This document provides an overview of networking concepts including transmission media, topology, TCP/IP protocol stacks, wireless networks, and the Internet. It discusses data communication components including messages, senders, receivers, transmission medium, and protocols. It describes computer networks, goals of networks, and network applications for business and home use. It explains transmission modes of simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. It also covers transmission technologies, LANs, MANs, WANs, internetworks, protocols and standards, what a LAN is, LAN components, types of LANs including server-based and peer-to-peer, and network models including the ISO-OSI reference model and TCP
This document provides an overview of different types of computer networks categorized by size and purpose. It defines personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). PANs are small networks within a single room, LANs extend through a building or campus, MANs span an entire city or state, and WANs can cross long distances including continents or countries. The document also discusses how networks can be interconnected through internetworks and provides examples of connecting LANs and WANs.
This document defines key data communication terminology like session, network, node, link, path, circuit, and packetizing. It describes different data flow types including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission modes. Networks are introduced as interconnected groups of devices that allow sharing of information and resources. Distributed processing and important network criteria like performance, reliability, and security are also outlined. The physical structures of networks include type of connection, either point-to-point or multipoint, and topology.
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module IV) Fundamentals in Networking
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is a computer network?
Types of computer networks
Personal Area Network
Local Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network
Wide Area Network
Networking Topologies
Physical Topologies
Physical Point to Point
Physical Bus Topology
Physical Ring Topology
Physical Star Topology
Physical Mesh Topology
Physical Tree Topology
Physical Hybrid topology
Logical Topologies
Ethernet
Local Talk
Token Ring
FDDI
ATM
Transmission Media
Networking Cables
Coaxial Cables
Twisted Pair Cables
Fiber Optic Cables
Network Devices
NIC-Network interface card
Hub
Network Switch
Router
Bridge
IP Address
Activities
The document discusses various physical network topologies including bus, mesh, star, ring, tree, and hybrid. It provides detailed descriptions of how each topology is structured and how data is transmitted. For example, it explains that a bus topology uses a single cable as a backbone to connect all devices and that collisions can occur when multiple devices transmit simultaneously. The document also compares advantages and disadvantages of the different topologies.
1a introduction to network fundamentalskavish dani
The document provides an introduction to networking fundamentals and covers the following topics in 3 sentences or less:
Data communications involve the exchange of data between devices via transmission mediums. Key components include data representation, flow, and networks which are sets of connected devices characterized by parameters like performance, reliability, and security. Physical network topologies determine how devices are connected and include bus, star, ring and hybrid configurations.
Introduction, Virtual and Datagram networks, study of router, IP protocol and addressing in the Internet, Routing algorithms, Broadcast and Multicast routing
This document provides an overview of different types of computer networks categorized by size and purpose. It defines personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). PANs are small networks within a single room, LANs extend through a building or campus, MANs span an entire city or state, and WANs can cross long distances including continents or countries. The document also discusses how networks can be interconnected through internetworks and provides examples of connecting LANs and WANs.
This document defines key data communication terminology like session, network, node, link, path, circuit, and packetizing. It describes different data flow types including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission modes. Networks are introduced as interconnected groups of devices that allow sharing of information and resources. Distributed processing and important network criteria like performance, reliability, and security are also outlined. The physical structures of networks include type of connection, either point-to-point or multipoint, and topology.
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module IV) Fundamentals in Networking
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is a computer network?
Types of computer networks
Personal Area Network
Local Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network
Wide Area Network
Networking Topologies
Physical Topologies
Physical Point to Point
Physical Bus Topology
Physical Ring Topology
Physical Star Topology
Physical Mesh Topology
Physical Tree Topology
Physical Hybrid topology
Logical Topologies
Ethernet
Local Talk
Token Ring
FDDI
ATM
Transmission Media
Networking Cables
Coaxial Cables
Twisted Pair Cables
Fiber Optic Cables
Network Devices
NIC-Network interface card
Hub
Network Switch
Router
Bridge
IP Address
Activities
The document discusses various physical network topologies including bus, mesh, star, ring, tree, and hybrid. It provides detailed descriptions of how each topology is structured and how data is transmitted. For example, it explains that a bus topology uses a single cable as a backbone to connect all devices and that collisions can occur when multiple devices transmit simultaneously. The document also compares advantages and disadvantages of the different topologies.
1a introduction to network fundamentalskavish dani
The document provides an introduction to networking fundamentals and covers the following topics in 3 sentences or less:
Data communications involve the exchange of data between devices via transmission mediums. Key components include data representation, flow, and networks which are sets of connected devices characterized by parameters like performance, reliability, and security. Physical network topologies determine how devices are connected and include bus, star, ring and hybrid configurations.
Introduction, Virtual and Datagram networks, study of router, IP protocol and addressing in the Internet, Routing algorithms, Broadcast and Multicast routing
This document provides information on networking concepts including network protocols, networking media, network topologies, local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It defines protocols like IP and TCP and discusses physical network media like coaxial cable, twisted pair, and fiber optics. It also describes common network topologies such as star, ring, bus, tree, and mesh. Finally, it provides overviews of LANs, WANs, and MANs including their purposes, components, and key differences.
This document discusses different local area network (LAN) technologies and topologies. It describes direct point-to-point communication networks and their disadvantages as networks scale. LANs emerged as alternatives, using shared communications media within a local area. Common LAN topologies include star, ring, and bus networks. Specific LAN technologies covered include Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, LocalTalk, and wireless LANs. Ethernet originally used a logical bus topology. Token ring networks use a token passing scheme to guarantee fair access. FDDI provides high-speed connectivity and fault tolerance using dual counter-rotating fiber optic rings.
Module 4
Wireless Wide Area Networks and LTE Technology Design Private and public leased networks. Video conferencing, television and radio broadcast transmissions. Wireless WAN, Cellular Networks, Mobile IP Management in Cellular Networks, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Technology, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) with LTE, Characterization of Wireless Channels.
The document discusses Ethernet networking technologies. It describes how Ethernet was developed in the 1970s and standardized. It outlines the evolution of Ethernet speeds from 2Mbps to 1Gbps. It discusses the physical layer standards for 10BaseT, 100BaseT, 1000BaseT, and 10GBase networking. It also provides an overview of Token Ring and FDDI technologies, including their operation, standards, and key features.
