Tok natural science introduction
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This document discusses different perspectives on what constitutes science. It provides examples of activities and lists scientific disciplines. It introduces the ideas of science as a body of knowledge versus a way of thinking. It discusses Karl Popper's view of falsification, where theories can only be scientific if they are potentially falsifiable. It also discusses Thomas Kuhn's idea of paradigm shifts in science and how new paradigms provide new models and problems to solve for a scientific community. The document asks if IB science can be considered real science and lists skills expected in IB science like planning experiments, collecting data, and working as a team.
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This document introduces the natural sciences as an area of knowledge. It defines natural sciences as knowledge of observable objects and processes in nature, such as biology and physics, as distinguished from abstract sciences like mathematics. It describes the scientific method as involving observation, hypothesis formation, prediction, and experimental testing to confirm or falsify hypotheses. Personal knowledge and imagination play a role in scientific discovery alongside shared experimentation and observation. Questions are raised about whether scientific knowledge can be considered absolutely true or reliable given its tentative nature and reliance on indirect observation tools.
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The document discusses the differences between the human sciences and natural sciences from both a traditional empiricist view and opposing position. From a traditional empiricist view, both use the same basic methodology and must be confirmed or verified through evidence. However, the opposing position argues that human and natural sciences are essentially different and must use different methods, as human sciences study meaningful phenomena that are different from merely physical phenomena studied in natural sciences.
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This document discusses several human sciences including anthropology, geography, sociology, psychology, political science, and economics. It explains that human sciences aim to understand human behavior, influences on behavior, patterns, decision making, and predicting and informing decisions. However, producing reliable laws is challenging for human sciences due to issues with observation bias, measurement difficulties, the interaction between scientists and subjects, lack of controlled experiments, and incorporating moral and ethical considerations.
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The document discusses the scientific method and its key components. It defines science as a methodology of testing knowledge claims through empirical observation and experimentation. This includes formulating hypotheses, designing experiments, analyzing results, developing scientific laws and theories, and repeating the cycle through peer review and attempts at falsification. The scientific method aims to approach truth through successive testing and revision of ideas, without claiming absolute certainty.
The Nature and Scope of Sociology
1. Sociology is defined as the scientific study of society and human behavior.
2. Auguste Comte developed the idea and coined the term "sociology".
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4. He published a book titled "An Introduction to Sociology" in 1938.
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The Scientific Revolution was a revolution in human understanding of the physical universe that began in the 17th century with figures like Kepler and Galileo. Prior to this, science was based almost entirely on reasoning rather than experimentation or observation. Factors that led to the Scientific Revolution included the rise of universities, contact with non-Western societies, the Renaissance, and exploration. Rationalism and empiricism, pioneered by figures like Descartes and Bacon, helped shift science towards experimentation and the scientific method.
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For much of the last century, Science has held a pre-eminent place of authority to many people around the globe, a place once held by religious leaders. This is no accident. Many scientists claim that Science has replaced religion as the source of ultimate truth about our world.
Thus, it is worthwhile to examine this claim. What is science? How did it get here? What assumptions does it make? Is it worldview neutral as many claim? What is the nature of scientific proof? What kinds of proof exist and how do we determine which is the correct kind?
As a professional scientist and science educator, I have seen first hand that we do NOT teach this to our students, except in optional electives that are not advertised well. Therefore, we have generations of scientists growing up with unclear understandings of the philosophy and history of their own field, and it is affecting the quality of the scientific endeavor.
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Dr. Aldemaro Romero Jr. talks about the History and Philosophy of Science
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Dr. Aldemaro Romero Jr. talks about the fundamentals of the History and Philosophy of Science in this documentary. You can also watch it for free and in full at: https://www.academia.edu/courses/plqxp1?tab=0&v=Ee0AnbThe Nature of Science
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This document discusses the definitions and relationships between history, philosophy, science, and their various subfields. It provides definitions of history as the study of the past as it relates to humans. Philosophy is defined as the study of fundamental problems regarding existence, knowledge, values, reason, language, and more. Science is defined as a disciplined attempt to understand what exists, how and why things work, what could exist but doesn't, and more. The document also discusses the relationships between craft, science, and engineering over time. It provides overviews of various philosophical and scientific concepts and debates.
Progress in science
1. Thomas Kuhn argued that science does not progress smoothly but rather goes through periods of normal science punctuated by scientific revolutions.
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This document provides resources for exploring how new knowledge is created in the natural sciences, including media sources that discuss various scientific discoveries and theories. It introduces key concepts like the role of creativity, imagination, collaboration, and challenging conventional wisdom in developing new explanations. Students are prompted to consider questions about the media sources like how scientists advance understanding over time through taking new perspectives or approaches.
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This document summarizes key points from a chapter on research methods in entrepreneurship. It discusses how Newtonian physics has influenced research by promoting biases like determinism, incrementalism, and adaptionism. This leads to a "classic" dissertation format focused on developing theories and hypotheses to test. However, this approach is problematic for emerging fields like entrepreneurship that involve more unpredictable human behavior. The summary advocates for more exploratory, empirical research over rigidly testing deductive hypotheses in new paradigms.
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This document discusses the definitions and purposes of history, philosophy, and science. It provides:
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This document provides an overview of the evolution of the philosophy of science and discusses its implications for whether marketing can be considered a science. It traces the development of positivism, logical empiricism, falsificationism, and paradigm shifts. While early marketing research adopted positivism, issues like measurement error and lack of empirical evidence make applying the strict scientific method difficult. More recent views see science as involving societal consensus rather than purely objective methods. This suggests marketing incorporates diverse research traditions and may be considered science in acknowledging its social aspects rather than trying to emulate natural sciences.
