This document provides an overview of computer networks and communication. It discusses key topics such as data communication components and models, data representation, transmission modes, network types and topologies, protocols and standards. The key points are:
- Data communication involves exchanging data between devices via transmission medium using agreed upon protocols. Its effectiveness depends on delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter.
- Networks connect devices through various physical topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid configurations. They can be LAN, MAN or WAN depending on size and distance covered.
- Protocols and standards govern data communication and ensure interoperability. They are developed by organizations like ISO, ITU, IEEE and adopted as industry
Using layered models to analyze network communication:
- Layered models break network communication down into smaller, more manageable parts called layers.
- Each layer performs a specific set of functions to enable data transmission from one computer to another.
- As data passes through each layer, additional information is added to allow communication with the corresponding layer at the destination.
- Layered models standardize network components and allow different hardware/software to communicate using common protocols.
The document provides an overview of telecommunications and networks. It defines key concepts like telecommunications, networks, bandwidth, and different types of network ranges. It describes the components of a basic telecommunications system and different telecommunications media. It also discusses network applications, security, and how telecommunications and networks are transforming organizations by removing barriers of time and distance and allowing sharing of resources.
1a introduction to network fundamentalskavish dani
The document provides an introduction to networking fundamentals and covers the following topics in 3 sentences or less:
Data communications involve the exchange of data between devices via transmission mediums. Key components include data representation, flow, and networks which are sets of connected devices characterized by parameters like performance, reliability, and security. Physical network topologies determine how devices are connected and include bus, star, ring and hybrid configurations.
Networking allows two or more computers to exchange information when connected. There are different types of networks like LAN, WAN, and MAN. Network topologies include bus, star, ring, tree and mesh. TCP/IP is a 5 layer protocol model used to connect networks. Common internet protocols are HTTP, SMTP, POP3 and UDP. The World Wide Web is a system of hyperlinked documents accessed using a web browser.
The document provides an overview of the Internet and computer networks. It discusses what the Internet is, including end systems, access networks, and the network core. It describes the network edge, including end systems, access networks, and links. It then covers the network core, explaining circuit switching, packet switching, and the hierarchical structure of the Internet. It discusses concepts like delay, loss, throughput in packet-switched networks. Finally, it introduces the idea of organizing networks using a layered protocol approach and service models.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including:
1. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between two devices via transmission medium. The key aspects are delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter.
2. It describes different network topologies - star, bus, ring, mesh and hybrid. It explains the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of each.
3. It differentiates between different types of networks - LAN, WAN, MAN based on geographical area and transmission medium used.
4. It provides an overview of switching in circuit switched and packet switched networks.
5. It describes the internet as a worldwide system of interconnected commercial, government, educational and other
Sept 2017 topologies and communication mediashahin raj
This document discusses various topics related to telecommunications media and networks. It defines communications, telecommunications, and data communications. It describes different types of telecommunication media like twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, microwave, satellite, infrared, and cellular transmission. It also discusses telecommunication devices, network topologies, network types by size, client-server connections, communications software, and factors that influence the cost and considerations of communication media.
The document provides an overview of network fundamentals including basic concepts in communication, network structures and topologies, transmission mediums such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cable, and optical fibers, and network protocols. It describes essential components for communication including a message, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, and destination. Common network topologies like bus, star, ring and variations are explained. Characteristics of different cabling options are also outlined.
Using layered models to analyze network communication:
- Layered models break network communication down into smaller, more manageable parts called layers.
- Each layer performs a specific set of functions to enable data transmission from one computer to another.
- As data passes through each layer, additional information is added to allow communication with the corresponding layer at the destination.
- Layered models standardize network components and allow different hardware/software to communicate using common protocols.
The document provides an overview of telecommunications and networks. It defines key concepts like telecommunications, networks, bandwidth, and different types of network ranges. It describes the components of a basic telecommunications system and different telecommunications media. It also discusses network applications, security, and how telecommunications and networks are transforming organizations by removing barriers of time and distance and allowing sharing of resources.
1a introduction to network fundamentalskavish dani
The document provides an introduction to networking fundamentals and covers the following topics in 3 sentences or less:
Data communications involve the exchange of data between devices via transmission mediums. Key components include data representation, flow, and networks which are sets of connected devices characterized by parameters like performance, reliability, and security. Physical network topologies determine how devices are connected and include bus, star, ring and hybrid configurations.
