Network Simulation
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NS-3 is a discrete event network simulator written in C++ to simulate Internet systems. The document discusses using NS-3 to simulate and compare direct mapping and dynamic mapping in IPv6 address resolution. It generates results using network tools like Wireshark and tracing files to show that direct mapping improves IPv6 packet transmission time over dynamic mapping by extracting the MAC address directly from the IPv6 address rather than using neighbor discovery protocols. It concludes direct mapping is more efficient and suggests future works could add routers, more network traffic, and multicast to the simulation topology.
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Network Simulator Tutorial
Presentation of Mr.Vibin Chander, CEO, Shabari Software Solutions, CBE. Delivered during the Faculty development Program on NS2 organized by Department of Computer Science, Rathinam College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Eachanari, Coimbatore - 641021.
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This document provides an overview of network simulation using the Network Simulator 2 (NS2). It discusses the motivation for network simulation, what simulation is, and the advantages and drawbacks of simulation. It then describes the structure and programming of a simulation, including maintaining event lists and processing events. The document outlines NS2, including how to get it, create topologies, add traffic, observe behavior using NAM, and provides examples of simple NS2 scripts. It also briefly discusses adding new protocols to NS2 and finding documentation. The key points covered are the fundamentals and use of discrete event network simulation using the NS2 tool.
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Presentation by Mr. Vibin Chander, CEO, Shabari Software Solutions, CBE during the Faculty development Programm on NS2 organized by Department of Computer Science, Rathinam College of Arts and Computer Science (Autonomous), Eachanari, Coimbatore - 641021.
Network simulator 2
Ns is an object-oriented network simulator written in C++ and OTcl that is used to simulate wired and wireless networks. It allows debugging of network protocols and configurations efficiently without physical equipment. Ns simulates network components, traffic models, transport and routing protocols, and physical media. It consists of an event scheduler that handles the simulation by processing events in chronological order.
Tut hemant ns2
The document provides an overview of the Network Simulator 2 (NS2). It discusses that NS2 is a discrete event simulator targeted at networking research and education. It allows modeling of both wired and wireless networks. The backend is written in C++ and the frontend is written in OTcl. The document outlines how to download, install, and use NS2 to create network topologies, configure protocols, generate traffic, insert errors, run simulations, and analyze trace files.
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The document provides an introduction and overview of the Network Simulator 2 (NS2). It outlines the components and basic requirements of NS2, describes how to install and set up a simple wireless network simulation involving 2 nodes, and explains how to run the simulation script. The simulation will generate a trace file that can be analyzed to test wireless routing and mobility protocols.
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NS2 - the network simulator which is proved useful in studying the dynamic nature of communication networks. Simulation of wired as well as wireless network functions and protocols( e.g. routing algorithms, TCP, UDP ) can be done using NS2
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The document provides an overview of installing and using the Network Simulator 2 (NS2). It discusses downloading and extracting NS2, setting up the Linux environment, understanding the basic NS2 architecture and directory structure. It also covers the differences between OTCL and C++ in NS2, and provides examples of creating a simple agent module in C++ and interfacing it with OTCL. The document includes a case study of building a multimedia application over UDP using NS2 that implements five different encoding and transmission rates.
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Presentation of Mr.Vibin Chander, CEO, Shabari Software Solutions, CBE. Delivered during the Faculty development Program on NS2 organized by Department of Computer Science, Rathinam College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Eachanari, Coimbatore - 641021.
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This document provides an overview of network simulation using the Network Simulator 2 (NS2). It discusses the motivation for network simulation, what simulation is, and the advantages and drawbacks of simulation. It then describes the structure and programming of a simulation, including maintaining event lists and processing events. The document outlines NS2, including how to get it, create topologies, add traffic, observe behavior using NAM, and provides examples of simple NS2 scripts. It also briefly discusses adding new protocols to NS2 and finding documentation. The key points covered are the fundamentals and use of discrete event network simulation using the NS2 tool.
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Presentation by Mr. Vibin Chander, CEO, Shabari Software Solutions, CBE during the Faculty development Programm on NS2 organized by Department of Computer Science, Rathinam College of Arts and Computer Science (Autonomous), Eachanari, Coimbatore - 641021.
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Ns is an object-oriented network simulator written in C++ and OTcl that is used to simulate wired and wireless networks. It allows debugging of network protocols and configurations efficiently without physical equipment. Ns simulates network components, traffic models, transport and routing protocols, and physical media. It consists of an event scheduler that handles the simulation by processing events in chronological order.
