The document provides an introduction to networking fundamentals and covers the following topics in 3 sentences or less: Data communications involve the exchange of data between devices via transmission mediums. Key components include data representation, flow, and networks which are sets of connected devices characterized by parameters like performance, reliability, and security. Physical network topologies determine how devices are connected and include bus, star, ring and hybrid configurations.

1. Networking Fundamentals
INTRODUCTION

2. Before the Subject, a bit about me...
• I am Col BHARAT JHINGON.
• Served for 31 years in the Army.
• Did my B. Tech. in Electronics from IIT, Madras in 1978.
Obtained First Class.
• Did my M. Tech. in Optoelectronics & Optical
Communications from IIT, Delhi in 1989. Stood first
with CGPA of 9.83.
• Did my Masters in Personnel Management from Pune
University in 2005. Obtained First Class.
• Registered for Ph D. Topic of Research – Management
of BWA in India.
• Have about 10 years of teaching experience (both,
within & outside the Army).

3. 1.3
DATA COMMUNICATIONS
• The term telecommunication means communication
at a distance.
• The word data refers to information presented in
whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data.
• Data communications are the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable.

4. 1.4
Five components of data communication

6. Data Représentation
• Text – Unicode ( evolved from ASCII)
• Numbers – one of few No. systems
• Images – also represented by bit patterns,
each pixel assigned a bit pattern
• Audio – bit stream
• Video – bit stream

7. 1.7
Data flow
Egs.?

8. 1.8
NETWORKS
• A network is a set of devices (often referred to as
nodes) connected by communication links.
• A node can be a computer, printer, or any other
device capable of sending and/or receiving data
generated by other nodes on the network.
• Characterised by certain parameters.
– Certain important Network Criteria?
(Hint – PRS)

10. 1.11
Types of connections:
Physical Structures

11. 1.12
Physical Topology
Physical Structures

12. 1.13
A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

14. 1.15
A star topology connecting four stations

16. 1.17
A bus topology connecting three stations
Qn. Type of Connection?

18. 1.19
A ring topology connecting six stations

20. 1.21
A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

21. Categories of Networks
• Personal Area Networks
• Local Area Networks
• Metropolitan Area Networks
• Wide Area Networks
• Internetworks

23. 1.24
An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

24. Metropolitan Area Networks

25. 1.26
WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

26. Wide Area Networks
Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.
Communication

27. Wide Area Networks
A stream of packets from sender to receiver.

28. 1.29
Internetwork – eg. a heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

29. 1.30
THE INTERNET
• The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our
daily lives. It has affected the way we do business as
well as the way we spend our leisure time. The
Internet is a communication system that has brought a
wealth of information to our fingertips and organized
it for our use.
• Started off as the ARPANET, the Advanced Research
Projects Agency NET.

30. 1.31
Hierarchical organization of the Internet

31. Architecture of the Internet
Overview of the Internet.
On the Internet, a
point-of-presence
(POP) is an access
point from one place
to the rest of the
Internet. It has a
unique IP address.

32. 1.33
PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
• Now we define two widely used terms: protocols and
standards.
• First, we define protocol, which is synonymous with
rule.
• Then we discuss standards, which are agreed-upon
rules.

34. 13.35
802.3 MAC frame
Standard Ethernet – 10 Mbps

37. ITU
• Main sectors
• Radiocommunications
• Telecommunications Standardization
• Development
• Classes of Members
• National governments
• Sector members
• Associate members
• Regulatory agencies

39. IEEE 802 Standards
The 802 working groups. The important ones are
marked with *. The ones marked with  are
hibernating. The one marked with † gave up.