Networking allows two or more computers to exchange information when connected. There are different types of networks like LAN, WAN, and MAN. Network topologies include bus, star, ring, tree and mesh. TCP/IP is a 5 layer protocol model used to connect networks. Common internet protocols are HTTP, SMTP, POP3 and UDP. The World Wide Web is a system of hyperlinked documents accessed using a web browser.
The document provides an overview of the Internet and computer networks. It discusses what the Internet is, including end systems, access networks, and the network core. It describes the network edge, including end systems, access networks, and links. It then covers the network core, explaining circuit switching, packet switching, and the hierarchical structure of the Internet. It discusses concepts like delay, loss, throughput in packet-switched networks. Finally, it introduces the idea of organizing networks using a layered protocol approach and service models.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including:
1. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between two devices via transmission medium. The key aspects are delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter.
2. It describes different network topologies - star, bus, ring, mesh and hybrid. It explains the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of each.
3. It differentiates between different types of networks - LAN, WAN, MAN based on geographical area and transmission medium used.
4. It provides an overview of switching in circuit switched and packet switched networks.
5. It describes the internet as a worldwide system of interconnected commercial, government, educational and other
Sept 2017 topologies and communication mediashahin raj
This document discusses various topics related to telecommunications media and networks. It defines communications, telecommunications, and data communications. It describes different types of telecommunication media like twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, microwave, satellite, infrared, and cellular transmission. It also discusses telecommunication devices, network topologies, network types by size, client-server connections, communications software, and factors that influence the cost and considerations of communication media.
The document provides an overview of network fundamentals including basic concepts in communication, network structures and topologies, transmission mediums such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cable, and optical fibers, and network protocols. It describes essential components for communication including a message, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, and destination. Common network topologies like bus, star, ring and variations are explained. Characteristics of different cabling options are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses how computer networks connect computers that can be located anywhere geographically. It describes the key components of networks including physical media, interconnecting devices, computers, networking software, and applications. It also covers different types of networking media, devices, topologies, and example networks like the Internet, Ethernet, and wireless LANs. It discusses network standardization bodies like the ITU and IEEE 802.
The document defines and describes various components of computer networks. It discusses what a network is, types of networks including local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It also covers network topologies like bus, star and ring topologies. Additionally, it summarizes common networking hardware such as hubs, routers, gateways and modems. The document also touches on network protocols, architectures, and characteristics of data transmission over networks.
This document provides an overview and introduction to data communications and networking. It discusses key topics such as data communication, networks, the internet, protocols and standards. The document is divided into chapters that cover introductions to data communications, networks, network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), network topologies (star, bus, ring, mesh, hybrid), the internet, protocols, and a brief history of networking. It provides definitions and examples for each topic in concise bullet points or paragraphs.
The document provides information about the history and development of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet began as a US military network called ARPANET in 1969 and expanded throughout the 1970s. It also describes how the creation of the World Wide Web in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee led to widespread commercial and public use of the Internet. The document then gives an overview of Internet governance organizations and different types of Internet connections.
This Presentation covers:
Basics of data communications
Network Elements
Introduction to Protocols
Bridges, Routers, HUB, switch, gateway
Packet Switching Concepts
Computer communications involves the transfer of data between devices using a communications channel. Key components of communication include a sender, receiver, encoding/decoding devices, and transmission medium. Networks connect multiple devices to facilitate communication and sharing of resources. Common network types include local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Standards define how devices communicate over networks and include protocols, topologies, and technologies like Ethernet, TCP/IP, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.
The document provides an overview of data communication components and concepts. It discusses:
- The key components of data communication including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols.
- Common data communication models including the source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and destination.
- Characteristics of effective data communication including delivery, accuracy, and timeliness of data transmission.
- Different types of data representation and data flow including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission.
A computer network allows devices to be interconnected through various topologies and components. Devices can be connected locally through a LAN or over longer distances via a WAN. Key aspects of networks include the physical infrastructure of cables and wireless technologies, hardware components like hubs and switches, protocols for communication, and models for distributed systems and client-server architectures. Additionally, networks enable digital technologies like the Internet, intranets for internal organizational use, and extranets for controlled external partnerships.