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The document provides an overview of the Network Simulator 2 (NS2). It discusses that NS2 is a discrete event simulator targeted at networking research and education. It allows modeling of both wired and wireless networks. The backend is written in C++ and the frontend is written in OTcl. The document outlines how to download, install, and use NS2 to create network topologies, configure protocols, generate traffic, insert errors, run simulations, and analyze trace files.
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The document provides an introduction and overview of the Network Simulator 2 (NS2). It outlines the components and basic requirements of NS2, describes how to install and set up a simple wireless network simulation involving 2 nodes, and explains how to run the simulation script. The simulation will generate a trace file that can be analyzed to test wireless routing and mobility protocols.
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NS-2 is an open-source discrete event network simulator for networking research. It supports simulation of TCP, routing protocols and other network protocols. NS-2 includes both an OTcl interpreter for setting up simulations and C++ code for implementing network components and protocols. Simulations are run by executing OTcl scripts that create nodes, links, and traffic and schedule events over time.
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This document provides information on setting up wireless simulations in NS-2 including:
1) Details on configuring wireless node parameters, channels, propagation models, interfaces, and routing protocols.
2) Examples of generating node mobility using the setdest script and generating traffic using cbrgen.
3) The format of DSR trace files and how to calculate routing overhead and packet delivery ratio from these files using AWK.
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This document provides an introduction to using NS2 (Network Simulator 2) for network simulation. It recommends using Linux over Windows for NS2 as support has been stopped for Windows beyond a certain version. It outlines some basic Linux commands needed for working with NS2 and describes NS2's architecture which uses C++ for implementation and OTCL for the user interface with TclCL providing the interface between them. It also gives a brief overview of NS2's capabilities for simulating protocols and networking entities and describes OTCL with examples of defining classes and objects.
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NS-2 is a discrete event network simulator used to model computer networks. It includes implementations of many common network protocols like TCP and various routing protocols. NS-2 uses C++ for core functionality and OTcl as a front-end for configuration and scripting. It models networks as nodes connected by links, with agents running protocols at each node. Users write OTcl scripts to define network topologies and scenarios that are then simulated to produce trace files for analysis.
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This document provides an overview of Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) and how to use it to simulate computer networks. It discusses:
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- Common tasks in NS-2 like creating nodes and links, defining traffic sources and sinks, generating traffic patterns, and outputting trace files.
- Example scripts that demonstrate how to initialize a simulation, generate network traffic with different protocols (UDP, TCP), and visualize results using the Network Animator (NAM) tool.
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This document provides an overview and introduction to network simulation using the NS-2 network simulator. It discusses the basics of discrete event simulation and the structure and components of NS-2 simulations. It covers topics like the advantages and drawbacks of simulation, programming a simulation, the event-driven structure of NS-2, examples of creating simple network topologies and adding traffic in NS-2 simulations.
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The document provides an overview of the Network Simulator ns-2. It discusses:
1) The history and goals of ns-2 including supporting networking research, protocol design and comparison, and providing a collaborative environment.
2) Current projects using ns-2 including SAMAN to build robust networks and CONSER to extend ns-2's capabilities.
3) The components and functionality of ns-2 including modeling wired and wireless networks, various protocols, traffic sources, and queue management.
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2) Examples of generating node mobility using the setdest script and generating traffic using cbrgen.
3) The format of DSR trace files and how to calculate routing overhead and packet delivery ratio from these files using AWK.
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This document provides an introduction to using NS2 (Network Simulator 2) for network simulation. It recommends using Linux over Windows for NS2 as support has been stopped for Windows beyond a certain version. It outlines some basic Linux commands needed for working with NS2 and describes NS2's architecture which uses C++ for implementation and OTCL for the user interface with TclCL providing the interface between them. It also gives a brief overview of NS2's capabilities for simulating protocols and networking entities and describes OTCL with examples of defining classes and objects.
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This document provides an overview of Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) and how to use it to simulate computer networks. It discusses:
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- Common tasks in NS-2 like creating nodes and links, defining traffic sources and sinks, generating traffic patterns, and outputting trace files.
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D1HT, which achieves this by having each node know all other nodes and maintain a full routing table, creating bandwidth issues during joins and leaves.
