The natural sciences involve studying objects and processes observable in nature, such as biology and physics. The scientific method involves making observations, developing hypotheses, making predictions based on hypotheses, and experimentally testing predictions. A key part of the scientific method is that hypotheses can be proven false through experimentation. While scientific knowledge cannot be absolutely proven true, theories that withstand challenges are considered valid within their domain. The development of science involves imagination to develop theories to explain observations. Scientific progress values expanding knowledge, though some argue there should be regulation of controversial areas.
Chapter 1 section 1
1. What is science?
1.1. Identify how science is a part of your everyday life.
1.2. Describe what skills and tools are used in science.
An overview of History and Philosophy of Science, dissecting terms such as History, Philosophy and its focal point science, correlating history of science and philosophy of science, tackeling about other essential information such as scientific method, paradigms and the role of History and Philosophy of Science in Science classroom. This is such a great help to inspire teachers and soon to be on how they can integrate their learning's in this subject to further enhance more science teaching.
Unit 1, Lesson 1.1 - Introduction to Sciencejudan1970
Unit 1, Lesson 1.1 - Introduction to Science
Lesson Outline:
1. What is Science?
2. Science as a Body of Knowledge
3. Science as a Product and a Process
4. Limits of Science
Chapter 1 section 1
1. What is science?
1.1. Identify how science is a part of your everyday life.
1.2. Describe what skills and tools are used in science.
An overview of History and Philosophy of Science, dissecting terms such as History, Philosophy and its focal point science, correlating history of science and philosophy of science, tackeling about other essential information such as scientific method, paradigms and the role of History and Philosophy of Science in Science classroom. This is such a great help to inspire teachers and soon to be on how they can integrate their learning's in this subject to further enhance more science teaching.
Unit 1, Lesson 1.1 - Introduction to Sciencejudan1970
Unit 1, Lesson 1.1 - Introduction to Science
Lesson Outline:
1. What is Science?
2. Science as a Body of Knowledge
3. Science as a Product and a Process
4. Limits of Science
What is science? Science, pseudoscience, non-scienceDennis Miller
Science plays a fundamental role in modern society. But what exactly is science? In philosophy this question is known as the demarcation problem (Popper, Kuhn, Laudan and others).
Science is knowledge through observation and experimentation. It is facts of principles gained by systematic study. In order to participate in doing science, we must adhere to a "philosophy of science:" There is order to the universe, humans are able to comprehend this order, and scientists should be able to repeat experiments. There are two major kinds of science - empirical science and forensic science. However, science can't answer a lot of questions, and scientists often make mistakes.
What is science? Science, pseudoscience, non-scienceDennis Miller
Science plays a fundamental role in modern society. But what exactly is science? In philosophy this question is known as the demarcation problem (Popper, Kuhn, Laudan and others).
Science is knowledge through observation and experimentation. It is facts of principles gained by systematic study. In order to participate in doing science, we must adhere to a "philosophy of science:" There is order to the universe, humans are able to comprehend this order, and scientists should be able to repeat experiments. There are two major kinds of science - empirical science and forensic science. However, science can't answer a lot of questions, and scientists often make mistakes.
The Nature and Scope of Sociology include all the followings:
* The Sociological Perspective
*Seeing the Broader Social Context
*Foundation of Sociology
and many mores :)
Hope that this my Slides will help you to understand all the information :))
New York Times Article Review Rubric (10 pts)Select a lengthy” .docxhenrymartin15260
New York Times Article Review Rubric (10 pts)
Select a “lengthy” article (more than two paragraphs) that summarizes or discusses one or more science projects. Summarize your article (who, what, when, where and how) in one paragraph (2 pts) and then answer the following questions:
1. In one sentence, what is the main point of the article? (1 pt)
2. What counter-arguments or counter-points does the author make? (1 pt)
3. How does this article relate to anything we have or will discuss in class? How does this article relate to something related to your major, possible career and/or life? Note, your article may not relate to the class, but it should at least relate to your major, career and/or life. (2 pts)
4. Explain if these studies were observational, experimental, technological or some combination of the three. If applicable, identify the independent and (at least one) dependent variables. What possible confounding variables are present in the study? How do the authors “control” for these? (2 pts)
5. What questions does the article leave unanswered? (1 pt)
6. What did you learn from this article? (1 pt)
Electronically submit your answers to Blueline by noon on 1/26/16
What is Science?