A network connects computers and allows sharing of resources and communication between users. It can be a LAN spanning a single building, a MAN connecting LANs in a city, or a global WAN like the Internet. Networks transmit data over various media like twisted pair cable, fiber, and wireless signals. Proper use of media and protocols allows networks to function according to the OSI model.
An interconnected collection of autonomous computers is called a computer network. Networks allow computers to share resources like hardware, software, databases, and communicate with each other. The first network was ARPANET in 1969 which connected universities and defense organizations in the US. Later networks like NSFnet and the Internet improved capacity and connectivity. A network uses nodes, servers, network interface units, and types of networks can be LANs, MANs, or WANs depending on geographical reach. Networking evolved to improve sharing, reliability, and reduce costs.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including:
1. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between two devices via transmission medium. The key aspects are delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter.
2. It describes different network topologies - star, bus, ring, mesh and hybrid. It explains the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of each.
3. It differentiates between different types of networks - LAN, WAN, MAN based on geographical area and transmission medium used.
4. It provides an overview of switching in circuit switched and packet switched networks.
5. It describes the internet as a worldwide system of interconnected commercial, government, educational and other
The document discusses different types of line configurations, network topologies, and transmission modes. There are two line configurations: point-to-point, which provides a dedicated link between two devices, and multipoint, which allows more than two devices to share a single link. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, and mesh. Transmission modes include simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. The document also defines local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs).
This document provides information about IP homework assignments and network fundamentals. It contains the following key points:
1. It includes the student's name, class, section, and roll number for an IP homework assignment.
2. It summarizes different types of transmission media including wired media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber and wireless media like radio waves and infrared.
3. It describes common network devices like hubs, switches, routers and bridges and network topologies like bus, star, ring and tree configurations.
This document provides an overview of local area networks (LANs) and discusses various LAN topics including common topologies (bus, ring, star), frame transmission methods, the roles of hubs and switches, and how bridges and routers can be used to interconnect multiple LANs. It describes the three main layers (physical, media access control, logical link control) of the IEEE 802 LAN protocol architecture and compares it to the OSI model. Key concepts covered include shared medium access, the functions of bridges and switches, and how layer 2 switches improved upon earlier hub technologies to increase network capacity and performance.
This document provides an overview of various computer networking concepts and components. It begins with definitions of networking basics like communications and telecommunications. It then describes the essential parts of a basic network including a message, transmitter, medium, receiver and destination. The document outlines different network topologies like bus, ring, star, star-bus and mesh. It also discusses network types like peer-to-peer and client-server networks. The document provides details on common networking media and components including coaxial cable, twisted pair cables, optical fibers, wireless transmission, hubs, gateways, routers, bridges and switches. It concludes with a brief introduction to the IEEE 802 family of standards related to local and metropolitan area networks.
Network devices like hubs, switches, and routers connect computers in a network and help manage traffic flow. Hubs broadcast all received data to all ports but have limited bandwidth. Switches can connect more devices than hubs and have features like VLANs. Routers connect different networks and use IP addresses to direct traffic. Other devices like firewalls, VPNs, and IDS/IPS provide network security functions.
Introduction of Computer Networking TechnoloyAmmar Rahman
The document provides an introduction to computer network technology and data communications. It discusses the concepts of communication and data communication, and defines data communication as a subset of telecommunication focused on transmitting data between computers. The history of telecommunications and data communication is also outlined. The key components of a communication data system including the sender, receiver, message, transmission medium, and protocols are defined. Common applications of computer networks like email, websites, e-commerce, newsgroups, internet telephony, video conferencing, chat groups, and internet radio are described. Finally, some important data communication protocols like TCP and UDP are introduced.
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines communication, telecommunications, and data communication. The objectives of communication networks are to offer timely information exchange, reduce effort and costs, and support improved management. Networks use simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission modes. Analog transmission sends continuous signals while digital transmission sends discrete values. Asynchronous transmission sends characters independently while synchronous transmission sends data in blocks. The telecommunication network model includes end user terminals, telecommunication processors, channels, computers, software, and various components that connect networks. [/SUMMARY]
LAN architecture includes hardware, software, topology and MAC protocols. The three main components are the MAC protocol, network topology, and network operating system software. Common MAC protocols are CSMA/CD and token passing. Common topologies are bus, star, and ring. LAN architecture defines how devices connect and communicate on a local network.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including different network topologies, transmission media, and network components. It defines key networking terms like local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN), and personal area network (PAN). Different network topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh are described. Common transmission media include coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, optical fiber, and wireless transmission. Network components such as hubs, switches, routers, bridges, and gateways are also explained.
Networks connect devices using common protocols to exchange data. They allow information to be sent from one location to another through nodes and channels. The first wireless networks used analog signals for voice and music broadcasts (1G), while later generations introduced digital communications and increased data rates, with 3G networks combining voice and high-bandwidth data. Network topologies determine the shape of the network and the relationship between nodes, with common topologies including star, tree, ring, mesh, bus, and hybrid combinations of these. Networks are also classified by size from personal area networks (PANs) covering a single person up to regional area networks (RANs) spanning large regions.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and computer networks. It discusses the key components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes different data transmission modes such as simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. The document also covers computer network types including LANs, MANs, and WANs, as well as network topologies like mesh, star, bus, and ring configurations. Finally, it discusses some common uses of computer networks for businesses and homes.
The document provides an overview of data communication and networking concepts. It discusses data communication fundamentals including delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter. It describes data communication system components such as messages, senders, receivers, transmission medium and protocols. It also covers data representation, data flow models, network types including LAN, MAN and WAN, wireless networks, internet interconnection and network protocols and standards.
This document provides information on networking concepts including network protocols, networking media, network topologies, local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It defines protocols like IP and TCP and discusses physical network media like coaxial cable, twisted pair, and fiber optics. It also describes common network topologies such as star, ring, bus, tree, and mesh. Finally, it provides overviews of LANs, WANs, and MANs including their purposes, components, and key differences.
