The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
Ā
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesarās dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empireās birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empireās society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
Ā
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesarās dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empireās birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empireās society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasnāt one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using āinvisibleā attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
1. Unit 1 : Information Technology
Dr.Durga wati Kushwaha
Assistant Professor
2. Network Topology
ā¢ Network topology is the arrangement of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a communication network.
ā¢ Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various types of
telecommunication networks, including command and control radio networks, industrial field
busses and computer networks.
ā¢ Network topology is the topologicalstructure of a network and may be depicted physically or logically.
ā¢ It is an application of graph theory wherein communicating devices are modeled as nodes and the
connections between the devices are modeled as links or lines between the nodes.
ā¢ Physical topology is the placement of the various components of a network (e.g., device location and
cable installation), while logical topology illustrates how data flows within a network.
ā¢ Examples of network topologies are found in local area networks (LAN), a common computer network
installation.
3. Topologies
ā¢ Physical topology :
ļ¼The transmission medium layout used to link devices is the physical topology of the
network. For conductive or fiber optical mediums, this refers to the layout of cabling,
the locations of nodes, and the links between the nodes and the cabling.
ļ¼ The physical topology of a network is determined by the capabilities of the network
access devices and media, the level of control or fault tolerance desired, and the cost
associated with cabling or telecommunication circuits.
ā¢ Logical topology :
ā¢ Logical topology is the way that the signals act on the network media, or the way that
the data passes through the network from one device to the next without regard to
the physical interconnection of the devices.
ā¢ A network's logical topology is not necessarily the same as its physical topology.
5. Contdā¦.
Bus topology
ā¢ The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are connected through a single cable known as a backbone
cable.
ā¢ Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by drop cable or directly connected to the backbone cable.
ā¢ When a node wants to send a message over the network, it puts a message over the network. All the stations available in
the network will receive the message whether it has been addressed or not.
ā¢ The bus topology is mainly used in 802.3 (ethernet) and 802.4 standard networks.
ā¢ The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler as compared to other topologies.
ā¢ The backbone cable is considered as a "single lane" through which the message is broadcast to all the stations.
ā¢ The most common access method of the bus topologies is CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access).
CSMA: It is a media access control used to control the data flow so that data integrity is maintained,
i.e., the packets do not get lost. There are two alternative ways of handling the problems that occur when
two nodes send the messages simultaneously.
ā¢CSMA CD: CSMA CD (Collision detection) is an access method used to detect the collision. Once
the collision is detected, the sender will stop transmitting the data. Therefore, it works on "recovery
after the collision".
ā¢CSMA CA: CSMA CA (Collision Avoidance) is an access method used to avoid the collision by
checking whether the transmission media is busy or not. If busy, then the sender waits until the media
becomes idle. This technique effectively reduces the possibility of the collision. It does not work on
"recovery after the collision".
6. Contdā¦.
Advantages
ā¢ Low-cost cable
ā¢ Moderate data speeds
ā¢ Familiar technology
ā¢ Limited failure
Disadvantages
ā¢ Extensive cabling
ā¢ Difficult troubleshooting
ā¢ Signal interference
ā¢ Reconfiguration difficult
ā¢ Attenuation (loss of signal leads to
communication issues. Repeaters are used to
regenerate the signal.)
7. ā¢ Ring Topology:
ļ¼Ring topology is like a bus topology, but with connected ends.
ļ¼The node that receives the message from the previous computer will retransmit to the next node.
ļ¼The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is unidirectional.
ļ¼The data flows in a single loop continuously known as an endless loop.
ļ¼It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is connected to other node and having no termination point.
ļ¼The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise direction.
ļ¼The most common access method of the ring topology is token passing.
ā¢ Token passing: It is a network access method in which token is passed from one node to another node.
ā¢ Token: It is a frame that circulates around the network.
Working of Token passing
ā¢ A token moves around the network, and it is passed from computer to computer until it reaches the
destination.
ā¢ The sender modifies the token by putting the address along with the data.
ā¢ The data is passed from one device to another device until the destination address matches.
ā¢ Once the token received by the destination device, then it sends the acknowledgment to the sender.
ā¢ In a ring topology, a token is used as a carrier.
Contdā¦.
9. ā¢ Star Topology
Contdā¦.