This document defines a computer network and networking. It discusses different types of networks including personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), wide area networks (WAN) and the Internet. It also describes common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh and tree. Finally, it outlines some network devices and benefits of networking.
Introduction of Computer Networking TechnoloyAmmar Rahman
The document provides an introduction to computer network technology and data communications. It discusses the concepts of communication and data communication, and defines data communication as a subset of telecommunication focused on transmitting data between computers. The history of telecommunications and data communication is also outlined. The key components of a communication data system including the sender, receiver, message, transmission medium, and protocols are defined. Common applications of computer networks like email, websites, e-commerce, newsgroups, internet telephony, video conferencing, chat groups, and internet radio are described. Finally, some important data communication protocols like TCP and UDP are introduced.
This document provides an introduction to data communication, networks, the Internet, and protocols. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via transmission media. Networks are described as sets of connected devices that allow nodes to send and receive data. Key aspects of networks discussed include performance, reliability, security, physical structures, topologies, and categories such as local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). The Internet is summarized as a global system of interconnected computer networks that allows for sharing of information. Protocols are defined as sets of rules that govern data communication by determining what is communicated, how, and when.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networking. It discusses key topics such as data representation, components of a communication system, types of data flow, physical network topologies including mesh, star, bus and ring configurations, and performance and reliability considerations for networks. The overall purpose is to help readers understand how computer networks operate and the technologies and design factors involved.
This document defines key data communication terminology like session, network, node, link, path, circuit, and packetizing. It describes different data flow types including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission modes. Networks are introduced as interconnected groups of devices that allow sharing of information and resources. Distributed processing and important network criteria like performance, reliability, and security are also outlined. The physical structures of networks include type of connection, either point-to-point or multipoint, and topology.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It defines a computer network as a collection of connected computers that can communicate and exchange information. It describes different types of network connections including simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. It also outlines common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree. Additionally, it explains important networking hardware and standards including network interface cards, switches, routers, Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, IEEE 802 standards, and more.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It discusses different types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN and examples of their usage. Key topics covered include network hardware, services, cables, architectures, topologies and protocols. Specific network topologies such as bus, star, ring, tree and mesh are defined along with their advantages and disadvantages. The importance of networking and reasons to share networks are also mentioned.
This document discusses data transmission and computer networks. It defines data transmission as the transfer of digital data over communication channels and telecommunication as communication at a distance using technology. A computer network allows devices to exchange data by connecting them with cables, routers/switches, wireless access points, network cards, modems and an internet connection. Networks can be local area networks within a building, wide area networks connecting multiple LANs over large distances, or metropolitan area networks that are hybrids between LANs and WANs. The advantages of networks include file sharing, resource sharing, communication and flexible access.
Datacom module 2: Data Communication Architecture, Protocols, and StandardsJeffrey Des Binwag
The document discusses network architectures, protocols, and standards. It covers topics like network architecture, data communication protocols, protocol stacks, network protocol classifications, layered network architectures like OSI and TCP/IP, and standards organizations. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in data communications and computer networking.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It defines key network concepts like local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the different physical network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid networks. It discusses network performance metrics like throughput and delay. It also covers network criteria such as reliability, security, and standards organizations that help networks communicate. Examples of different network configurations are provided to illustrate LANs, WANs, and the various physical topologies.
The document provides an overview of data communication and networking concepts. It discusses data communication fundamentals including delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter. It describes data communication system components such as messages, senders, receivers, transmission medium and protocols. It also covers data representation, data flow models, network types including LAN, MAN and WAN, wireless networks, internet interconnection and network protocols and standards.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses how computer networks connect computers that can be located anywhere geographically. It describes the key components of networks including physical media, interconnecting devices, computers, networking software, and applications. It also covers different types of networking media, devices, topologies, and example networks like the Internet, Ethernet, and wireless LANs. It discusses network standardization bodies like the ITU and IEEE 802.
The document defines and describes various components of computer networks. It discusses what a network is, types of networks including local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It also covers network topologies like bus, star and ring topologies. Additionally, it summarizes common networking hardware such as hubs, routers, gateways and modems. The document also touches on network protocols, architectures, and characteristics of data transmission over networks.