This document discusses different local area network (LAN) technologies and topologies. It describes direct point-to-point communication networks and their disadvantages as networks scale. LANs emerged as alternatives, using shared communications media within a local area. Common LAN topologies include star, ring, and bus networks. Specific LAN technologies covered include Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, LocalTalk, and wireless LANs. Ethernet originally used a logical bus topology. Token ring networks use a token passing scheme to guarantee fair access. FDDI provides high-speed connectivity and fault tolerance using dual counter-rotating fiber optic rings.
Module 4
Wireless Wide Area Networks and LTE Technology Design Private and public leased networks. Video conferencing, television and radio broadcast transmissions. Wireless WAN, Cellular Networks, Mobile IP Management in Cellular Networks, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Technology, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) with LTE, Characterization of Wireless Channels.
The document discusses Ethernet networking technologies. It describes how Ethernet was developed in the 1970s and standardized. It outlines the evolution of Ethernet speeds from 2Mbps to 1Gbps. It discusses the physical layer standards for 10BaseT, 100BaseT, 1000BaseT, and 10GBase networking. It also provides an overview of Token Ring and FDDI technologies, including their operation, standards, and key features.
A network connects computers and allows sharing of resources and communication between users. It can be a LAN spanning a single building, a MAN connecting LANs in a city, or a global WAN like the Internet. Networks transmit data over various media like twisted pair cable, fiber, and wireless signals. Proper use of media and protocols allows networks to function according to the OSI model.
An interconnected collection of autonomous computers is called a computer network. Networks allow computers to share resources like hardware, software, databases, and communicate with each other. The first network was ARPANET in 1969 which connected universities and defense organizations in the US. Later networks like NSFnet and the Internet improved capacity and connectivity. A network uses nodes, servers, network interface units, and types of networks can be LANs, MANs, or WANs depending on geographical reach. Networking evolved to improve sharing, reliability, and reduce costs.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including:
1. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between two devices via transmission medium. The key aspects are delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter.
2. It describes different network topologies - star, bus, ring, mesh and hybrid. It explains the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of each.
3. It differentiates between different types of networks - LAN, WAN, MAN based on geographical area and transmission medium used.
4. It provides an overview of switching in circuit switched and packet switched networks.
5. It describes the internet as a worldwide system of interconnected commercial, government, educational and other
The document discusses different types of line configurations, network topologies, and transmission modes. There are two line configurations: point-to-point, which provides a dedicated link between two devices, and multipoint, which allows more than two devices to share a single link. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, and mesh. Transmission modes include simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. The document also defines local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs).
This document provides information about IP homework assignments and network fundamentals. It contains the following key points:
1. It includes the student's name, class, section, and roll number for an IP homework assignment.
2. It summarizes different types of transmission media including wired media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber and wireless media like radio waves and infrared.
3. It describes common network devices like hubs, switches, routers and bridges and network topologies like bus, star, ring and tree configurations.
This document provides an overview of local area networks (LANs) and discusses various LAN topics including common topologies (bus, ring, star), frame transmission methods, the roles of hubs and switches, and how bridges and routers can be used to interconnect multiple LANs. It describes the three main layers (physical, media access control, logical link control) of the IEEE 802 LAN protocol architecture and compares it to the OSI model. Key concepts covered include shared medium access, the functions of bridges and switches, and how layer 2 switches improved upon earlier hub technologies to increase network capacity and performance.
This document provides an overview of various computer networking concepts and components. It begins with definitions of networking basics like communications and telecommunications. It then describes the essential parts of a basic network including a message, transmitter, medium, receiver and destination. The document outlines different network topologies like bus, ring, star, star-bus and mesh. It also discusses network types like peer-to-peer and client-server networks. The document provides details on common networking media and components including coaxial cable, twisted pair cables, optical fibers, wireless transmission, hubs, gateways, routers, bridges and switches. It concludes with a brief introduction to the IEEE 802 family of standards related to local and metropolitan area networks.
Network devices like hubs, switches, and routers connect computers in a network and help manage traffic flow. Hubs broadcast all received data to all ports but have limited bandwidth. Switches can connect more devices than hubs and have features like VLANs. Routers connect different networks and use IP addresses to direct traffic. Other devices like firewalls, VPNs, and IDS/IPS provide network security functions.
Introduction of Computer Networking TechnoloyAmmar Rahman
The document provides an introduction to computer network technology and data communications. It discusses the concepts of communication and data communication, and defines data communication as a subset of telecommunication focused on transmitting data between computers. The history of telecommunications and data communication is also outlined. The key components of a communication data system including the sender, receiver, message, transmission medium, and protocols are defined. Common applications of computer networks like email, websites, e-commerce, newsgroups, internet telephony, video conferencing, chat groups, and internet radio are described. Finally, some important data communication protocols like TCP and UDP are introduced.
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines communication, telecommunications, and data communication. The objectives of communication networks are to offer timely information exchange, reduce effort and costs, and support improved management. Networks use simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission modes. Analog transmission sends continuous signals while digital transmission sends discrete values. Asynchronous transmission sends characters independently while synchronous transmission sends data in blocks. The telecommunication network model includes end user terminals, telecommunication processors, channels, computers, software, and various components that connect networks. [/SUMMARY]
LAN architecture includes hardware, software, topology and MAC protocols. The three main components are the MAC protocol, network topology, and network operating system software. Common MAC protocols are CSMA/CD and token passing. Common topologies are bus, star, and ring. LAN architecture defines how devices connect and communicate on a local network.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including different network topologies, transmission media, and network components. It defines key networking terms like local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN), and personal area network (PAN). Different network topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh are described. Common transmission media include coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, optical fiber, and wireless transmission. Network components such as hubs, switches, routers, bridges, and gateways are also explained.
Networks connect devices using common protocols to exchange data. They allow information to be sent from one location to another through nodes and channels. The first wireless networks used analog signals for voice and music broadcasts (1G), while later generations introduced digital communications and increased data rates, with 3G networks combining voice and high-bandwidth data. Network topologies determine the shape of the network and the relationship between nodes, with common topologies including star, tree, ring, mesh, bus, and hybrid combinations of these. Networks are also classified by size from personal area networks (PANs) covering a single person up to regional area networks (RANs) spanning large regions.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and computer networks. It discusses the key components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes different data transmission modes such as simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. The document also covers computer network types including LANs, MANs, and WANs, as well as network topologies like mesh, star, bus, and ring configurations. Finally, it discusses some common uses of computer networks for businesses and homes.