ā¢Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which every node is
connected to the central hub, switch or a central computer.
ā¢The central computer is known as a server, and the peripheral devices
attached to the server are known as clients.
ā¢Coaxial cable or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the computers.
ā¢Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connection devices in a physical
star topology.
ā¢Star topology is the most popular topology in network implementation.
10. Contdā¦.
Advantages
ā¢ Efficient troubleshooting
ā¢ Network control
ā¢ Limited failure
ā¢ Familiar technology
ā¢ Easily expandable
ā¢ Cost effective
ā¢ High data speeds
Disadvantages
ā¢ A Central point of failure
ā¢ Cable
11. ā¢ Tree topology:
ļ¼Combines the characteristics of bus topology and star topology.
ļ¼A tree topology is a type of structure in which all the computers are connected with each other in
hierarchical fashion.
ļ¼The top-most node in tree topology is known as a root node, and all other nodes are the
descendants of the root node.
ļ¼There is only one path exists between two nodes for the data transmission. Thus, it forms a
parent-child hierarchy.
Contdā¦.
Advantages Disadvantages
Support for broadband transmission Difficult troubleshooting
Easily expandable & manageable High cost
Error detection Failure
Limited failure Reconfiguration difficult
Point-to-point wiring
12. ā¢ Mesh topology
ļ¼Mesh technology is an arrangement of the network in which computers are
interconnected with each other through various redundant connections.
ļ¼There are multiple paths from one computer to another computer.
ļ¼It does not contain the switch, hub or any central computer which acts as a central point
of communication.
ļ¼The Internet is an example of the mesh topology.
ļ¼Mesh topology is mainly used for WAN implementations where communication failures
are a critical concern.
ļ¼Mesh topology is mainly used for wireless networks.
ļ¼Mesh topology can be formed by using the formula:
Number of cables = (n*(n-1))/2;
Where n is the number of nodes that represents the network.
Contdā¦.
13. ā¢ Mesh topology is divided into two categories:
ļ¼Fully connected mesh topology
ļ¼Partially connected mesh topology
Contdā¦.
ā¢Full Mesh Topology: In a full mesh topology, each computer is connected to all the computers available in the network.
ā¢Partial Mesh Topology: In a partial mesh topology, not all but certain computers are connected to those computers with which
they communicate frequently.
Advantages Disadvantages
Reliable Cost
Fast Communication Management is difficult
Easier Reconfiguration Efficiency( redundant connections are high that reduces
the efficiency of the network)
14. ā¢ Hybrid Topology Contdā¦.
ā¢The combination of various different topologies is known as Hybrid
topology.
ā¢A Hybrid topology is a connection between different links and nodes to
transfer the data.
ā¢When two or more different topologies are combined together is termed as
Hybrid topology and if similar topologies are connected with each other will
not result in Hybrid topology.
ā¢For example, if there exist a ring topology in one branch of ICICI bank and
bus topology in another branch of ICICI bank, connecting these two
topologies will result in Hybrid topology.
Advantages Disadvantages
Reliable Complex design
Scalable Costly Hub
Flexible Costly infrastructure
Effective
15. Transmission modes
ā¢The way in which data is transmitted from one device to another device is known as transmission mode.
ā¢The transmission mode is also known as the communication mode.
ā¢Each communication channel has a direction associated with it, and transmission media provide the
direction. Therefore, the transmission mode is also known as a directional mode.
ā¢The transmission mode is defined in the physical layer.
ā¢The Transmission mode is divided into three categories:
ļ Simplex mode
ļ Half-duplex mode
ļ Full-duplex mode
16. ā¢ Simplex mode
Contdā¦.
ā¢In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, i.e., the data flow in one direction.
ā¢A device can only send the data but cannot receive it or it can receive the data but cannot send the data.
ā¢This transmission mode is not very popular as mainly communications require the two-way exchange of data. The simplex
mode is used in the business field as in sales that do not require any corresponding reply.
ā¢The radio station is a simplex channel as it transmits the signal to the listeners but never allows them to transmit back.
ā¢Keyboard and Monitor are the examples of the simplex mode as a keyboard can only accept the data from the user and
monitor can only be used to display the data on the screen.
ā¢The main advantage of the simplex mode is that the full capacity of the communication channel can be utilized during
transmission.