This document provides an overview and introduction to data communications and networking. It discusses key topics such as data communication, networks, the internet, protocols and standards. The document is divided into chapters that cover introductions to data communications, networks, network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), network topologies (star, bus, ring, mesh, hybrid), the internet, protocols, and a brief history of networking. It provides definitions and examples for each topic in concise bullet points or paragraphs.
The document provides information about the history and development of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet began as a US military network called ARPANET in 1969 and expanded throughout the 1970s. It also describes how the creation of the World Wide Web in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee led to widespread commercial and public use of the Internet. The document then gives an overview of Internet governance organizations and different types of Internet connections.
This Presentation covers:
Basics of data communications
Network Elements
Introduction to Protocols
Bridges, Routers, HUB, switch, gateway
Packet Switching Concepts
Computer communications involves the transfer of data between devices using a communications channel. Key components of communication include a sender, receiver, encoding/decoding devices, and transmission medium. Networks connect multiple devices to facilitate communication and sharing of resources. Common network types include local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Standards define how devices communicate over networks and include protocols, topologies, and technologies like Ethernet, TCP/IP, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.
The document provides an overview of data communication components and concepts. It discusses:
- The key components of data communication including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols.
- Common data communication models including the source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and destination.
- Characteristics of effective data communication including delivery, accuracy, and timeliness of data transmission.
- Different types of data representation and data flow including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission.
A computer network allows devices to be interconnected through various topologies and components. Devices can be connected locally through a LAN or over longer distances via a WAN. Key aspects of networks include the physical infrastructure of cables and wireless technologies, hardware components like hubs and switches, protocols for communication, and models for distributed systems and client-server architectures. Additionally, networks enable digital technologies like the Internet, intranets for internal organizational use, and extranets for controlled external partnerships.
This document defines a computer network and networking. It discusses different types of networks including personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), wide area networks (WAN) and the Internet. It also describes common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh and tree. Finally, it outlines some network devices and benefits of networking.
Introduction of Computer Networking TechnoloyAmmar Rahman
The document provides an introduction to computer network technology and data communications. It discusses the concepts of communication and data communication, and defines data communication as a subset of telecommunication focused on transmitting data between computers. The history of telecommunications and data communication is also outlined. The key components of a communication data system including the sender, receiver, message, transmission medium, and protocols are defined. Common applications of computer networks like email, websites, e-commerce, newsgroups, internet telephony, video conferencing, chat groups, and internet radio are described. Finally, some important data communication protocols like TCP and UDP are introduced.
This document provides an introduction to data communication, networks, the Internet, and protocols. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via transmission media. Networks are described as sets of connected devices that allow nodes to send and receive data. Key aspects of networks discussed include performance, reliability, security, physical structures, topologies, and categories such as local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). The Internet is summarized as a global system of interconnected computer networks that allows for sharing of information. Protocols are defined as sets of rules that govern data communication by determining what is communicated, how, and when.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networking. It discusses key topics such as data representation, components of a communication system, types of data flow, physical network topologies including mesh, star, bus and ring configurations, and performance and reliability considerations for networks. The overall purpose is to help readers understand how computer networks operate and the technologies and design factors involved.
This document defines key data communication terminology like session, network, node, link, path, circuit, and packetizing. It describes different data flow types including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission modes. Networks are introduced as interconnected groups of devices that allow sharing of information and resources. Distributed processing and important network criteria like performance, reliability, and security are also outlined. The physical structures of networks include type of connection, either point-to-point or multipoint, and topology.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It defines a computer network as a collection of connected computers that can communicate and exchange information. It describes different types of network connections including simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. It also outlines common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree. Additionally, it explains important networking hardware and standards including network interface cards, switches, routers, Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, IEEE 802 standards, and more.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It discusses different types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN and examples of their usage. Key topics covered include network hardware, services, cables, architectures, topologies and protocols. Specific network topologies such as bus, star, ring, tree and mesh are defined along with their advantages and disadvantages. The importance of networking and reasons to share networks are also mentioned.
This document discusses data transmission and computer networks. It defines data transmission as the transfer of digital data over communication channels and telecommunication as communication at a distance using technology. A computer network allows devices to exchange data by connecting them with cables, routers/switches, wireless access points, network cards, modems and an internet connection. Networks can be local area networks within a building, wide area networks connecting multiple LANs over large distances, or metropolitan area networks that are hybrids between LANs and WANs. The advantages of networks include file sharing, resource sharing, communication and flexible access.