The document provides an overview of data communication and networking concepts. It discusses data communication fundamentals including delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter. It describes data communication system components such as messages, senders, receivers, transmission medium and protocols. It also covers data representation, data flow models, network types including LAN, MAN and WAN, wireless networks, internet interconnection and network protocols and standards.
Computer networks allow computing devices to connect and share resources. A network consists of connected devices like computers, printers, and servers. It uses communication hardware and protocols to transmit data. Common network hardware includes hubs, switches, routers, and cables. Networks can be configured in various topologies like bus, star, ring, or mesh. Networks are also classified based on their scope - a local area network (LAN) connects devices within a building, while a wide area network (WAN) spans a larger geographic area. Key roles are clients, which initiate data requests, and servers, which provide resources and services to clients.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It defines key network concepts like local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the different physical network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid networks. It discusses network performance metrics like throughput and delay. It also covers network criteria such as reliability, security, and standards organizations that help networks communicate. Examples of different network configurations are provided to illustrate LANs, WANs, and the various physical topologies.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and communication. It discusses key topics such as data communication components and models, data representation, transmission modes, network types and topologies, protocols and standards. The key points are:
- Data communication involves exchanging data between devices via transmission medium using agreed upon protocols. Its effectiveness depends on delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter.
- Networks connect devices through various physical topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid configurations. They can be LAN, MAN or WAN depending on size and distance covered.
- Protocols and standards govern data communication and ensure interoperability. They are developed by organizations like ISO, ITU, IEEE and adopted as industry
Introduction to networking by vikas jagtapVikas Jagtap
Network :- “A group of computers & other devices (such as workstations, printers, or servers) that are linked together is called as Network.”
Networking :- “The concept of connected computers sharing information, resources, or both is called as Networking.”
Chapter 1 Introduction to computer networks ppt by DMBdhanashrisabale1
The document introduces computer networks and discusses their history and development. It describes different network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid along with their advantages and disadvantages. The document also explains the OSI reference model and describes the functions of the physical and data link layers.
The document introduces computer networks and discusses their history and development. It describes different network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid along with their advantages and disadvantages. The document also explains the OSI reference model and describes the functions of the physical and data link layers.
types of computer networks, protocols and standardsMidhun Menon
This document defines and classifies computer networks. It discusses how networks allow computers to be interconnected and exchange information. Networks are classified based on their transmission technology (broadcast or point-to-point) and scale (LAN, MAN, WAN). LANs are within a building or campus, MANs cover a city, and WANs span large geographical areas. Wireless networks can connect components or allow communication between devices within range using technologies like Bluetooth or over larger distances using cellular networks. Protocols and standards like TCP/IP and ISO/OSI model govern network communications and interoperability.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and computer networks. It discusses the basic components of a communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. The document also defines local, metropolitan, and wide area networks and how they differ in size and scope. Finally, it discusses some important network concepts like protocols, standards, and the organizations that develop standards to ensure interoperability.
Unit_1.pdf computer networks and computer topology22i261
This document provides an overview of the course 19I405 Computer Networks taught by Dr. R. Rekha. It outlines the topics that will be covered in each of the five layers of the OSI model: physical, data link, network, transport, and application layer. It also lists the recommended textbooks and references for the course. The total number of lectures is expected to be 45.
This document provides an overview of a data communications course, including information about the professor, textbook, lecture notes, and course outline. It covers topics like the definition of data communications, the five components of a data communication system, direction of data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex), different network types (LAN, MAN, WAN, internetwork), physical network topologies (mesh, star, bus, ring, hybrid), categories of networks, a brief history of the Internet, protocols, standards and standards organizations.
This document discusses computer networks and network design. It aims to minimize downtime, allow users to work together regardless of computer, expand as new users are found, prevent unauthorized access, and manage networked devices from one place. A network is defined as a collection of connected computers and devices that share resources like data, hardware, and software. All networks require something to share, a transmission medium, and protocols. Common network types include local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Popular LAN topologies are peer-to-peer and client/server. Common transmission media and protocols are also discussed.
This document provides an overview and introduction to data communications and networking. It discusses key topics such as data communication, networks, the internet, protocols and standards. The document is divided into chapters that cover introductions to data communications, networks, network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), network topologies (star, bus, ring, mesh, hybrid), the internet, protocols, and a brief history of networking. It provides definitions and examples for each topic in concise bullet points or paragraphs.
This document provides information about local area networks (LANs), including their design, topologies, transmission media, and protocols. It discusses common LAN applications and topologies such as bus, star, ring, and mesh. Specific protocols covered include Ethernet, token ring, and spanning tree. Bridges are described as a way to interconnect multiple LANs. Factors in choosing a topology and transmission medium are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of communication and network concepts. It discusses the evolution of networking from ARPANET in 1969 to the modern Internet. It describes common network components like switches, routers, and gateways. It also covers different types of networks, topologies, transmission media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber and wireless transmission. Network protocols, security concepts, open source software, and types of malware are also summarized.
A neural network is a machine learning program, or model, that makes decisions in a manner similar to the human brain, by using processes that mimic the way biological neurons work together to identify phenomena, weigh options and arrive at conclusions.
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14 th Edition of International conference on computer visionShulagnaSarkar2
About the event
14th Edition of International conference on computer vision
Computer conferences organized by ScienceFather group. ScienceFather takes the privilege to invite speakers participants students delegates and exhibitors from across the globe to its International Conference on computer conferences to be held in the Various Beautiful cites of the world. computer conferences are a discussion of common Inventions-related issues and additionally trade information share proof thoughts and insight into advanced developments in the science inventions service system. New technology may create many materials and devices with a vast range of applications such as in Science medicine electronics biomaterials energy production and consumer products.
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Most important New features of Oracle 23c for DBAs and Developers. You can get more idea from my youtube channel video from https://youtu.be/XvL5WtaC20A
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Networking Concepts
1. Prof.PoonamK. 1
Ch 1. Overview of Networking Concepts
• Basics of communication systems
• Transmission Media
• Topology and Types of Networks
• TCP/IP protocolStacks
• Wireless Networks
• The Internet
2. Prof.PoonamK. 2
Data Communication
• In data communication data refers to facts, concepts and instructions presented in
various form and communicationrefers to actuallyexchange or share theinformation.
