A nematicide is a type
of chemical pesticide used to kill plant-parasitic nematodes.
Bioherbicide is a biologically based control agent for weeds.Bioherbicides may be compounds and secondary metabolites derived from microbes such as fungi, Bacteria or protozoa; or Phytotoxic plant residues, extracts or single compounds derived from other plant species
Soils give a mechanical support to plants from which they extract nutrients. soil provides shelters for many animal types, from invertebrates such as worms and insects up to mammals like rabbits, moles, foxes and badgers. It also provides habitats colonised by a staggering variety of microorganisms. This module is about the microbial life in soils.
Soils give a mechanical support to plants from which they extract nutrients. soil provides shelters for many animal types, from invertebrates such as worms and insects up to mammals like rabbits, moles, foxes and badgers. It also provides habitats colonised by a staggering variety of microorganisms. This module is about the microbial life in soils.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Downy mildew of grapes refers to any of several types of oomycete microbes that are obligate parasites of plants. Downy mildews exclusively belong to Peronosporaceae. In commercial agriculture, they are a particular problem for growers of crucifers, grapes and vegetables that grow on vines. slide contains vivid descrition of the plant pathogen.
Undergraduate students' slide presentation of Plant pathogenesis caused by fungi for SHEQ3329 Agricultural Microbiology under Dr. Khanom Simarani (2014/2015).
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Downy mildew of grapes refers to any of several types of oomycete microbes that are obligate parasites of plants. Downy mildews exclusively belong to Peronosporaceae. In commercial agriculture, they are a particular problem for growers of crucifers, grapes and vegetables that grow on vines. slide contains vivid descrition of the plant pathogen.
Undergraduate students' slide presentation of Plant pathogenesis caused by fungi for SHEQ3329 Agricultural Microbiology under Dr. Khanom Simarani (2014/2015).
Advancements in Non-Chemical Weed Management.pptxshivalika6
Weeds compete with crops for essential resources such as nutrients, water, and sunlight.
Uncontrolled weed growth can significantly reduce crop yields, leading to economic losses for farmers.
Weeds serve as hosts for pests and diseases, increasing the risk of crop damage and yield loss.
Effective weed management is essential for maintaining soil health and promoting optimal crop growth.
Sustainable weed control practices contribute to environmental conservation and long-term agricultural sustainability.
Zagro aims to help farmers improve farm hygienic practices to control and prevent disease-causing microbes. Through its Zagro Farm Hygiene Program, they introduce a range of disinfectant products that are independently proven to be effective and can be applied for multiple purposes. View our range of products to see more information about these disinfectants.
For more information https://www.zagro.com/
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: GM crops now and for the future - Chris Leaverb4fa
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
FUNGICIDE APPLICATION INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF METHOD OF FUNGICIDE APPLICATION
SEED TREATMENT-SEED DRESSING, SEED DIPPING
SOIL TREATMENT- SOIL DRENCHING
FOLIAR APPLICATION: SPRAYING, DUSTING
POST HARVEST APPLICATION
SPECIAL METHODS
WHAT IS THE NEED
Now days Biotech Era, What is application of biotechnology in Agriculture, Plantation and fertilizer. If we want to Improve qualitative and quantitative of Agri & Plantation then we definitely need of applying Biotechnological application.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. A nematicide is a type
of chemical pesticide used to kill
plant-parasitic nematodes.
Nematicides have tended to be
broad- spectrum toxicants
possessing high volatility or other
properties promoting migration
through the soil.
What is a nematicide?
3. NEMATICIDAL PROPERTIES:
▶ water solubility
▶vapour pressure, volatility, fumigant
action
▶Henry's constant (kH) - affinity for
water
▶method of incorporation or
movement in soil
7. ARTIFICIAL NEMATICIDES:
▶These are artificially synthesised
chemical compounds that are
highly toxic and in some
extinct even carcinogenic used
for nematode control in a field.
▶They might be fumigants,
carbamates or
organophosphates.
8. FUMIGANTS:
▶1,3-Dichloropropene:
• Substitute to 1,2dichloropropene.
• Eliminates ground water
contamination.
• Combine activity over
nematodes, insects and fungi.