Datacom module 2: Data Communication Architecture, Protocols, and StandardsJeffrey Des Binwag
The document discusses network architectures, protocols, and standards. It covers topics like network architecture, data communication protocols, protocol stacks, network protocol classifications, layered network architectures like OSI and TCP/IP, and standards organizations. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in data communications and computer networking.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It defines key network concepts like local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the different physical network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid networks. It discusses network performance metrics like throughput and delay. It also covers network criteria such as reliability, security, and standards organizations that help networks communicate. Examples of different network configurations are provided to illustrate LANs, WANs, and the various physical topologies.
The document provides an overview of data communication and networking concepts. It discusses data communication fundamentals including delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter. It describes data communication system components such as messages, senders, receivers, transmission medium and protocols. It also covers data representation, data flow models, network types including LAN, MAN and WAN, wireless networks, internet interconnection and network protocols and standards.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and computer networks. It discusses the basic components of a communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. The document also defines local, metropolitan, and wide area networks and how they differ in size and scope. Finally, it discusses some important network concepts like protocols, standards, and the organizations that develop standards to ensure interoperability.
Telecommunications and networks allow for the electronic transmission of signals across various mediums. Key aspects include modes of data transfer (parallel, serial), network topologies (bus, star, ring), protocols which establish communication rules, and different types of cabling and wireless options. Networks can be local area networks (LANs) or wide area networks (WANs) and involve hardware, software, and channels to transmit data packets between nodes using standards like the OSI model.
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication and access to data. It explains basic networking concepts such as local and wide area networks, protocols, network topologies, and network devices. It also covers topics like cabling, wireless networks, error detection, and network management.
Telecommunications and networks allow for the electronic transmission of signals across various mediums. Key benefits include better communication, greater efficiency, and improved access to data. Data can be transmitted either serially or in parallel. Computer networks connect devices together to share resources and data. Networks rely on hardware, software, protocols, and various transmission mediums like cabling, wireless, or telephone lines. Network devices like bridges, routers, and switches help direct and control data flow across networks.
Telecommunications and networks allow for the electronic transmission of signals across various mediums for communication purposes. A computer network connects computers together to share data and resources. Networks can be configured in different topologies like bus, star, or ring and use various cabling and wireless options. Protocols and software are required for effective data transmission and handling network traffic.
Telecommunications and networks allow for the electronic transmission of signals across various mediums for communication purposes. A computer network connects computers together to share data and resources. It consists of hardware, software, and communication channels. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, and hierarchical configurations. Protocols and standards ensure consistent communication between nodes. Cabling, wireless transmission, and telephone lines are examples of communication media that transmit signals over physical channels.
Telecommunications allow electronic transmission of signals for communication purposes. Networks connect computers to share data and resources. Data is transmitted in packets with headers containing addressing information. Networks use protocols to establish communication rules and access methods to control data transmission. Various media transmit data, including cabling, wireless, and telephone lines. Modems modulate digital signals for analog transmission and demodulate the signals for digital reception. Network devices like bridges, routers, and switches help direct and control data flow.
chapter6 intro to telecommunications.pptTakudzwaM1
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication, efficiency, and access to data. It then covers topics such as modes of data transfer, network topologies, protocols, network hardware and software, the OSI model, and more. The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in telecommunications and computer networking.
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication and access to data. It also covers topics like modes of data transfer, network topologies, protocols, network devices, cabling, and wireless networks. The document provides an overview of how telecommunications and computer networks work at a high level.
Telecommunications allow electronic transmission of signals for communication purposes. Networks connect computers to share data and resources. Data is transmitted in packets with headers containing addressing information. Networks can be configured in different topologies like bus, star, or ring. Common protocols ensure consistent communication between nodes. Cabling, wireless transmission, and telephone lines are different communication media that networks use to transmit data. Devices like bridges, routers, and switches help direct and control data flow within networks.
Telecommunications allow electronic transmission of signals for communication purposes. Networks connect computers to share data and resources. Data is transmitted in packets with headers containing addressing information. Networks can be configured in topologies like bus, star, or ring and use various media like cabling, wireless, or telephone lines. Protocols provide rules for communication between nodes and multiplexing allows sharing channels. Error detection and correction ensure accurate data transfer. Network devices like bridges, routers, and switches control data flow.