• Communication is local: face to face or remote: takes place over distance.
• Data communication is the exchange of data between two devices via some
transmissionmedium.
• Three fundamental Characteristics: Delivery,Accuracy and Timeliness.
3. Prof.PoonamK. 3
Components of Data Communication
• Message
Is the information to be communicated.
• Sender
which sends the data message.
• Receiver
Which receives the message.
• Medium
Physical path by which message travels from sender to receiver.
• Protocol
set of rules govern data communication. Its agreement betweenvarious communication devices.
4. Computer Networks
Prof.PoonamK. 4
• Computer Network means an interconnected
collectionof computers.
• Two computers are said to be interconnected if theyare able to exchange
information.
• Connections are through copper wire, fiber optic,microwaves or satellite.
• Here the model and software is absent. User aredirectly exposed to machine.
5. Goals of Network
Prof.PoonamK. 5
• Resource Sharing
• High reliability
• Distribution of workload
• Saving money
• Expandability
• Powerful communication
• Protectinginformation (Security)
• Preserving information
6. Prof.PoonamK. 6
Computer Network Application
• Business Application
– Company point of view
• Home Application
– Access to remote information
– Person-to-person communication
– Interactive entertainment
7. Prof.PoonamK. 7
Transmission Mode
• Used to define direction of signal flow between twolinked devices.
• Three modes are supported
– Simplex
– Half Duplex
– Full Duplex
8. Prof.PoonamK. 8
Transmission Mode – Three Modes
• Simplex
– Communication is unidirectional. Only one of the twodevices on a link can
transmit; the other can only receive.
– Example: keyboards and traditional Monitors
Mainframe Monitor
Direction of Data
9. Transmission Mode
Prof.PoonamK. 9
• Half Duplex
– Each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time. When one device is
sending, the other can only receive and vice versa.
– Example: Walkie-talkies
Workstation Workstation
Direction of Data at time 1
Direction of Data at time 2
10. Transmission Mode
Prof.PoonamK. 10
• Full Duplex
– Both stations can send and receive simultaneously.
– Signals going in either direction share the capacity of the link
– Sharing occur in two ways: either link must contain two physically separate transmission
paths, one for sending and the other for receiving or the capacity of the channel is divided
between signals traveling in both directions.
– Example: communication in telephone networks, bothcan talk and listen simultaneously.
12. Prof.PoonamK. 12
Transmission Technology (Line Configuration)
• It is mainly related to handle the technical issues.
• Two types of transmission technologies are used
– Broadcast Networks
– Point-to-point networks
13. Broadcast Networks
Prof.PoonamK. 13
• Single communication channel shared by all machines on the network.
• Packets with address are sent by any machine are received by all others.
• Upon receiving packet machine checks address field. If it is for itself, it processes the packet
otherwise simply ignore.
• It allows the possibility of addressing a packet to all destinations by using special code in
address field. When packet with this code is transmitted it is received and processed by every
machine hence mode is broadcasting.
• Geographical localized networks tend to use broadcast networks.
14. Broadcast Networks
Prof.PoonamK. 14
• Broadcast networks are classified depending on channel allocation
• Static allocation
Each machine is allocated a discrete time interval in which machine can transmit the
packet.
• Dynamic allocation
Centralized: here central or single entity decides which machine is going to transmit next.
It may accept request and takes decision according to algorithm define.
Decentralized: no central entity each machine decides whether to transmit or receive.
16. Prof.PoonamK. 16
Point-to-Point
• It consist of many connections between individual pairs of machines.
• To go from onesourceto destination, packet first visit oneormore intermediate nodes
(machines).
• Packet is sometime stored on intermediate machine till required line is free.
Mechanism is called store- and-forward.
• Routing algorithms: multiple routes are present and of different length.
• Larger networks are usually point to point.
17. Topology
Prof.PoonamK. 17
• Topology refers to the way a network is laid out,physicallyor logically.
• Two or more links forms a topology.
• There are basic five topologies
– Mesh
– Ring
– Bus
– Tree
– Star
• Hybrid topology
18. Mesh Topology
Prof.PoonamK. 18
• Every device has dedicated point-to-point link toevery device.
• Dedicated means links carries traffic between twodevices if connected.
• Fully connected network has n(n-1)/2 physical
channelsto link ‘n’ devices and n-1 ports.
19. Prof.PoonamK. 19
Advantages
• Dedicated links guarantees that connection carry its owndata thus eliminating traffic
problem
• Privacy and security since every message sent along
dedicated line
• Fault isolation and identification is easy
Disadvantages
• Since every device must be connected to each other
installation is difficult.
• Bulk of wires can be greater than available space.
• The hardware requirement is expensive.
21. Star Topology
Prof.PoonamK. 21
• Each device has dedicated point-to-point look to centralcontroller, usually called HUB.
• Devices not connected directly hence no direct traffic
• Controller acts as exchange: data->controller-
>other device
Advantages
• Only one link and one I/O to connect it to many device.
• Easy to install and configure. Less expensive.
• Additions, deletion involves only one connection.
• Robust, only one link is affected.
23. Tree Topology
Prof.PoonamK. 23
• Variation over star. Every device is not connected to centralhub directly but through
secondary hub.
• The central hub is active hub having repeaters to regeneratesignal before sending out.
• Secondary hubs can be active or passive. Passive hubssimply provides physical connection
between device.
• Secondary hub adds two additional advantages to star.
– Allow more device connected to central hub.
– Allows network isolation and priority communication
• Example Cable TV
25. BUS Topology
Prof.PoonamK. 25
• It is multipoint. One long cable acts as backbone tolink all devices in network.
• Drop lines: connection running between device andmain cable.
• Tap:punctures the sheathing of cable to create acontactwith metallic core.
• Limitation on number of taps.
26. Advantages
Prof.PoonamK. 26
• Backbonecable can laid along most efficient path and then connectedto node,
hence less cabling than other topologies. Redundancyof cable is eliminated.
Disadvantages
• Difficult to add new device
• Signal reflection at taps can cause degradation inquality.