• INACTIVE over
Globodera rostochiensis.
9. ▶Ethylene Dibromide:
• Abundantly used, but prohibited in USA
in 1983 because of ground water
contamination.
• Also it is a carcinogen.
▶1,2 – dibromo – chloropropane:
• Once popular for specific nematode
activity.
• Banned in 1977 in US because 1/3rd of
male workers at DBCP manufacturing
plant became sterile
12. ▶Oxamyl
• A systemic
insecticidal/nematicidal
carbamate in granular and
liquid formulations.
• Granular formation prohibited.
• Liquid formation is still used as
foliar sprays.
• Said to control Pratylenchus
penetrans on lily
13. Organophosphates:
▶Ethoprop – insecticide/nematicide(non carcinogenic)
▶Fenamiphos – only nematicide(non carcinogenic)
▶Cadusafos:
• excellent control of the burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis.
• possesses reduced risk for contaminating groundwater
• Good control of the citrus
nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans.
15. Fumigation
▶Prior preparation like tillage
activites carried out.
▶Upper 15 – 40 cm of soil
▶Fumigant loss
▶Plastic(tarpaulin) covering of soil
▶Buffer application in borders of
fields.
17. Irrigation
▶Liquid and emulsifiable
formulations of nematicides
▶surface or drip irrigation systems
▶Drip irrigation also is useful for post
plant applications, and it avoids the
use of granular materials that may
pose risks to birds.
18. ▶Fields are not irrigated for 2 weeks following application for
maximum efficiency.
▶Successful control of P
. penetrans on lilies - drip-irrigated
ethoprop, fenamiphos.
▶Drip-irrigated emulsifiable 1,3-D provided control of the
citrus
nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans
▶Overhead spray irrigation can also effectively convey
nematicides.
▶Fields are not irrigated for 2 weeks
following application for maximum
efficiency.
▶Successful control of P. penetrans on
lilies - drip-irrigated ethoprop,
fenamiphos.
▶Drip-irrigated emulsifiable provided
control of the citrus
nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans
▶Overhead spray irrigation can also
effectively convey nematicides.
21. Granules and Broadcast Sprays:
▶widely practiced method of applying
non fumigant nematicides is with
granular formulations.
▶ Band application, furrow application, side
dress applications and broadcast
application.
▶Incorporation of nematicides.
23. Seed Dressing and Bare Root Dip
▶Seed coated with nematicides in case
of direct sowing.
▶control of P. penetrans on corn
by seed treatment with
oxamyl.
▶Dipping roots in nematicides (aqueous)
in case of transplanted seedlings.
▶Root dips have provided nematode
control in several situations
25. Bioherbicide is a biologically based
control agent for weeds.
Bioherbicides may be compounds and
secondary metabolites derived from
microbes such as fungi, Bacteria or
protozoa; or Phytotoxic plant residues,
extracts or single compounds derived from
other plant species
Bioherbicide
26. Characteristics for Bioherbicides
Produce abundant &
adorable inoculum in
culture
Be target specific
Be genetically stable
Determental effect on non-
target plants (Native Plants)
27. Types of Bioherbicides
Bioherbicides may be
secondary metabolites derived from
microbes such as fungi, bacteria or
protozoa;
Phytotoxic plant residues , extracts
or single compounds derived from
other plant species.
28. Available Bioherbicides
While many different products have been
launched, currently some Bioherbicides are
available for sale/purchase in market globally.
Below is the list of available Bioherbicides:
Collego TM
BioMal®
Woad Warrior®
Control®
Smoulder®
Libao
Dr Biosedge
Mycho Tech
Stumpout , Bichon TM
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. Plant Extracts as Bioherbicides
Plant Extract:
A plant extract is a substance or an
active with desirable properties that is
removed from the tissue of a plant,
usually by treating it with a solvent, to
be used for a particular purpose.
35. Reference
▶Plant Nematology: 2nd Edition edited by Roland N Perry, Maurice Moens
▶TNAUAgritech portal {crop protection}
▶Adama USA.com
▶NCBI(National Center For Biotechnology International).com
▶http//www.herbicide.slideshare.com
