Ethics

2. VIRTUE ETHICS
What is Virtue Ethics?
Virtue Ethics 6.is a system in which we place
virtue as the measurement of morality, with virtue
being a desirable or ‘good’
Character attribute. This is mirrored against the
antonym of ‘vice’ or an undesirable character
attribute.

3. There Are Three Main Stand Of Virtue
Ethics
 Eudaimonism5. is a moral philosophy that
defines right action as that which leads to
the "well-being" of the individual, thus holding
"well-being" as having essential value. It makes up
part of the system of Virtue Ethics propounded by
the ancient Greek philosophers, in which a lifetime
of practicing the virtues ("arête") in one's everyday
activities, subject to the exercise of practical
wisdom ("phronesis") to resolve
any conflicts or dilemmas which might arise, will
allow the individual to flourish and live the good
life("eudaimonia").

4.  Ethics of Care
was developed mainly by Feminist writers (e.g. Annette Baier) in
the second half of the 20th Century, and was motivated by the
idea that men think in masculine terms such
as justice and autonomy, whereas woman think
in feminine terms such as caring. It calls for a change in how
we view morality and the virtues, shifting towards virtues
exemplified by women, such as taking care of others, patience,
the ability to nurture, self-sacrifice, etc, which have
been marginalized because society has not
adequately valued the contributions of women. It emphasizes the
importance of solidarity, community and relationships rather
than universal standards and impartiality. It argues that instead of
doing the right thing even if it requires personal cost or
sacrificing the interest of family or community members (as the
traditional Consequentialistand deontological approaches
suggest), we can, and indeed should, put the interests of those
who are close to us above the interests of complete stranger

5.  Agent-Based Theories4.
as developed recently by Michael Slote (1941 - ),
give an account of virtue based on our common-
sense intuitions about which character traits
are admirable (e.g. benevolence, kindness,
compassion, etc), which we can identify by looking
at the people we admire, our moral exemplars.
The evaluation of actions is
therefore dependent on ethical judgments about
the inner life of the agents who perform those
actions.

6.  Introduction to Aristotle
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who lived
around 350 B.C.E. Along with studying philosophy,
Aristotle was an astronomer, a writer, a biologist,
and a geologist. He was a student of Plato and is
known for his ideas on politics, government, and
often most notably, ethics.

7. a. Telos
According to Aristotle, we have
a telos3. as humans, which it is our goal to fulfill.
Thistelos is based on our
uniquely human capacity for rational
thought. Aristotle's view of humans having
a telos based in our rationality leads directly to his
conclusion in Book X that contemplation is the
highest human good.

8. b. Virtue as habit
Aristotle believed that virtue as a habit 2.requires
an intentional choice when you begin. The habit of
virtue is not yet developed, but over time one
becomes used to behaving virtuously and after a
while one acts virtuously without needing to use
volition. You have become virtuous—it’s now part of
you and how you act.

9. C. Happiness As Virtue
 Happiness is the ultimate end and purpose of human
existence
 Happiness is not pleasure, nor is it virtue. It is the
exercise of virtue.
 Happiness cannot be achieved until the end of one's life.
Hence it is a goal and not a temporary state.
 Happiness is the perfection of human nature. Since man
is a rational animal, human happiness depends on the
exercise of his reason.
 Happiness depends on acquiring a moral character,
where one displays the virtues of courage, generosity,
justice, friendship, and citizenship in one's life. These
virtues involve striking a balance or "mean" between an
excess and a deficiency.
 Happiness requires intellectual contemplation, for this is
the ultimate realization of our rational capacities.

11.  Natural Law
The term "natural law" is ambiguous. 1.It refers to a
type of moral theory, as well as to a type of legal
theory, but the core claims of the two kinds of
theory are logically independent. It does not refer to
the laws of nature, the laws that science aims to
describe. According to natural law moral theory, the
moral standards that govern human behavior are, in
some sense, objectively derived from the nature of
human beings and the nature of the world. While
being logically independent of natural law legal
theory, the two theories intersect. However, the
majority of the article will focus on natural law legal
theory.

12. According to natural law legal theory, the authority of legal
standards necessarily derives, at least in part, from
considerations having to do with the moral merit of those
standards. There are a number of different kinds of natural law
legal theories, differing from each other with respect to the
role that morality plays in determining the authority of legal
norms. The conceptual jurisprudence of John Austin provides
a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence
of law that distinguishes law from non-law in every possible
world. Classical natural law theory such as the theory
of Thomas Aquinas focuses on the overlap between natural
law moral and legal theories. Similarly, the neo-naturalism of
John Finnis is a development of classical natural law theory. In
contrast, the procedural naturalism of Lon L. Fuller is a
rejection of the conceptual naturalist idea that there are
necessary substantive moral constraints on the content of law.
Lastly, Ronald Dworkin’s theory is a response and critique
of legal positivism. All of these theories subscribe to one or
more basic tenets of natural law legal theory and are
important to its development and influence.

13. Table of Contents
1.Two Kinds of Natural Law Theory
2.Conceptual Naturalism
 The Project of Conceptual Jurisprudence
 Classical Natural Law Theory
3.The Substantive Neo-Naturalism of John Finnis
4.The Procedural Naturalism of Lon L. Fuller
5.Ronald Dworkin's "Third Theory"
6.References and Further Reading

14. a. The Natural And Its Tenets
Of all natural law tenets, this is primary.
Humanity is the aggregation of separate living
beings, all equal by species, all independent by
our uniqueness. No (common) lung, organ, brain,
stomach, mind or consciousness exists

15. Ten Natural Law Tenets
1 Natural Law is to be respected; not obeyed.
2 Natural law is of Man; not for Man.
3 Natural law is objective, not subjective.
4 Natural law is immutable.
5 Natural law upholds the individuality of human life.
6 Natural law grants no authority.
7 Natural law refuses all authority.
8 Natural law admits no trespass.
9 Natural Law and Positive Law are antithetical.
10 The natural law supports one’s life, respectful of all
others.

16. b. Happiness as constitutive of moral and
cardinal virtues.
 The cardinal virtues are the four principal moral
virtues. The English word cardinalcomes from the
Latin word cardo, which means "hinge." All other
virtues hinge on these four: prudence, justice,
fortitude, and temperance.​
 Plato first discussed the cardinal virtues in
the Republic, and they entered into Christian
teaching by way of Plato's disciple Aristotle. Unlike
the theological virtues, which are the gifts of God
through grace, the four cardinal virtues can be
practiced by anyone; thus, they represent the
foundation of natural morality.

17. 4 CARDINAL VIRTUES

18.  Prudence: The First Cardinal Virtue
 Justice: The Second Cardinal Virtue
 Fortitude: The Third Cardinal Virtue
 Temperance: The Fourth Cardinal Virtue

19. CONCLUSION
Good Points Of Virtue Ethics
It centers ethics on the person and what it means to
be human.
It includes the whole of a person’s life.

20. Bad Points Of Virtue Ethics
It doesn’t provide clear guidance on what to do in
moral dilemmas. Although it does provide general
guidance on how to be a good person. Presumably
a totally virtuous person would know what to do and
what we could consider them a suitable role model
to guide us. There is no general agreement on what
the virtues are and it may be that any list of virtues
will be relative to the culture in which it is being
drawn up.

21. THANK YOU
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