Kelips, which addresses this by having nodes periodically exchange partial routing tables to gradually build knowledge of the network, reducing bandwidth consumption but introducing some lookup latency.
Both aim to improve on the typical O(logN) lookup time in Kademlia-based DHTs by trading off bandwidth for speed, with potential applications in large-scale databases like Cassandra.
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This document provides an overview and introduction to network simulation using the NS-2 network simulator. It discusses the basics of discrete event simulation and the structure and components of NS-2 simulations. It covers topics like the advantages and drawbacks of simulation, programming a simulation, the event-driven structure of NS-2, examples of creating simple network topologies and adding traffic in NS-2 simulations.
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The document provides an overview of the Network Simulator ns-2. It discusses:
1) The history and goals of ns-2 including supporting networking research, protocol design and comparison, and providing a collaborative environment.
2) Current projects using ns-2 including SAMAN to build robust networks and CONSER to extend ns-2's capabilities.
3) The components and functionality of ns-2 including modeling wired and wireless networks, various protocols, traffic sources, and queue management.
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Ns is a network simulator developed at UC Berkeley and elsewhere that allows modeling of TCP/IP networks and wireless networks using C++ and OTcl. It provides objects for nodes, links, network traffic and wireless channel modeling. The document outlines how to install ns, create basic simulations with nodes and traffic, and extend it for wireless simulations using various protocols.
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The document discusses the network simulator NS-3. It aims to understand how data transfer occurs in real networks and how network knowledge can be applied to building networks. NS-3 provides models of packet networks and a simulation engine to experiment with systems that are difficult with real networks. It uses C++ and Python and allows studying Internet protocols and large systems in a controlled environment by combining libraries. The document outlines how NS-3 simulates network topology and models channels, mobility, and applications to analyze performance.
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Gurpinder_Resume
Gurpinder Singh Ghuman has a M.S. in Electrical Engineering from USC and a B.E. in Electronics and Communication from Punjab Technical University. He has experience as an intern at Infosys and Access Point and currently works as a graduate assistant at USC. His technical skills include programming languages like C, C++, Python and MATLAB as well as networking protocols like TCP/IP, UDP and Ethernet. Some of his academic projects involve software defined networking using Ryu and Mininet, building an operating system kernel in C called Weenix, and designing algorithms for power allocation in MIMO systems and CSMA/CA networks.
Throughput and Handover Latency Evaluation for Multicast Proxy Mobile IPV6
The objective of this paper is to present performance analysis of a new enhanced mobile multicast network mobility management scheme. The initial developed network mobility management called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is based on unicast network support. This paper enabled multicast support in network mobility management and named it as MPMIPv6. Additionally this enhancement also provides better network performance with the new context transfer operations and fast reroute operations. In brief, this paper also describes other current mobile multicast schemes. The new scheme is evaluated using mathematical analysis and NS3.19 simulator. Theoretically this scheme reduces service recovery time, total signalling cost, handover latency, and packet loss for multicast communication. However for this paper, the analysed parameters are throughput and handover latency. Both mathematical and simulation results exhibit better network performance for multicast environment compared to the standard benchmark scheme.
June 28 Presentation
The intern will model satellite networks using the ns3 simulator. Goals include learning how to use ns3, simulating a multi-point network with a satellite link, and analyzing the effects of changing parameters like maximum congestion window size. The project expands LinQuest's expertise in physical satellite layers into network and transport layers, and may uncover issues in real network environments.
Generating Router Level Topology Using Dns And Ip Identifier
This document describes techniques for generating an accurate router-level topology of the Internet without direct access to ISP data. It discusses existing mapping tools like Mercator and Skitter, as well as techniques for directed probing, path reduction, alias resolution, and router identification. Directed probing uses traceroute to identify routes, while path reduction eliminates redundant paths. Alias resolution identifies different IP addresses belonging to the same router using metrics like source IP, IP identifier, graph analysis, and DNS. Router identification determines which routers belong to an ISP using DNS names and geographical locations. The proposed system would implement these techniques to generate Internet topologies in an automated manner.
Dynamic composition of virtual network functions in a cloud environment
Translation of the Bachelor of Science thesis dissertation, for the graduation in Electronics, Computer Science and Telecommunications Engineering.