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The document provides an overview of the key concepts in human sciences, including definitions, research methodologies, and approaches. It discusses the differences between human sciences and natural sciences, as well as three main approaches to research in human sciences: positivist, interpretivist, and critical theory. Examples are given for each approach. The document also describes some criticisms of human sciences from the perspective of natural sciences and discusses challenges around qualitative versus quantitative research.
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This lecture provides an overview of key concepts in science, including a brief history of advances in science from ancient Greece to modern times. It discusses the scientific method and key terms like hypotheses, theories, and laws. The lecture also covers how mathematics, experiments, and limitations are important to science. It describes relationships between science, art, religion and technology. Finally, it outlines the major natural sciences and how they integrate and build upon one another.
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This document provides an overview of Roger Frank Malina's background and career. It discusses how he came from a family of scientists and engineers but also pursued art. Malina helped found NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the journal Leonardo, which combines art, science, and technology. The document outlines Malina's work researching across disciplines and cultures, as well as his goal of redesigning science through greater integration with fields like art and design.
Qualitative content analysis in Media Psychology
Qualitative Content Analysis session for MSc Media Psychology students at the University of Salford.
The aim of the session is to consider knowledge and research on a continuum from positivist to interpretivist, realist to relativist, quantitative to qualitative. It's taken me the best part of four years to get a handle on my epistemological and ontological positions so I am hoping my 'pain' will be someone else's 'gain'. This is the first lecture where my PhD work is really showing its worth for my teaching. Would be interested to hear others thoughts on how to teach and learn qualitative research methods.
A further aim is to expand what we consider to be 'data' and think about how we can generate new knowledge about new media in innovative and creative ways. Sometimes the more traditional methods don't translate very well to contemporary issues. The session therefore introduces the concept of researcher-as-bricoleur.
As an exercise to develop our interpretative skills, Plan B's ill Manors track will be analysed in the session from different perspectives. We will start with the text, then listen to the song, then watch the music video, then see the trailer to the film to build more complex interpretations of Plan Bs work and consider its relationship to the 'real world'. Hopefully the session will work will:)
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Dr. Aldemaro Romero Jr. talks about the History and Philosophy of Science
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Essential human sciences in 2 lessons (with extension if required)
Essential human sciences in 2 lessons (with extension if required)
Essential human sciences in 2 lessons (with extension if required)
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Conceptual art emerged in the mid-1960s and early 1970s as a reaction against formalism. It emphasized ideas and concepts over the creation of traditional art objects. Conceptual artists used various media like installations, performances, films and photographs to convey concepts and push the boundaries of what constituted art. Some key ideas were that art is essentially conceptual, minimal in form, and aims to dematerialize the art object. Artists like Joseph Kosuth, Tracy Emin, and Damien Hirst used unconventional materials and forms of presentation to challenge viewers' perceptions of art.
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Conceptual art emerged in the mid-1960s and early 1970s as a reaction against formalism. It emphasizes ideas and concepts over the creation of traditional art objects. Conceptual artists use images, objects, and text to convey ideas and get viewers to think about the meaning and definition of art. Key figures like Joseph Kosuth, Damien Hirst, and Tracy Emin created conceptual works that pushed boundaries and provoked questions about the nature of art.
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Demystifying Knowledge Management through Storytelling
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
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Demystifying Knowledge Management through Storytelling
Demystifying Knowledge Management through Storytelling
Tok natural science introduction
- 2. What is science and what isn’t science?
- 3. What is science and what isn’t science? • Boiling an egg • Predicting the weather • Mapping a mountain • Drilling for oil • Choosing a new camera • Eating a salad • Watering a potted plant
- 4. The Sciences
- 5. The Sciences • Biology • Chemistry • Physics • Environmental Systems (?) • Design Tech (?)
- 6. The Sciences • Geology (?) • Biology • Computer Science (?) • Chemistry • Psychology (?) • Physics • Geography (?) • Environmental Systems (?) • Mathematics (?) • Design Tech (?) • History (?)
- 7. A body of knowledge?
- 8. A body of knowledge? Or… a way of thinking?
- 10. Does it matter? • Science works, doesn’t it?
- 11. Does it matter? • Science works, doesn’t it? a t is m ra g m P
- 12. Karl Popper turns science upside down
- 13. Karl Popper turns science upside down Falsification
- 14. Karl Popper turns science upside down Falsification “A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is nonscientific” “Every genuine test of a theory is an attempt to falsify it”
- 15. Karl Popper turns science upside down Falsification • Here is my hypothesis…… • Try to shoot it down!
- 16. Karl Popper turns science upside down Falsification If it can’t be falsified, it is not science
- 17. Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions
- 18. Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions Paradigm shifts
- 19. Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions Paradigm shifts paradigm noun 1 technical a typical example or pattern of something; a model : there is a new paradigm for public art in this country. • a worldview underlying the theories and methodology of a particular scientific subject : the discovery of universal gravitation became the paradigm of
- 20. Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions Paradigm shifts Paradigms are “universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners.”
- 21. Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions Paradigm shifts Paradigms are “universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners.”
- 22. Thomas Kuhn’s scientific revolutions Paradigm shifts • Science progresses by leaps, when crisis point is reached in the current paradigm
- 23. Is IB science real science? What are the skills you are expected to show?
- 24. Is IB science real science? • Planning (a) Focusing the test • Planning (b) Methodology • Data Collection • Data Processing and Presentation • Conclusion and Evaluation • Manipulative skills • Personal skills (a) Teamwork • Personal skills (b) Motivation and ethics
- 25. Words to describe science? Predictive Logical Beautiful Progressive Cultural Creative
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