Human Biology
1/18/16
A process whose essential characteristics are 1) guided by natural law; 2) is explanatory by natural law; 3) is testable against the empirical world; 4) is falsifiable.William R. Overton, U.S. District Judge in a ruling prohibiting an AR law giving balanced time for creation-science and evolution, 1982The observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena.American Heritage DictionaryAbove all it is a methodology for acquiring testable knowledge about the natural world.Stephen Jay Gould
A process: methodology for generating new knowledge based on cycling the following progression: observation, explanation, prediction, test, results, conclusion. A product: new knowledge with the following characteristics: it is cumulative, knowledge expanding, explanatory, predictive, systematic, testable, verifiable, tentative, self-correcting.
-OSU professorOR…
… a way of baffling the uninitiated with incomprehensible jargon. It is a way of obtaining fat government grants. It is a way of achieving mastery over the physical world by threatening it with chaos and destruction.
Scientific Method Observation
Hypothesis
Prediction
Test of prediction
Scientific Method
Test of predictionTreatment versus control groupIndependent vs dependent variables“control” confounding variables
large sample size
Cause and effect conclusions
Scientific MethodTypes of (dependent) variables
Categorical (color, sex)
Discrete (number of fingers or leaves)
Continuous (weight, height)
Appropriate ways to graph the above?
Scientific Method
Test of prediction
Hypothesis vs null hypothesis
Statistics is a tool
Scientific Method
3 Criteria.
1.1 why research
1.2 a brief history of SC
1.2 So what is SC ? Why the fuck I care
1.2 Induction
1.2 Popper and the need for falsifiability
1.2 but what separates SC non-SC (NSC) for Popper ?
1.2 The failing of falsification and Bayesianism
1.2 The hypothetico-deductive method .
1.3 Quantitative VS Qualitative
1.5 Planning research
Scientific Theory Essay
Scientific Method
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The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method Essay
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Scientific Method Essay
Essay Scientific Method
Scientific Method In Psychology
The Importance Of The Scientific Method
Essay On Scientific Method
Scientific Method
Scientific Method
Scientific Method
Essay History of the Scientific Method
Scientific method vs. hollow earth theoryMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
The shaky foundations of science slides - James FodorAdam Ford
See: http://2014.scifuture.org/abstract-the-shaky-foundations-of-science-an-overview-of-the-big-issues-james-fodor/ - Many people think about science in a fairly simplistic way: collect evidence, formulate a theory, test the theory. By this method, it is claimed, science can achieve objective, rational knowledge about the workings of reality. In this presentation I will question the validity of this understanding of science. I will consider some of the key controversies in philosophy of science, including the problem of induction, the theory-ladenness of observation, the nature of scientific explanation, theory choice, and scientific realism, giving an overview of some of the main questions and arguments from major thinkers like Popper, Quine, Kuhn, Hempel, and Feyerabend. I will argue that philosophy of science paints a much richer and messier picture of the relationship between science and truth than many people commonly imagine, and that a familiarity with the key issues in the philosophy of science is vital for a proper understanding of the power and limits of scientific thinking.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024
Natural sciences 2012 13
1. AOK 1 – NATURAL SCIENCES
Lesson 1: Introducing the Nature and
Methodology of the Natural Sciences
Learning Objectives
Understand what the term ‘Natural
Sciences’ includes and excludes
Understand what is meant
by the ‘scientific method’
and what are the
implications for knowledge
claims in the natural
sciences
2. What are the Natural Sciences?
Natural sciences is defined as “knowledge
of objects or processes observable in
nature, as biology or physics, as
distinguished from the abstract or
theoretical sciences, as mathematics or
philosophy” (Dictionary Reference, 2012)
Try to list some examples of knowledge
claims in this area of knowledge
3. The achievements of
the natural sciences
The natural sciences are
considered to be one of the
greatest human achievements
This is because of their unparalleled capacity to both
explain and make precise predictions;
For the technological advancements that result from
its applications;
For the way in which their overall influence has come
to increasingly permeate modern life.