IP Utilites
The document discusses various TCP/IP utilities used for network troubleshooting and analysis. It describes connectivity utilities like FTP, Telnet, and TFTP. Diagnostic utilities mentioned include ARP, IPConfig, Netstat, Ping, and Traceroute. Server utilities covered are TCP/IP printing service and Internet Information Services. The document also provides brief explanations of ARP, which converts IP addresses to MAC addresses, and Traceroute, which shows the network path between hosts.
Performance analysis of tunnel broker through open virtual private network
Tunnel Broker uses automatic configuration tunneling mechanism for IPv6 clients connected to IPv4 internet. Connectivity between clients and service providers in IPv6 is urgently needed. Open VPN as a provider implemented configures it by a VPN network, so IPv6 and IPv4 public IP clients can easily connect to the server. In this research focused on the performance of tunnel broker mechanism by utilizing open VPN as access to the network. IPv6 tunnel broker is developed by installing Open VPN and providing IPv6 IPs. Implementation of public IP usage in observing the performance of tunnel broker development is done in BCN Telkom Laboratory Network. The measurement results show that TCP and UDP throughput of IPv6 is slightly higher than IPv4. The research using OpenVPN as a server Tunnel Broker for client access to the server is still rarely done, especially in the field of the network based on Internet Protocol.
ANALYSIS OF LINK STATE RESOURCE RESERVATION PROTOCOL FOR CONGESTION MANAGEMEN...
With the wide spread of WiFi hotspots, concentrated traffic workload on Smart Web (SW) can slow down the network performance. This paper presents a congestion management strategy considering real time activities in today’s smart web. With the SW context, cooperative packet recovery using resource reservation procedure for TCP flows was adapted for mitigating packet losses. This is to maintain data consistency between various access points of smart web hotspot. Using a real world scenario, it was confirmed that generic TCP cannot handle traffic congestion in a SW hotspot network. With TCP in scalable workload environments, continuous packet drops at the event of congestion remains obvious. This is unacceptable for mission critical domains. An enhanced Link State Resource Reservation Protocol (LSRSVP) which serves as dynamic feedback mechanism in smart web hotspots is presented. The contextual behaviour was contrasted with the generic TCP model. For the LS-RSVP, a simulation experiment for TCP connection between servers at the remote core layer and the access layer was carried out while using selected benchmark metrics. From the results, under realistic workloads, a steady-state throughput response was achieved by TCP LS-RSVP to about 3650Bits/secs compared with generic TCP plots in a previous study. Considering network service availability, this was found to be dependent on fault-tolerance of the hotspot network. From study, a high peak threshold of 0.009 (i.e. 90%) was observed. This shows fairly acceptable service availability behaviour compared with the existing TCP schemes. For packet drop effects, an analysis on the network behaviour with respect to the LS-RSVP yielded a drop response of about 0.000106 bits/sec which is much lower compared with the case with generic TCP with over 0.38 bits/sec. The latency profile of average FTP download response was found to be 0.030secs, but with that of FTP upload response, this yielded about 0.028 sec. The results from the study demonstrate efficiency and optimality for realistic loads in Smart web contexts.
Analysis of Link State Resource Reservation Protocol for Congestion Managemen...
With the wide spread of WiFi hotspots, concentrated traffic workload on Smart Web (SW) can slow down
the network performance. This paper presents a congestion management strategy considering real time
activities in today’s smart web. With the SW context, cooperative packet recovery using resource
reservation procedure for TCP flows was adapted for mitigating packet losses. This is to maintain data
consistency between various access points of smart web hotspot. Using a real world scenario, it was
confirmed that generic TCP cannot handle traffic congestion in a SW hotspot network. With TCP in
scalable workload environments, continuous packet drops at the event of congestion remains obvious. This
is unacceptable for mission critical domains. An enhanced Link State Resource Reservation Protocol (LSRSVP)
which serves as dynamic feedback mechanism in smart web hotspots is presented. The contextual
behaviour was contrasted with the generic TCP model. For the LS-RSVP, a simulation experiment for TCP
connection between servers at the remote core layer and the access layer was carried out while using
selected benchmark metrics. From the results, under realistic workloads, a steady-state throughput
response was achieved by TCP LS-RSVP to about 3650Bits/secs compared with generic TCP plots in a
previous study. Considering network service availability, this was found to be dependent on fault-tolerance
of the hotspot network. From study, a high peak threshold of 0.009 (i.e. 90%) was observed. This shows
fairly acceptable service availability behaviour compared with the existing TCP schemes. For packet drop
effects, an analysis on the network behaviour with respect to the LS-RSVP yielded a drop response of about
0.000106 bits/sec which is much lower compared with the case with generic TCP with over 0.38 bits/sec.
