SHOCK ABSORBER IN HOOF
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The hoof acts as a shock absorber in three main ways: 1) When the foot strikes the ground, pressure flattens the sole and distributes weight against the expanding hoof wall. 2) Heel pressure compresses the digital cushion, pushing the lateral cartilages outward to absorb shock. 3) The digital cushion between the frog and lateral cartilages compresses to cushion bones from impact, then rebounds to original shape.
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it consist of fracture its types and the process of bone healing. easy to understand for the students with the help of images.
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The document provides information about common bones in the human body, including their English and anatomical names. It lists the skull, jaw bone, spine, breastbone, rib, collarbone, shoulder blade, thigh bone, kneecap, and shinbone. The document also discusses fractures, describing greenstick, displaced, comminuted, and impacted fractures. It notes an open or compound fracture involves a wound communicating with the break site. Treatment of fractures includes reducing the break, preventing movement with fixation methods like plates and screws, pins, or a plaster cast, to allow the fragments to unite.
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Bones develop through two main pathways: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification involves mesenchymal cells differentiating directly into bone cells within membranes to form flat bones like the skull. Endochondral ossification uses cartilage as a template, with cartilage replacing by bone except at joints, and involves growth plates that allow long bones to lengthen.
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Shoulder joint
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• Subscapular bursa: located between the subscapularis tendon and the scapula. It reduces wear and tear on the tendon during movement at the shoulder joint.
• Subcoracoid bursa: It is located anterior to the subscapularis muscle and inferior to the coracoid process. Its function is to reduce friction & facilitating internal and external rotation of the shoulder
Ligaments: In the shoulder joint, the ligaments play a key role in stabilizing the bony structures.
• Glenohumeral ligaments (superior, middle and inferior): the joint capsule is formed by this group of ligaments connecting the humerus to the glenoid fossa. They are the main source of stability for the shoulder, holding it in place and preventing it from dislocating anteriorly. They act to stabilize the anterior aspect of the joint.
• Coracohumeral ligament: attaches the base of the coracoid process to the greater tubercle of the humerus. It supports the superior part of the joint capsule.
• Transverse humeral ligament: spans the distance between the two tubercles of the humerus. It holds the tendon of the long head of the biceps in the intertubercular groove.
• Coraco–clavicular ligament: composed of the trapezoid and conoid ligaments
Biomechanics_of_spine[1].pptx
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The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, and joints. Cartilage is a connective tissue found in the developing embryo and is later replaced by bone. There are various types of cartilage and bones that serve different functions like support, movement, protection, and mineral storage. Joints are classified based on their structure and range of movement. The main types are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Synovial joints have articular cartilage, a joint cavity lined by synovium, and a joint capsule that permits the greatest range of movement like the ball and socket shoulder joint.
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shoulderjoint-180413132615.pptx
The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is a ball and socket synovial joint between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula. It has a wide range of motion but lacks stability. The joint is surrounded by ligaments including the joint capsule, coracohumeral ligament, and glenohumeral ligaments. Accessory structures include bursae that reduce friction, such as the subacromial bursa. Common motions are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Injuries include dislocations and rotator cuff tendonitis from overuse.
Anatomy and physiology of temporomandibular joint
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the mandible to the temporal bone. It has bony, cartilaginous, and ligamentous components. The condyle of the mandible fits into the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. An articular disc divides the joint cavity into upper and lower compartments and aids movement. Several ligaments support and restrict movement of the TMJ, which functions to allow opening and closing of the jaw during activities like chewing.
JOINTS .ppt
This document provides an overview of joints, including their definition, classification, structure, and function. It discusses the different types of joints such as fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. For synovial joints, it describes the articular cartilage, synovial fluid, articular capsule, ligaments, articular disc or meniscus, and bursa. It also classifies synovial joints based on the number of bones, axis of movement, and shape of the articular surfaces. Key joints like the knee, elbow, and wrist are referenced as examples throughout the summary.
Knee instability
The document discusses knee instability and describes the structure of the knee including the osseous, extra-articular, and intra-articular structures. It provides details on the menisci, ligaments including the ACL and PCL, and muscles. The document also covers causes of meniscal injuries, diagnostic tests, treatment options including non-operative treatment and surgical procedures like meniscectomy and repair.