• The fault or break in cable stops all transmission
28. Ring Topology
Prof.PoonamK. 28
• Here each device has dedicated point-to-point linewith two devices either side
of it.
• Signal reaches to destination through device to
device in one direction.
• Repeateris present.
• To add or remove device only one connection tomove.
• Signal is circulating all the time. If destination isunreachable it issues alarm.
• Break in cablecan affect entire network.
30. Types of Networks - LAN
Prof.PoonamK. 30
• LAN usually privately owned and links devices in single office, building or campus.
LANs are limited to few KM.
• It allows sharing of resources between computers. Resources includes hardware,
software or data.
• One computer with large disk acts as server to other client
• Mostly LAN uses one transmission media and most common topologies: bus, mesh,
ring,star etc.
• Single building LAN or Multiple building LAN
32. Types of Networks - MAN
Prof.PoonamK. 32
• To extend over an entire city.
• It may be single network as television network or means of connecting number of
LANs into larger network to share resources LAN-LAN
• MAN can be wholly owned and operated by private company or may be service
provided by public company such as telephone company.
• There is broadcast medium to which all computers are connected.
34. Types of Networks - WAN
Prof.PoonamK. 34
• Provides long-distance transmission of data, voice, image and video information over large
geographical area.
• WANs may utilize private, public or leased communication devices in combinations and can
span unlimited number of miles.
• Irregular topology. E.g satellite or ground radio system
• Hosts are connected by subnet which carry data from host- to-host.
• Two components: transmission line: moves bits betweenmachines and switching elements: to
connect two or more transmission lines.
37. Protocols and Standards
Prof.PoonamK. 37
• Protocols
– Define it as set of rules that govern data communication.
– An entity which is capable of sending or receiving information will not send any bit stream to other place till both
not agreed on set of rules.
– A protocol defines what is communicated, how it is communicatedand when it is communicated.
– The key elements of protocol
• Syntax : refers to the structure or format of the data, meaning the order in which they are presented.
• Semantics : refers to the meaning of each section of bits. How is a particularpattern to be interpreted, and what action is to be taken based
on thatinterpretation
• Timing : refers to two characteristics: when data should be sent and howfast can be sent.
38. Protocols and Standards
Prof.PoonamK. 38
• Standards
– Are agreed upon rules
– Essential in creating and maintaining an open and competitive market for equipment manufacturers and in
guaranteeing national and international interoperability of data and telecommunications technology and process.
– Provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, and other service providers to ensure the kind of interconnectivity
necessary in today’s market.
– Fall in two categories:
• De facto (by fact or by convention): standards that have not been approved by an organized body but have been adopted as standards through
widespread use. They are established by manufacturers
• De jure (by law or by regulation): standards that have been legalized by an officially recognized body.
39. Protocols and Standards
Prof.PoonamK. 39
• De-facto standardsare divided into two parts
– Proprietary standards are those originally invented by commercial organizations as basis
for the operation of itsproducts. They are called proprietary because they are wholly
owned by the company that invented them. They are also called closed standards
because they close off communication between systems produced by different vendor.
– Non-proprietary standards are those originally developedby groups or committees that
have passed them into the public domain; they are open standards because they open
communications between different systems.
40. What is LAN
Prof.PoonamK. 40
• LAN is combination of computers, LAN cables, Network interface cards, network
operating system and LAN application software.
What LAN can do
• Share Files
• Transfer Files
• Access information and files
• Share Applications
• Printer Sharing
• Electronic Mail
41. Components of LAN
Prof.PoonamK. 41
• Computers
– Server
• File Server
• Print Server
• Database Server
– Workstation
• LAN Cables
• Network Adapter Card
• LAN Software
– Network Operating Software
– Application Software
42. Prof.PoonamK. 42
Server
• Server is computer that serves all the workstations primarilyby storing and retrieving data from
files shared on disk
File Server
• Usually fast computers running at faster speed with large memory.
• Heart of network. Contains monitors and inexpensive keyboards. Have one-or more large, fast, expensive
hard disk.
• Servers must of high quality, heavy duty machines as serves entire network. To serves other machines it
has operating systemcalled network operating system.
43. Workstations
Prof.PoonamK. 43
• These are various PCs or terminals connected toserver.
• Employees can use them as their own or throughnetworksoftware
• Referred as clients, usually intermediate speed
machines sufficient memory.
• Also have good quality colormonitor as well as highquality keyboards and hard
disk.
• Diskless workstation. Characteristics of workstation.
44. Characteristics of Workstation
Prof.PoonamK. 44
• Extra messages: NOS loadingetc.
• User authentication:username and password
• Additional drive letters
• User can use remote printer
45. Network Interface Card
Prof.PoonamK. 45
• Provides the physical connection between the network andthe computer workstation.
• NICs are internal, with card fit into an expansion slot ofmotherboard.
• Now a days, it is on board. Major factor since determinesspeed of network.
• Only two network cards may communicate with each otherat the same time on a LAN.
Wait.
• Such delays are unnoticeable. Gives the appearance as manyworkstations are communicating
simultaneously.
47. Prof.PoonamK. 47
Working of NIC
• It first listens to all traffic on the cable.
• Filters out the messages designated for your workstation.
• Sends signal to your workstation when workstationis ready to attend them.
• When workstation wants to send request to server, the adaptercard waits for break in
cable traffic and then inserts your message.
• Verifies message also handles error.
48. Transmission media
Prof.PoonamK. 48
• Cable is medium through which information usuallymoves from one network
device to othernetwork device.
• Network can be based on one type of cable or manytype of cables.
• Decision depends on topology, protocolsand size.
50. LAN Cables or transmission medium
Prof.PoonamK. 50
• Twisted pair wire categorized as:
– UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair): like telephone wire
– STP (Shielded Twisted Pair): like the wire that carrieselectricity
51. LAN Cables or transmission medium
Prof.PoonamK. 51
• Coaxial Cable
– Thick coaxial cable (Thicknet)
– Thin coaxial cable (Thinnet)
52. LAN Cables or transmission medium
Prof.PoonamK. 52
• Fiber Optic Cable
53. Prof.PoonamK. 53
LAN Software
• Network Operating System
– DOS: manage applications on standalone machine
– Needs NOS to control the flow of LAN data messagesbetween stations.