Any discussion about ‘truth’ or ‘reliable knowledge’
will probably lead to science as providing this kind of
knowledge.
4. So what do we think of most when
considering ‘the sciences’?
For Task 1, complete the following activities,
allowing 20 seconds for each:
Draw a hand
Draw a house
Draw one thing that you think represents
mathematics
Draw one thing that you think represents the
sciences
List as many words as you can that you think
describe a scientist
Bonus challenge: draw a scientist
5. Task 1 – follow up
Compare your drawings of a hand and a house
with others in the class. Are they similar? If so,
why do you think this is so?
Compare your drawings for mathematics and the
sciences. Do some images or symbols recur?
What characteristic features of these subjects are
reflected?
Share your words and final drawing. What
impressions of the scientist emerge? How would
you find out whether your images of the scientist
are accurate or not?
6. Is this what you think of when considering
the sciences?
7. In ToK we examine the nature of science and not
just the subject knowledge that dominates the
school curriculum
However, the focus clearly remains on the three core
sciences;
Biology
The study of living organisms and life processes.
Chemistry
The study of the composition, structure and
properties of matter and its reactions.
Physics
The study of matter and its motion, of space and
time, forces and energy.
8. What is the scientific method?
“The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it
is comprehensible.” Albert Einstein
Scientists search the physical world for regular and
recurring relationships to describe and explain.
The search for these patterns ranges from the
subatomic world of neutrinos to the entire cosmos
and from the study of inanimate crystals to the study
of living cells.
The scientific method is a highly structured process
that is based around observations, reasoning and
experiments that can be repeated and checked
independently by others
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZaCy5Z87FA
9. Task 2 – The Scientific Card Game
Aim: to figure out the rule!
First, divide the class into groups of 4 or 5, with
each group receiving a pile of 7 or 8 playing cards.
Each group is, in turn, to offer a card which is
either accepted or rejected according to the rule.
A group can guess what the rule is if everyone
agrees!
.
10. Task 2 – continued
After the game, analyse the following:
the way you first spotted a pattern
the way you guessed a possible rule
the way you tested the rule
A specific process is operating here:
Pattern spotting: this links to empirical
observation.
Guessing the rule: this links to the formation
of an inductive hypothesis
Testing the rule: this links to confirming or
falsifying the hypothesis
11. Task 3 – The Scientific Method
Construct a flow diagram in your TOK journal that
illustrates this process using key words such as:
theory, experimental data, prediction, inductive
hypothesis, etc
3. Prediction
1. 2. 4. Theory
and confirmed and
Experimental Inductive experimental
data or hypothesis tentatively
test accepted
Observation
5. Theory is
falsified
(proven false)
and discarded
12. Task 3 - continued
What are the similarities and differences between the
following two flow charts. Compare these charts to
yours.
13. Imagination and creativity in science
American physicist Richard Feynman wrote:
“But what is the source of knowledge? Where do the
laws that are to be tested come from? Experiment
itself helps to produce these laws, in the sense that
it gives us hints. But also needed is imagination to
create from these hints the great generalisations –
to guess at the wonderful, simple, but very strange
patterns beneath them all, and then to experiment
to check again whether we have made the right
guess.” (Alchin 2006:17)
14. Task 4
Read about the following two claims in Alchin, N
(2006), Theory of Knowledge, Hodder Murray,
p.17-18
1) The Earth is flat
2) The Earth is round
Make notes in your ToK journal in response to the following:
1 Why did ‘claim 1’ become a reasonable scientific belief?
2 What does this indicate about science and truth?
3 How was this claim tested, and what were the implications?
4 Why is imagination a necessary component of ‘claim 2’?
5 How was this claim tested, and what were the implications?
6 What aspects of this claim could have been falsified (proven
false)?