Ligamnet around knee and injury and management
The document discusses knee instability and describes the structure of the knee including the osseous, extra-articular, and intra-articular structures. It provides details on the menisci, ligaments including the ACL and PCL, muscles, and classification of knee stabilizers. The document also covers mechanisms and classification of meniscal injuries, diagnostic tests, imaging studies, and surgical and non-surgical treatment options.
Shoulder joint
The glenohumeral joint, or shoulder joint, is a ball and socket synovial joint that connects the upper limb to the trunk. It has the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body. The ball is the head of the humerus and the socket is the glenoid cavity of the scapula. The joint is stabilized by ligaments including the coracohumeral ligament and strengthened anteriorly by the glenohumeral ligaments. It is supplied by nerves from the brachial plexus and blood vessels including the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries. Common injuries include anterior dislocation when the humeral head is forced anteriorly out of the joint. Rot
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TENDONS & LIGAMENTS OF EQUINE FOOT
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INDUCTION AND MAINTANANCE OF ANESTHESIA IN FIELD CONDITION IN ANIMALS
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SHOCK ABSORBER IN HOOF
- 2. The Hoof as Shock Absorber • The shock of concussion is dissipated laterally against the hoof wall • As the foot strikes the ground, downward pressure flattens out the concave surface of the sole • This distributes weight laterally against the hoof wall, which expands about a quarter of an inch (6mm)
- 3. The Hoof as Shock Absorber • With heel pressure, the frog compresses the digital cushion, which then flattens and pushes the lateral cartilages outward in opposite directions • During concussion the navicular bone shuttles the load from the digital cushion through to the short pastern bone, bypassing the coffin bone and relieving some of its load • The conformation of the knee and hock joints also helps reduce the shock of impact
- 4. Internal Hoof Anatomy The Elastic Tissues Elastic tissues are those which are capable of changing shape in response to foot impact The elastic tissues are: The digital cushion The hoof wall The sole The frog The bulbs of the heel
- 6. The Digital Cushion – Is the main shock absorber of the hoof – Is bound by the lateral cartilages at the sides, the deep digital flexor tendon above, and the horny frog below – The back of the cushion forms the bulbs of the heel
- 7. • The digital cushion is a wedged-shaped structure with a fibro-fatty composition in the foal and in the colt, and it hardens into a fibrocartilagineous tissue in the adult horse. It is very elastic and has very few blood vessels and nerves. • It is located in a wedged-in position between the lateral cartilages on the side, then deep flexor tendon on the top and the frog on the bottom and rear. It separates the frog and the bulb from underlying tendons, joints, and bones, providing cushioning protection.
- 8. • When it is compressed by the pastern bones and frog, it absorbs shock and cushions the bones. As weight is placed on the hoof, pressure is transmitted through the phalanges to the wall and onto the digital cushion and frog. The frog, a highly elastic wedge-shaped mass, normally makes contact with the ground first. The frog presses up on the digital cushion, which flattens and is forced outward against the lateral cartilages. The frog also is flattened and tends to push the bars of the hoof wall apart. When the foot is lifted, the frog and other flexible structures of the foot, such as the digital cushion, return to their original position.
- 10. “The presence of a moderate to large amount of elastic fiber profiles in the DIGITAL CUSHION, with its high resilience, may allow the elastic fibers to support the tensile strength of collagen bundles,” he explained. “Elastic fiber-rich dynamic tissues are, therefore, able to deform and store energy under normal physiological loads and use this energy to drive recoil back to a resting state.
- 11. • There are significant inconsistencies in previous reports describing the composition of the DC. One study stated that the DC is composed of only elastic fibers and adipose tissue . Another study examined the histology of the DC and reported that the equine DC consists primarily of tightly packed collagen fibers with only a few interspersed elastic fibers and very little adipose tissue . A more recent study indicated that the DC contains connective and adipose tissues, elastic fibers, and tissues with matrix rich in hyaluronic acid . Collectively, these studies disagree about the architecture of the DC. Such differences might be due to variability in sectioning techniques and can partially be explained by examining the distinct regions of the DC.