– Makes the disk drive of the server appear to be an extradrive on each workstation.
• Application Software
– In order to accelerate speed of LAN well developedapplication software are necessary.
55. Server Based LAN
Prof.PoonamK. 55
• Contains one unattended dedicated computer act as file server and it uses the same
peer LAN NOSproduct to have server-based LAN.
• By managing the computer completely as file server and managing disk in such way
that it gives better performance and increases reliability.
• Dedicated concept helps in expandability of LAN and do more work.
57. Peer-to-Peer LAN
Prof.PoonamK. 57
• To connect small group of computers permanently.
• You need simple file transfer utility
• Every computer needs to act as file server as well as workstation at the same time
hence peer-to-peer LAN.
• Disk space and files on your computer becomes communal property.
59. Network Model
Prof.PoonamK. 59
• ISO-OSI Reference Model:Function of each layer
• Internet (TCP/IP)Model:All Layers, Ports, ProtocolStack
60. Network Model
Prof.PoonamK. 60
Network Model is conceptual structure which shows how various parts are fit together
and work together to transmit data.
Network Model
ISO-OSI Reference Model TCP/IP Refernce Model/
Internet Model
61. ISO-OSI Reference Model
Prof.PoonamK. 61
• ISO is International Standards Organization developed in 1947. It is multinational
bodydedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards
• An ISO standard develop themodel that covers all aspectsof networkcommunication
called as Open System Interconnection (OSI) model.
• The designing of the OSI model is based on theproposal developed by ISO as first
step towards international standardization of protocol used in various layers.
62. ISO-OSI Reference Model
Prof.PoonamK. 62
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
63. Organization of Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 63
• In 7 layered OSI model layers 1, 2 and 3 are the network support layers. They deals with
physical aspects of moving data from one device to other.
• Layers 5,6,7 are acts as user support layers. They allows interoperability between unrelated
software system.
• Layer 4 ensures the end to end reliable data transmissions. While layer 2 ensures reliable
transmission on single link.
• Upper layer OSI layers are almost software dependent. Lower layer models are combination of
hardware and software except for the physical layer which is mostly hardware related.
64. Physical Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 64
• To transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.
• Deals with mechanical and electrical specification of interfaces andtransmission medium.
• Defines procedure and function for physical devices
• Physical characteristics of Interfaces
– Characteristics of interface between device and transmissionmedium.
Type of transmission medium.
• Representation of bits
– Sequence of 0s and 1s. To be transmit bits must be encoded intosignals- electrical or optical
• Data rate
– Transmission rate- the number of bits per second
65. Physical Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 65
• Synchronization of bits
– Sender and receiver clock must be synchronized.
• Line Configuration
– Point-to-point or multipoint line configuration
• Physical Topology
– How to connect devices in network
• Transmission mode
– Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex
66. Physical Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 66
From data link lay er To data link lay er
L2 data L2 data
Physical
Layer
Physical
Layer
Transmission Medium
10101000010
10101000010
67. Data Link Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 67
• Responsible for node-to-node delivery of frames. It makes physicallayer appear error free to the upper layer.
• Framing
– Divides stream of bits received form network layer into
manageable data units called Frames.
• Physical Addressing
– When frames are send over a network it is required to add headercontaining source and destination address.
• Flow Control
– The rate at which data is absorbed bythe receiver.
• Error Control (Trailer)
– Adding mechanism to detect and retransmit damaged or lost frame
• Access Control
– To determine which device has controlover link at any given time.
68. Data Link Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 68
From netw orklayer To netw orklayer
To Physical Layer From Physical Layer
T2
Data
10 87
Trailer Source Address Destination Address
Data
Link
Layer
Frame
H2
T2
Data
Link
Layer
Frame
H2
T2
10101000010 10101000010
L3 data L3 data
69. Network Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 69
• Responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of packetacross multiple networks.
• If two systems are connected to same link, no need ofnetwork layer.
• If systems in different networks then need to implementnetwork layer to accomplish
source-to-destination delivery.
• Logical Addressing
– To handle addressing problems over network logical addressingscheme is used.
• Routing
– When independent networks or link are connected properpathselection should be achieved.
70. Network Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 70
From Transport lay er To Transport lay er
To Data Link Lay er From Data Link Lay er
T2
Data
A B 10 87
Trailer Source Physical Address Destination Physical Address Source LogicalAddress Destination Logical Address
Network Layer
Packet
L3 data
H3
Network
Layer
Packet
L3 data
H3
L4 data L4 data
71. Transport Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 71
• Responsible for source-to-destination delivery of entire message. Treats each
message independently.
• Ensures whole message arrived in order and an errorfree
• Security: implements connection between source and destination. Connection
implementation involves: connection establishment, data transfer and connection
release.
• Other issues are:
72. Transport Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 72
• Service Point Addressing
– Computer runs several processes (running program) at same time. So transport layer makes delivery
from one runningprocess to other running process. So it adds service point address (Port Address) to
header.
• Segmentation and reassembly
– A message is divided into transmittable segments. Sequence number is with segment, which helps to
reassemble segments.
73. Transport Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 73
• Connection Control
– Connectionless or connection oriented. Connectionless: segment is treated independently and deliver
to transport layer of destination
– Connection oriented: after establishing connection, data istransfer and then connection is terminated.
• Flow Control
– Here flow control is done end-to-end rather across a single link.
• Error Control
– Here error control is done end-to-end rather across a single link.
74. Transport Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 74
From Session lay er To Session lay er
To Network Lay er From Network Lay er
L5 data
Transport
Layer
H4
H4
H4
L4 data
L5 data
Transport
Layer
L4 data
H4
H4
H4
L4 data L4 data
L4 data L4 data
75. Session Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 75
• It is a network dialog controller. It establishes, maintains and synchronizes the
interaction between communicating system.
• Dialog Control
– Allows two systems to enter into a dialog. Allows communication between two processes
to take place either half or full duplex.
• Synchronization
– Allows a process to add checkpoints into a stream of data
– E.g. 2000 pages
76. Session Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 76
Session Layer
Syn
L5 data
L6 data
Session Layer
Syn
L5 data
L6 data
From Presentation lay er To Presentation Lay er
To Transport Lay er From Transport Lay er
H5 H5
77. Presentation Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 77
• Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two
systems.