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, networks, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication, efficiency, and access to data. It also covers topics like modes of data transfer, network topologies, protocols, network hardware and software, and more. The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in telecommunications and computer networking.
Telecommunications allow electronic transmission of signals for communication purposes. Networks connect computers to share data and resources. Data is transmitted in packets with headers containing addressing information. Networks can be configured in different topologies like bus, star, or ring. Common protocols ensure consistent communication between nodes. Cabling, wireless transmission, and telephone lines are different communication media that networks use to transmit data. Devices like bridges, routers, and switches help direct and control data flow within networks.
Telecommunications allow electronic transmission of signals for communication purposes. Networks connect computers to share data and resources. Data is transmitted in packets with headers containing addressing information. Networks use protocols to establish communication rules. Cabling, wireless, and telephone lines are used as communication channels to transmit data in either parallel or serial modes.
1) The document outlines a course on data communication and networks across 5 units. It covers topics such as network fundamentals, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and applications.
2) The objectives are to understand basic network concepts, components for data communication, analyze functions of various layers, and acquire knowledge of application protocols and internet technologies.
3) The outcomes are to understand how information flows through a network, identify components for different network types, understand the layered approach to data communication, and choose appropriate functionality for applications.
A network allows two or more computers to connect and share resources like information. There are benefits to networking like increased productivity, ease of access to shared files from different locations, and sharing programs. Networks can use different transmission media like wired cables or wireless transmission. Common network types are LANs which connect devices within a single area, MANs which connect LANs within a geographic region, and WANs which connect LANs over long distances like across countries. Topologies define how computers are physically connected in a network, with common ones being bus, star, and ring.
Data communication involves the exchange of data between two or more parties through various means such as writing, talking, images, and electronic communication like emails and calls. An effective data communication model includes a source that generates data, a transmitter that converts it into signals, a transmission system that carries the data, a receiver that converts it back into data, and a destination that receives the incoming data. Computer networks allow for sharing of resources like files, printers, and applications between connected computers. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh configurations that determine how the connected computers are physically laid out and communicate with each other.
Dokumen tersebut merangkum 50 strategi pemasaran yang dapat digunakan untuk mempromosikan produk. Beberapa strategi yang disebutkan antara lain strategi "nilai tersembunyi", strategi "produk habis terjual", dan strategi "serangan bom" yang bertujuan untuk menarik minat calon pelanggan.
This document provides an overview of Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS), a framework for creating new market space and making competition irrelevant. It discusses the key concepts of BOS including red versus blue oceans, the six principles of BOS, and value innovation. Tools for applying BOS like the strategy canvas and ERRC grid are also introduced. The document then outlines an agenda and activities for formulating a blue ocean strategy, including assessing the current "as-is" strategy, reconstructing market boundaries, and developing a new "to-be" strategy canvas.
The document discusses Management Accounting in the Public Sector. It outlines Micro Accounting System (MAS), which was introduced in 1992 to measure cost performance and improve accountability in government agencies. MAS aims to provide cost data to managers for decision making, pricing, and strategic planning. Challenges to implementing MAS include the public sector environment and lack of competition. The document also discusses performance measurement using the concepts of efficiency, effectiveness and economy.
This document discusses quality costs, which are the costs incurred when poor quality exists. It defines the different types of quality costs including prevention costs, appraisal costs, internal failure costs, and external failure costs. It also describes methods for measuring quality costs such as the multiplier method, market research method, and Taguchi quality loss function. Additional topics covered include identifying quality problems using control charts, Pareto diagrams, and cause-and-effect diagrams. The importance of reporting quality costs is also mentioned.
This document discusses computer network error detection and correction. It begins by defining single-bit errors and burst errors. It then explains three common error detection techniques: parity check, cyclic redundancy check (CRC), and checksum. Parity check uses a redundant bit to make the total number of 1s even or odd. CRC performs binary division to generate redundant bits. Checksum adds data bits and compares the sum. For error correction, it describes Hamming codes, which add redundant bits in specific positions to detect and correct single-bit errors.
