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Nematicides
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- 2. What is anematicide? A nematicide is a type of chemical pesticide used to kill plant-parasitic nematodes. Nematicides have tended to be broad- spectrum toxicants possessing high volatility or other properties promoting migration through the soil.
- 3. NEED FOR NEMATICIDE: NEMATODEbecoming a major pest in agriculture. Losses due to nematode attack are crossing billion year by year. Nematode cuticle is permeable to a wide range of organic compounds.
- 4. NEMATICIDAL PROPERTIES: water solubility vapourpressure, volatility, fumigant action Henry's constant (kH) - affinity for water method of incorporation or movement in soil
- 5. TYPES OF NEMATICIDES: Naturalnematicides Artificial nematicides • Fumigants • Carbamates • Organophosphates
- 6. NATURAL NEMATICIDES: Garlic developedpolysulfide product Neem cakes Root exudates of MARIGOLD (Tagetes) Nematophagous fungi - Paecilomyces
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- 9. ARTIFICIAL NEMATICIDES: These areartificially synthesised chemical compounds that are highly toxic and in some extinct even carcinogenic used for nematode control in a field. They might be fumigants, carbamates or organophosphates.
- 10. FUMIGANTS: 1,3-Dichloropropene: • Substitute to1,2dichloropropene. • Eliminates ground water contamination. • Combine activity over nematodes insects and fungi. • INACTIVE over Globodera rostochiensis.
- 11. Ethylene Dibromide: • Abundantlyused, but prohibited in USA in 1983 because of ground water contamination. • Also it is a carcinogen. 1,2 – dibromo – chloropropane: • Once popular for specific nematode activity. • Banned in 1977 in US because 1/3rd of male workers at DBCP manufacturing plant became sterile.
- 12. CARBAMATES Aldoxycarb: Aldicarb oxidised toaldicarb sulfone the insecticide/ nematicide aldoxycarb Carbofuran: A systemic insecticidal/nematicidal carbamate in granular and liquid formulations. Probihibited because of bird kill.
- 13. Oxamyl • A systemicinsecticidal/nematicidal carbamate in granular and liquid formulations. • Granular formation prohibited. • Liquid formation is still used as foliar sprays. • Said to control Pratylenchus penetrans on lily.
- 14. Organophosphates: Ethoprop – incecticide/nematicide(non carcinogenic) Fenamiphos– only nematicide(non carcinogenic)
- 15. Cadusafos: • excellent controlof the burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis. • possesses reduced risk for contaminating groundwater • Good control of the citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans.
- 16. New emerged nematicides NIMITZ™Nematicide Approved by EPA MCW-2, a new nematicide of the fluoroalkenyl group, against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica.
- 17. NIMITZ™ ADAMA USA.(Agricultural SolutionsLtd,.) Revolutionizing global nematode control. The nematicide approved by EPA. “In contrast to fumigant nematicides, NIMITZ simplifies nematode management by lessening complex handling practices and application restrictions” .
- 18. “NIMITZ provides anon-restricted use pesticide alternative that is effective, easy to apply, and with lower environmental impact.” Within one hour of contact, nematodes cease feeding and quickly become paralyzed. Within 24 to 48 hours, pest mortality occurs rather than temporary nematostatic (immobilizing) activity, as seen with organophosphate and carbamate nematicides.
- 19. MCW-2 MCW-2, a newnematicide of the fluoroalkenyl group, against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. MCW-2 showed irreversible nematicidal activity against second-stage juveniles of M. javanica in vitro, following exposure for 48 h at concentrations as low as 0.5 mg L-1 .
- 20. MCW-2 at 8mg L(-1) inhibited nematode hatching, which, however, recovered after rinsing in water. In pot and plot experiments, 0.5 mg MCW-2 L(-1) soil and 2 kg MCW-2 ha(-1), respectively, controlled M. javanica similarly to or better than fenamiphos or cadusafos at the same concentrations. It has a novel mode of action.
- 21. APPLICATION METHODS: Fumigation Irrigation Granules andbroadcast sprays Seed dressing Bare root dip.
- 22. Fumigation Prior preparation liketillage activites carried out. chisel or shank injection Upper 15 – 40 cm of soil Fumigant loss Plastic(tarpaulin) covering of soil Buffer application in borders of fields.
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- 29. Irrigation Liquid and emulsifiableformulations of nematicides surface or drip irrigation systems Drip irrigation also is useful for post plant applications, and it avoids the use of granular materials that may pose risks to birds.
- 30. Fields are notirrigated for 2 weeks following application for maximum efficiency. Successful control of P. penetrans on lilies - drip-irrigated ethoprop, fenamiphos. Drip-irrigated emulsifiable 1,3-D provided control of the citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans Overhead spray irrigation can also effectively convey nematicides.
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- 35. Granules and BroadcastSprays: widely practiced method of applying non fumigant nematicides is with granular formulations. Band application, furrow application, side dress applications and broadcast application. Incorporation of nematicides.
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- 38. Seed Dressing andBare Root Dip Seed coated with nematicides in case of direct sowing. control of P. penetrans on corn by seed treatment with oxamyl. Dipping roots in nematicides (aqueous) in case of transplanted seedlings. Root dips .have provided nematode control in several situations
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- 40. NEMATICIDE ECOLOGY Effects ofTemperature on Activity Effects of Soil Structure on Activity Degradation of Nematicides Effects on Non target Organisms Environmental Contamination
- 41. Reference Plant Nematology: 2ndEdition edited by Roland N Perry, Maurice Moens TNAU Agritech portal {crop protection} Adama USA.com NCBI(National Center For Biotechnology International).com
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