• Translation
– Exchange information: characters, numbers and so on.
– Information must be changed to bit streams before transmitting using encoding techniques.
– Different encoding schemes are used. So presentationlayer changes sender information in
sender-dependentformat whereas on receiver side in receiver-dependent format.
78. Presentation Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 78
• Encryption and Decryption
– To carry sensitive information, privacy is important.
• Compression
– Reduces the number of bits contained in the information. It is required in case of
transmission of multimedia such as text, audio and video.
79. Presentation Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 79
From Application lay er To Application lay er
To Session Lay er From Session Lay er
Presentation
Layer
H6
Encoded, Encrypted, and
compressed data
L7 data
Presentation
Layer
H6
Decoded, decrypted, and
decompressed data
L7 data
L6 data L6 data
80. Application Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 80
• Enablesuser to access the network.
• Provides user interfaces and support or services likeelectronicmail, remote file
access and transfer, shared DBMS and otherdistributed type of
applications.applications.
• Other Issues
81. Application Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 81
• Network Virtual Terminal
– Is software version of physical terminal which allowsuser to log on to a remote host.
– The user’s computer talks to software terminal, which in turns, talks to host, and vice versa.
• File Transfer, access and Management (FTAM)
– Allows user to access files in remote host (to make changes or read data), to retrieve files
from remote computer for use in local computer and to manage or control other issues.
82. Application Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 82
• Mail Services
– Provides the basis for email forwarding and storage.
• Directory Services
– Provides distributed database sources and access for
global information about various objects and services.
83. Application Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 83
User User
From Presentation Lay er To Presentation Lay er
X.500 FTAM X.400
Application
Layer
L7 data
X.500 FTAM X.400
Application
Layer
L7 data
84. Internet Model (TCP/IP)
Prof.PoonamK. 84
• ARPANET: Grandparent of computer networks andworldwideInternet.
• ARPANET was research network sponsored by
DOD (Department of Defense).
• It eventually connected universities and governmentinstallationsusing leased
telephone lines.
• When satellite and radio networks gets added thereis need of new architecture.
• Goal: to connect multiple networks together in
seamless way. Architecture is TCP/IP.
86. TCP/IP Model
Prof.PoonamK. 86
• The model is composed of five ordered layers:
– Physical Layer (Layer 1)
– Data Link Layer (Layer 2)
– Network Layer (Layer 3)
– Transport Layer (Layer 4)
– Application Layer (Layer 5)
• At the time of transmitting messages the messageuses intermediate nodes at
lower layers.
87. Organization of Layers
Prof.PoonamK. 87
• The lower layers physical layer, data link layer and network layer are the network
support layers, deals with physical aspects of moving data from one device to other.
• Layer 5: the upper layer is application –user support layers. Allows interoperability
between unrelated software systems.
• Layer 4: links two subgroups and ensures that what lower layers have transmitted in
the form the upper layer understand.
88. Prof.PoonamK. 88
Internet Layer
• It is connectionless layer.
• Its job is to permit hosts to inject packets into any network and have them travel
independently to destination (on different network)
• They may arrive in different order than they were sent.
• It is job of higher layer to rearrange them in order.
• Internet Layer defines an official packet format (datagram) and protocol called IP
(InternetProtocol).
89. Prof.PoonamK. 89
Transport Layer
• It is designed to allow peer entities on the sourceand destinationhosts to carry
on a conversation
• Transport layer of this model deals with two end-to-endprotocols.
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
• UDP(User Datagram Protocol)
90. Prof.PoonamK. 90
Application Layer
• It consists of all higher-level protocols.
• It uses various protocolslike: TELNET, SMTP, FTPetc.
• TELNET allows user on one machine to log intodistantmachine and work
there.
• FTP provides a way to move data efficiently fromone machine to other.
• SMTP protocol is used for electronic mail facility.
• In addition it provides DNS for mapping hosts,HTTP: World Wide Web.
91. Host-to-Network Layer
Prof.PoonamK. 91
• Layer is developed by combining physical layer and data link layer.
• In addition to OSI model functionalityit adds a special protocol which helps to send
IP packets over it.
92. Protocol Stack
Prof.PoonamK. 92
Data Link Protocols defined by the
Physical underlying protocol
Application
TELNET
Session
RPC
TFTP
NFS
SNMP
DNS
FTP
SMTP
Presentation
Transport UDP
TCP
Network IP
ARP
RARP
IGMP
ICMP
93. IEEE Standards 802.11 Wireless LAN
Prof.PoonamK. 93
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) defines specification for
wireless LAN, IEEE802.11
• Covers physical and data link layers.
• Architecture – two kind of services
– BSS (Basic Service Set)
– ESS (Extended Service Set)
94. IEEE Standards 802.11 Wireless LAN
Prof.PoonamK. 94
• Basic Service Set
– Building block of wireless LAN
– Made of stationary or mobile wireless stations and
possible centralbase station called access point (AP)
– Two sets: BSS with AP and BSS Without AP
• BSS without an AP is standalone network and can not send datato other BSSs. Called as adhoc architecture in
which stations can form network without an AP, locates each other and agree to be part of BSS
95. IEEE Standards 802.11 Wireless LAN
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• Basic Service Set
BSS without AP BSS with AP
AP
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• Extended Service Set
– Made of two or more BSSs with APs.
– BSSs are connected through a distribution system usuallya wired LAN.
– Distribution system connects APs in the BSSs
– 802.11 not restrict distribution system, it can be anyIEEE LAN like Ethernet.
– Uses two type of stations: mobile and stationary
– Mobile stations are normal station in BSS.
– Stationary stations are AP stations part of wired LAN.
97. IEEE Standards 802.11 Wireless LAN
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• Extended Service Set
Server or Gateway
BSS BSS
AP AP
Distributed System
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• Extended Service Set
– When BSSs are connected we have infrastructure
network.
– Stations within each of one another can communicatewithout an AP.
– Communication between two stations in different BSSsoccurs via two APs.
– Idea is similar to communication in cellular network.
– Consider Each BSS to cell and each AP to base station
– Mobile station can belong to more than one BSS at sametime.