The document discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP model for computer networking. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. It provides details on the functions and responsibilities of each layer. The document also summarizes that the TCP/IP model has five layers and combines the top three layers of the OSI model into one layer.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in software engineering including software processes, process models, activities, and coping with change. It discusses the waterfall model, incremental development, and reuse-oriented processes. The main activities of software specification, design and implementation, validation, and evolution are described. The document also briefly introduces topics like requirements engineering, system modeling, architectural design, testing, and software maintenance.
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
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zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
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You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
3. Introduction
Why Study Data Communications?
• accessibility – to get accurate information.
• data/information sharing?
• Eg: From one pc – data copied onto a floppy disk and
physically reloaded to another pc/remote computer – time
consuming, inconveniences.
• Revolution is occurred in telecommunications networks
• Technological advances drive communication links to
carry more and faster signals.
4. Data Communication
• Telecommunication - communication at a distance (tele is
Greek for far). E.g: telephony, telegraphy, and television.
• Data
Facts, concepts, and instructions presented in whatever
form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using
data.
In the context of computer IS, data are represented by
binary information units (or bits) produced and consumed
in the form of 0s and 1s.
Data communication - the exchange of data between two
devices via some form of transmission medium (such as
wire cable)
4
5. Data Communication
• The effectiveness of a data communication system depends
on 4 fundamental characteristics :
1. delivery – the system must deliver data to the correct
destination.
2. accuracy – the system must deliver data accurately.
3. timeliness – The system must deliver data in timely
manner.
4. Jitter – variation in arrival time.
5
7. Data Communication Components
5 components :
1. Message – the information (data) to be communicated.
Can consists of text, numbers, picture, audio, video.
2. Sender – the device that sends the data message. Can be
a computer, workstation, mobile phone, video cam etc
3. Receiver – the device that receives the message. Can be a
computer, workstation, mobile phone, tv etc.
7
8. 4. Medium – the physical path by which a message
travels from sender to receiver. UTP cable, coaxial,
fiber optic, radio wave.
5. Protocol – A set of rules that govern data
communication. Represent an agreement between the
communicating devices.
10. Data representation
Types of data representation
1. Text
• In the bit format (‘0’, ‘1’) – bit pattern
• Known as code – a set of bit sequence
• Unicode
2. Numbers
• Also represented by bit patterns
3. Images
• Also represented by bit patterns associated with each
pixels.
• black pixel – all ‘1’s
4. Audio
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5. Video
11. Transmission mode
• The direction of signal flow between two linked devices.
• There are three types:
– Simplex
– Half-duplex
– Full-duplex
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12. Transmission mode
• Simplex
– The communication is unidirectional.
– Only one of two stations on a link can transmit; the
other can only receive
– E.g: keyboards and traditional monitor
• Half-duplex
– Each station can both transmit and receive, but not
at the same time.
– When one device is sending, the other can only
receive, and vice versa
– The entire capacity of a channel is taken over at the
time
– E.g: walkie-talkie
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18. Networks
• A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)
connected by communication links (channel).
– A node can be a computer, printer, or any other
device capable of sending and/or receiving data
generated by other nodes on the network.
• Networks use distributed processing, in which task is
divided among multiple computers.
• Network criteria:
– Performance – transmission time and response time
– Reliability – frequency of failure
– Security – protecting data from unauthorized access
and damage.
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19. Learning outcome
• Illustrate/draw network topology and architecture (C4)
• linking the importance of protocols and standards (C3)
• Topics
– Topology
– Network models
– Protocol and standard
21. Physical Topology
• Physical topology – refers to how the network is laid out
physically
• 4 basic topology
– Mesh - dedicated point-to-point link to every other
device
– Star - dedicated point-to-point link only to a central
controller
– Bus – all devices are linked through a long cable acts
as a backbone
– Ring – dedicated point-to-point to its adjacent devices
21
22. • Hybrid topology
– A collection of any two or more basic topology
– example: a star backbone + three bus network
23. Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
• Require a dedicated
line/connection
- Can carry its own
data
• a link failure – does not
affect others
• Privacy/security – only
intended recipient see the
message
• The number of
connection is huge
• Require a huge space for
cabling
• Require hardware
1.23
24. Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations
• Central controller
• All communication are through the hub
• Used in Local-Area Network (LAN)
• Less expensive
compared to mesh
topology
1.24
• Robustness – when a
link fail- only the link is
affected
• Single point of failure
25. Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations
• Connected by drop line and tap
• Signal travel through cable = energy are converted to heat
• Therefore it become weaker with the distance
1.25
26. Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations
• Connected to it immediate neighbours
• Add/delete device require two connections
1.26
27. Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
1.27
28. Categories of Networks
• Based on size, ownership, the distance it covers and
physical architecture.