The latency profile of average FTP download response was found to be 0.030secs, but with that of FTP
upload response, this yielded about 0.028 sec. The results from the study demonstrate efficiency and
optimality for realistic loads in Smart web contexts.
Design And Analysis Of MPLS based VPN
This document summarizes a student project on designing and analyzing MPLS virtual private networks. The project compares MPLS VPNs to traditional IP VPNs through network simulation. The student used NS2 to simulate an MPLS VPN architecture and IPv4 network with varying packet sizes. Results showed that MPLS VPNs performed better in terms of minimum delay, maximum delay, average delay, throughput and packet loss compared to IPv4 networks. The project provided a learning experience for the students in VPN and MPLS technologies, NS2 simulation, and analyzing results.
Developing QoS by Priority Routing for Real Time Data in Internet of Things (...
- The document discusses developing quality of service (QoS) in Internet of Things (IoT) networks by using priority routing for real-time data.
- It proposes a novel solution that integrates mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) to improve delivery of high priority real-time application data over low latency MANET paths.
- Experimental results showed the proposed approach was effective in reducing network overhead and congestion, while also improving routing protocol performance in terms of packet delay and throughput.
Application Aware Topology Generation for Surface Wave Networks-on-Chip
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new algorithm called the maximal declining sorting algorithm (MDSA) to optimize network-on-chip (NoC) performance and power consumption. The MDSA aims to reduce communication time in NoCs by minimizing the number of hops between cores that communicate frequently. It does this by adding wireless transceivers between cores based on the product of their traffic volume and number of hops. The MDSA is shown to reduce communication time by up to 35.6% compared to the conventional genetic algorithm approach, and also lowers power consumption.
Assigning Static Ip Using DHCP In Accordance With MAC
The paper aims to automatically assign IP addresses to machines based on their MAC addresses using DHCP. It does this by initially feeding static IP addresses along with the corresponding MAC addresses and reservations into the DHCP server. Filters are then applied. Thereafter, whenever a machine with a known MAC address connects, DHCP will dynamically assign it the IP address associated with its MAC address. This allows machines to always receive the same IP address each time they connect to the network based on their unique MAC identifier.
Evaluation of mininet WiFi integration via ns-3
Mininet is a Linux-based network emulator that
is particularly widely used for Software Defined Network experiments,
due to its in-built support for OpenFlow switches.
However, Mininet currently lacks support for wireless links. A
recent work has addressed this limitation by using the realtime
feature of ns-3 to integrate the IEEE 802.11 channel
emulation feature with Mininet, which we refer to as Mininetns3-
WiFi. While this approach has great potential to serve as
an experimental platform, in particular for Software Defined
Wireless Networks, it has not been extensively evaluated in terms
of experiment result accuracy and fidelity. This is critical for any
system that integrates simulation with real-time components. In
this paper, we present a detailed evaluation of the fidelity of
experimental results of Mininet-ns3-WiFi. We further present
a reliable and low cost method that gives an experimenter an
indicator about the fidelity and trustworthiness of the results.
Spring sim 2010-riley
George Riley presented on network simulation with ns-3. He began with an overview of network simulation basics like discrete event simulation and how simulations model events, topology, and data demand. He then surveyed existing network simulation tools before focusing on details of ns-3, including its design goals and key features. Riley concluded by discussing recent releases of ns-3, planned future work, and a new NSF award to develop frameworks to enhance usability and experiment automation.
Question 1The OSI model has seven layers where each layer pe.docx
Question 1
The OSI model has seven layers where each layer performs various functions that are integrated to ensure that the network performs efficiently. The layers are arranged as follows from the bottom to the top layer:
a) The physical layer:
This is the first layer of the model and it has several functions. These are:
i. Bit synchronization:
The physical layer is very crucial in terms of timing and synchronizing the period and the amount of bits that are transferred between the sender and the recipient of a message. It uses a clock to ensure accurate and reliable synchronization.
ii. Bit rate control:
The physical layer also controls the bandwidth in a network by determining the number of bits that are transferred over the network channel within the specified time which is seconds in most cases.