15. Plenary
What are the natural sciences and what examples
of scientific knowledge claims can you think of?
What is the ‘scientific method’ and which of the
ways of knowing are being used?
What does it mean to ‘test’ or ‘falsify’ scientific
knowledge claims? What does this suggest about
the nature of scientific truth?
16. Homework
Science and Pseudoscience
What is ‘pseudoscience’ and how is it different from
‘science’? How could it be recognised?
Outline the thinking that underlines ONE of the
following and evaluate its essential nature as
science or pseudoscience:
Acupuncture
Astrology
Crystology
Feng Shui
Graphology
Homeopathy
Phrenology
17. AOK 1 – NATURAL SCIENCES
Lesson 2: Understanding and
Evaluating the Scientific Method
Learning Objectives
Understand further the way in which
hypotheses are ‘confirmed’ or ‘falsified’,
in the context of examples
Understand reasons for and evaluate
the regulation of the ‘scientific method’
18. What is the Scientific Method?
Which Way of Knowledge is being used?
3. Prediction
1. 2. 4. Theory
and confirmed and
Experimental Inductive experimental
data or hypothesis tentatively
test accepted
Observation
5. Theory is
falsified
(proven false)
and discarded
19. Task 1 – Science and Pseudoscience
What is ‘pseudocscience’ and how is it different
from ‘science’? How could it be recognised?
Present an outline of the thinking that underlines
ONE of the following and evaluate its essential
nature as science or pseudoscience:
Acupuncture
Astrology
Crystology
Feng Shui
Graphology
Homeopathy
Phrenology
20. Task 1 – follow up
The question here is whether these practices use
the ‘scientific method’ to accumulate knowledge
To what extent do these practices rely on
experiments, observations, data, hypotheses,
predictions, falsification?
To what extent do these practices appear less
scientific because their subject matter is more
complex? What difference is there between
studying atoms or plant and the subject matter
of each of these disciplines?
21. Scientific Truth
What did Physicist David Bohm mean by the following:
“The notion of absolute truth is shown to be in poor
correspondence with the actual development of
science. Scientific truths are better regarded as
relationships holding in some limited domain”
It is crucial to appreciate that a scientific claim can never
be proven experimentally to be correct, although it can
be proven to be wrong. It is commonly assumed
(mistakenly) that scientific laws have been proven and
therefore are absolute truth. It is always possible,
however, that it will be shown to be incomplete or even
totally wrong using the inductive method.
22. Albert Einstein
What did Einstein mean
when he said ‘Truth is
what stands the test of
time’?
The longer a theory has resisted falsification, the
more confident we are that it is right. In this sense,
it is perhaps more meaningful to consider claims as
being ‘scientifically valid’ as opposed to being ‘true’.
Watch the following clip and consider the implications
for the validity of scientific knowledge claims:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOnodvgLpf0&feature=related
23. Scientific Progress
If nature of science is to discover new theories and
knowledge, to what extent should this be free from
values and regulation?
24. Task 2: The Modern
Prometheus
In Greek mythology, Prometheus,
whose name means “foresight” was a
Titan known for his wily intelligence,
who stole fire from Zeus and gave it to
mortals for their use. As punishment,
Prometheus was chained to a rock
where his regenerating liver was eaten
daily by a vulture. His myth has been
treated by a number of ancient sources,
crediting or blaming him for playing a
pivotal role in the early history of
humankind.
As ‘a modern Prometheus’, explore and assess
the regulation of one of these controversial
scientific endeavours:
Designer babies Prometheus released by
Heracles
25. Plenary
What is the ‘scientific method’ and which of
the ways of knowing are being used?
What is the difference between science and
pseudoscience?
What is scientific ‘truth’ and how is this
different to other areas of knowledge such as
mathematics?
What modern controversial scientific
endeavours are there and to what extent
should these be regulated?
26. Homework
Review the notes you have made about the
natural sciences as an area of knowledge. Read
the chapter 2 from Alchin’s book ‘Theory of
Knowledge’, supplementing your notes where
relevant.