• LAN
– Privately owned
– Link the devices in a single office, building, or campus
– Limited to a few kilometer
– Resource sharing between PC/workstation
– Other factor: transmission media and topology
– Most common topologies: bus, ring, star
– Data rate/speed up to 100Mbps
28
29. • MAN
– Designed to extend over an entire city
– Example: cable TV network, LAN to LAN resource
sharing
– Operates as private company or public company
-Maxis
• WAN
– Provides long distance transmission of data, voice,
image, video conference over large geographic areas
– May utilize as public, leased or private communication
equipment.
– Enterprise network – refer to WAN that wholly owned
and used by a single company.
29
36. Internetworks
•
•
•
•
Internetwork/internet – two or more networks are
connected
Internetworking devices – routers, gateways
internet – a generic term used to mean an
interconnection of networks
Internet – a specific worldwide network
36
37. THE INTERNET
The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our
daily lives. It has affected the way we do business as
well as the way we spend our leisure time. The Internet
is a communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.
1.37
39. 1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
Protocol - synonymous with rule.
Standards - agreed-upon rules.
1.39
40. Protocol & Standard
• Protocol – set of rules that govern data communication.
• Collection of rules - definition on what, how and when it
is communicated.
• Key element of a protocol are:
• Syntax – refers to the structure or format of the data,
the order in which they are presented.
• Semantics – refers to the meaning of each section bits.
• Timing – refers to two characteristic: when data should
be sent, and how fast they can be sent.
40
41. • Standard –provides a model for development that
makes it possible for a product to work regardless of
individual manufacturer.
42. • Standard – creating and maintaining an open and
competitive market for equipment manufacturers,
guaranteeing national/international interoperability of
data and telecommunications tech process
• Data communication standards can be categorized to 2:
– De jure (by law/regulation)
• Legislated by an officially recognized body
– De facto (by fact/convention)
• Proprietary, nonproprietary
42
43. Standards Organization
• Standard are developed by cooperation among
standards creation committees, forums, and
government regulatory agencies.
• Standards Creation Committees:
– ISO – International Standards Organization
– ITU-T – International Telecommunications Union –
Telecommunication Standards Sector
– ANSI – American National Standard Institute
– IEEE- Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
– EIA – Electronic Industries Association
– Telcorda
43
44. • ISO – multinational body whose membership is drawn
mainly from the standards creation committees of
various governments throughout the world.
– Aim: to facilitate the international exchange of goods
and services by providing models for compatibility
45. • ITU-T
– formerly known CCITT – Consultative Committee for
International Telecommunication Union
– Two popular standards – V series and X series
• ANSI
– US non-profit organization
– US representative to both the ISO and the ITU-T
• IEEE
– The largest professional engineering society in the
world
– Develops standards for computing, communication,
electrical engineering and electronics
– Sponsored an important standard for LAN called
Project 802
45
46. 46
idawaty@fsktm.upm.edu.my
• EIA
– Association of electronics manufacturers in US
– Responsible for developing the EIA-232-D and EIA530 standards – define serial transmission between
two digital devices. (computer to modem)
• Telcordia
– Provides R&D resources for the advancement of
telecommunication technology.
– Important source of draft standard to ANSI
47. • Forums
– Telecommunications technology development is
moving faster than the ability of standard committee
to ratify standards
– Standards committee are procedural bodies and by
nature slow moving
– The forums work with universities and users to test,
evaluate and standardize new technologies
– At the end, the forums present their conclusion to
standards bodies
– Example – Frame Relay Forum, ATM Forum, Internet
Society (ISOC), Internet Engineering Task
Force(IETF)
48. • Regulatory Agencies
– All communication technology is subject to regulation
by government agencies such as the Federal
Communication Commission (FCC) in US.
• Internet Standard
– Tested specification to be used for Internet
– Being published in Internet draft as Request for
Comment(RFC) document
48