implemented for searching, retrieving as well as
displaying documents from isolated sites.
– Gopher also works on the client/server principle.
by jaleto S. 28
29. cont...
• NAT (network adress translation)is a
method that enables hosts on private networks
to communicate with hosts on the Internet
• NAT is run on routers that connect private
networks to the public Internet, to replace the
IP address-port pair of an IP packet with
another IP address-port pair.
by jaleto S. 29
30. Cont…
• some other popular protocols act as co-functioning protocols
associated with these primary protocols for core functioning.
These are:
• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
• IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol)
• SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
• RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol)
• RLP (Resource Location Protocol)
• RAP (Route Access Protocol)
• L2TP (Layer Two Tunneling Protocol)
• PPTP (Point To Point Tunneling Protocol)
• SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
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31. cont...
• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
– is a procedure for mapping a dynamic IP address to a permanent physical
machine address in a local area network (LAN). Or IP into MAC
• (RARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol is a protocol a
physical machine in a local area network (LAN) can use to request
its IP address.
– It does this by sending the device's physical address to a specialized RARP
server that is on the same LAN and is actively listening for RARP requests.
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
– dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol
that automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP
address and other related configuration information such as the subnet
mask and default gateway.
• NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) is a network
service that enables applications on different computers to
communicate with each other
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32. Cont..
• IRC (Internet Relay Chat) is a protocol
for real-time text messaging between internet-
connected computers created in 1988.
• It is mainly used for group discussion in chat
rooms called “channels” although it supports
private messages between two users, data
transfer, and various server-side and client-side
commands.
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33. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
• BGP:- version 4 is widely used on the public internet
and by Internet Service Providers (ISP) to maintain
very large routing tables and traffic processing. BGP
is one of the few protocols that have been designed to
deal with the astronomically large routing tables that
must exist on the public Internet.
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a Transport Layer
protocol. UDP is a part of the Internet Protocol suite,
referred to as UDP/IP suite. Unlike TCP, it is
an unreliable and connectionless protocol.
• RDP:-
– It enables you to establish a connection with a remote
computer.
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34. SSL
• The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol was
developed by Netscape Communications
Corporation.
• SSL ensures the data that is transferred
between a client and a server remains private.
This protocol enables the client to authenticate
the identity of the server
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35. What is protocol port
• A port in networking is a software-defined
number associated to a network protocol that
receives or transmits communication for a
specific service.
• A port in computer hardware is a jack or
socket that peripheral hardware plugs into
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36. Some protocols within their ports
Protocol service name Port
numbers
File Transfer Protocol (FTP 20 and 21
Secure Shell (SSH) 22
Telnet 23
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP)
25
Domain Name System (DNS) 53
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
(TFTP)
69
Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP)
67 and 68
IRC 194
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37. cont...
Protocol service name Port numbers
HTTPS 443
POP3 110
Network Time Protocol (NTP) 123
NetBIOS 137/138/139
Internet Message Access Protocol
(IMAP)
143
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