Advantage of Simplex mode:
ā¢In simplex mode, the station can utilize the entire bandwidth of the communication channel, so that more data can be
transmitted at a time.
Disadvantage of Simplex mode:
ā¢Communication is unidirectional, so it has no inter-communication between devices.
17. ā¢ Half-Duplex mode Contdā¦.
ā¢In a Half-duplex channel, direction can be reversed, i.e., the station can transmit and receive the data as well.
ā¢Messages flow in both the directions, but not at the same time.
ā¢The entire bandwidth of the communication channel is utilized in one direction at a time.
ā¢In half-duplex mode, it is possible to perform the error detection, and if any error occurs, then the receiver requests the
sender to retransmit the data.
ā¢A Walkie-talkie is an example of the Half-duplex mode. In Walkie-talkie, one party speaks, and another party listens. After
a pause, the other speaks and first party listens. Speaking simultaneously will create the distorted sound which cannot be
understood.
Advantage of Half-duplex mode:
ā¢In half-duplex mode, both the devices can send and receive the data and also can utilize the entire bandwidth of the
communication channel during the transmission of data.
Disadvantage of Half-Duplex mode:
ā¢In half-duplex mode, when one device is sending the data, then another has to wait, this causes the delay in sending the data
at the right time.
18. ā¢ Full-duplex mode
Contdā¦.
ā¢In Full duplex mode, the communication is bi-directional, i.e., the data flow in both the directions.
ā¢Both the stations can send and receive the message simultaneously.
ā¢Full-duplex mode has two simplex channels. One channel has traffic moving in one direction, and another channel has
traffic flowing in the opposite direction.
ā¢The Full-duplex mode is the fastest mode of communication between devices.
ā¢The most common example of the full-duplex mode is a telephone network. When two people are communicating with each
other by a telephone line, both can talk and listen at the same time.
Advantage of Full-duplex mode:
ā¢Both the stations can send and receive the data at the same time.
Disadvantage of Full-duplex mode:
ā¢If there is no dedicated path exists between the devices, then the capacity of the communication channel is divided into two
parts.
19. Differences b/w Simplex, Half-duplex and Full-duplex mode
Basis for
comparison
Simplex mode Half-duplex mode Full-duplex mode
Direction of
communication
In simplex mode, the
communication is unidirectional.
In half-duplex mode, the communication is
bidirectional, but one at a time.
In full-duplex mode, the
communication is bidirectional.
Send/Receive A device can only send the data
but cannot receive it or it can
only receive the data but cannot
send it.
Both the devices can send and receive the
data, but one at a time.
Both the devices can send and
receive the data simultaneously.
Performance The performance of half-duplex
mode is better than the simplex
mode.
The performance of full-duplex mode is better
than the half-duplex mode.
The Full-duplex mode has better
performance among simplex and
half-duplex mode as it doubles
the utilization of the capacity of
the communication channel.
Example Examples of Simplex mode are
radio, keyboard, and monitor.
Example of half-duplex is Walkie-Talkies. Example of the Full-duplex mode
is a telephone network.
20. Netiquette
ā¢ Netiquette is a made-up word from the words net and etiquette.
ā¢ Netiquette thus describes the rules of conduct for respectful and appropriate
communication on the internet.
ā¢ Netiquette is often referred to as etiquette for the internet.
ā¢ These are not legally binding rules, but recommended rules of etiquette.
ā¢ Netiquette is mostly used for dealing with unknown people on the internet.
ā¢ The rules of netiquette very depending on the platform and its participants .
ā¢ Generally, it is up to the operator of a website or communication app to specify the type and
scope of netiquette.
ā¢ It is also their responsibility to monitor compliance with these basic rules and to penalize
violations of them.
21. Netiquette: General rules of conduct
ā¢ Stick to the rules of conduct online that you follow in real life
ā¢ Netiquette: Think of the person
ā¢ Present your best side online
ā¢ Read first, then ask
ā¢ Pay attention to grammar and punctuation
ā¢ Respect the privacy of others
ā¢ Respect the time and bandwidth of others
ā¢ Forgive the mistakes of others
ā¢ Don't abuse your power
ā¢ Help keep flame wars under control
ā¢ Know where you are in cyberspace
ā¢ Hate speech and netiquette