iii. Physical topologies:
The physical layer also determines the design which is used to connect all the devices that make up the network. These include routers, switches, hubs and other equipment used in a network.
iv. Transmission mode:
The connection of devices in the physical layer determines how data between the communicating devices flows. There are various transmission modes which are supported by the physical layer. These are simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex. In simplex, data flows in only one direction. In half-duplex data can flow in both directions but not simultaneously. In the full-duplex transmission mode, data flows in both directions at the same time.
b) Data Link Layer:
This is the second layer of the OSI model. Some of its functions include:
i. Framing:
Data that is being transmitted is segmented into pieces known as frames to make the transmission process easier. The Data link layer facilitates the framing process to ensure that the receiver acquires the accurate and relevant information within the shortest possible time.
ii. Physical addressing:
The frames require adequate data regarding the sender and the recipient to ensure that a message does not fail to reach the intended recipient. The Data Link Layer achieves this by adding a MAC address to the header section of each of the frames that are being transmitted.
iii. Error control:
The use of frames in the DLL enables the network layer to detect when frames do not reach the intended recipient. In return, the DLL is able to retransmit the lost or damaged frames using the details in the headers.
iv. Flow control:
The DLL ensures that the flow of data between the sender and the recipient is constant. This techniques ensures the stability of the communication channel that is established when transmitting data.
v. Access control:
The assigning of MAC addresses to all the computers in a network enables the Data Link Layer to determine the machines with access to certain resources.
c) Network layer:
The functions of the third OSI model layer are:
i. Routing:
The network layer assesses the different routes that a frame can use to reach its recipient and it chooses the best rou ...
A Comparative Analysis of Additional Overhead Imposed by Internet Protocol Se...
IPSec, an Internet layer three (3)-security protocol suite is often characterising with introducing an additional space and processing overhead when implemented on a network for secured communication using either internet protocol version 4 or 6; IPv4 or IPv6. The use of Internet protocol security (IPSec) on IPv4 is an alternative that offers solutions and addresses the security vulnerabilities in network layer of the open system interconnect (OSI) and transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) protocol stack. In IPv6, IPSec is one among many other features added to the earlier Internet protocol to enhance efficiency and security. This paper, set as its objective to reports on the impact of processing and space overhead introduced by IPSec on both IPv4 and IPv6 in relation to packet end-to-end delay based on different IPSec transformations with different authentication and encryption algorithms deployed in different scenarios simulated using NS2. The experiment result reveals that the cost of IPSec added overhead is relatively small when smaller packet sizes are involved for both protocols in comparison with large packet sizes that were IPSec protected with the same configuration as the smaller packet, unless in the cases whereby the packet was very large which has to be fragmented. This paper can therefore, serve as a guide for network administrators to trade up between processing cost and larger address space specifically for transmission involving larger IP packets
On the migration of a large scale network from i pv4 to ipv6 environment
This document discusses the design of migrating a large-scale network from IPv4 to a dual-stack IPv4/IPv6 environment. It focuses on using dual-stack mechanisms, which allow both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks to run simultaneously. The design considers aspects such as topology, addressing plans, routing protocols, and performance statistics. A dual-stack approach is proposed that involves transitioning the network core, perimeter routers, and other devices in stages to support both IPv4 and IPv6. Addressing plans are provided for infrastructure, loopbacks, and customer networks that aim to support future growth while allowing for aggregation.
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Network Simulation
- 2. Introduction To NS-3 Discrete event network simulator for internet system Written in C++ Support Multi Platforms
- 3. Simulation Project There are two types of mapping in address resolution for IPv6 Direct Mapping Dynamic Mapping Direct Mapping use lesser time during address resolution compare to Dynamic Mapping Proving Direct Mapping improves IPv6 packet transmission time by simulation
- 4. Network Topology I For the direct mapping, we extract the MAC address from IPv6 and then use the MAC address to communicate in the layer 2.
- 5. Network Topology II For the dynamic mapping, there are neighbor discovery protocol involvement.
- 6. Collect Result Using Wireshark and Tracing File
- 7. Result I
- 8. Result II
- 9. Result III
- 10. Result IV
- 11. Conclusion and Future Works From the result collected, we find out that direct mapping improves IPv6 packet transmission time Dynamic mapping proves to use more bandwidth than direct mapping Restructure the network topology which involved routers. Add more network traffic in the topology Using Multicast in future works