St. Thomas Aquinas was a medieval scholar who reconciled Aristotle's political philosophy with Christian faith. He argued that governments must work for the common good of all people. Aquinas believed natural law, which is self-evident or deduced from self-evident ideas, governs human behavior. According to Aquinas, there are four types of law - eternal, natural, human, and divine - with eternal law being the highest, followed by natural law, then human law. Natural law applies to all humans and guides them to use reason to lead their lives.
Norm
Norm of Morality
• Types of norm:
Eternal Divine Law
Human Reason
Law as the object norm of morality
• General Notion of Law
o Law of Nature
o Natural Law
Moral Law
o Essential Elements for a Law to be Reasonable:
• Divisions of Law
o Eternal Law
The Natural Moral Law
Law of Conscience
i. Attributes of the Natural Law
ii. The Contents of Natural Law
Formal norms
Material norms
Human Positive Law
Law as the subject norm of morality
Conscience
• Conscience as an Act of Intellect
(Judgement of Reason)
• Conscience as a Practical Moral Judgement
• Conscience as the Proximate Norm of Morality
• Kinds of Conscience
i. Correct or True Conscience
ii. Erroneous of False conscience
Invincibly erroneous conscience
Vincibly erroneous conscience
Perplexed conscience
Pharisaical conscience
i. Certain Conscience
ii. Doubtful Conscience
iii. Scrupulous Conscience
iv. Lax Conscience
Norm
Norm of Morality
• Types of norm:
Eternal Divine Law
Human Reason
Law as the object norm of morality
• General Notion of Law
o Law of Nature
o Natural Law
Moral Law
o Essential Elements for a Law to be Reasonable:
• Divisions of Law
o Eternal Law
The Natural Moral Law
Law of Conscience
i. Attributes of the Natural Law
ii. The Contents of Natural Law
Formal norms
Material norms
Human Positive Law
Law as the subject norm of morality
Conscience
• Conscience as an Act of Intellect
(Judgement of Reason)
• Conscience as a Practical Moral Judgement
• Conscience as the Proximate Norm of Morality
• Kinds of Conscience
i. Correct or True Conscience
ii. Erroneous of False conscience
Invincibly erroneous conscience
Vincibly erroneous conscience
Perplexed conscience
Pharisaical conscience
i. Certain Conscience
ii. Doubtful Conscience
iii. Scrupulous Conscience
iv. Lax Conscience
It is a power point presentation on Natural law theory of Jurisprudence which is very important to learn by a person who wants to understand law. This theory is basis for fundamental rights given in part of Indian constitution so it is very important to understand and imply it in our legal system.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
4. St. Thomas Aquinas, a medieval Roman Catholic scholar,
reconciled the political philosophy of Aristotle with
Christian faith. In doing so, he contended that a just ruler
or government must work for the "common good" of all.
Aquinas came to think that one should believe only what is
self-evident (e.g., human beings use reason) or can be
deduced from self-evident propositions (e.g., human
reason can discover truth).
5. The context of Aquina’s Ethics
In the pursuit of happiness, we direct our actions toward specific ends.
We might explore how our emotions “the passions” are involved in this process, and therefore
require a proper order if they are to properly contribute to good life.
We might explore how our actions are related to certain dispositions (often referred to as “habits”
in a dynamic way since our actions both arise from our habits and at the same time reinforce
them.
Christian life therefore, is about developing the capacities given to us by God into a disposition of
virtue inclined toward the good.
Our conscience directs our actions and moral thinking.
6. ARISTOTELLIAN BEING AND BECOMING
Aristotle proposes 4 concepts/causes which provide a way of understanding any particular being
1. material- 2. formal-3. efficient- 4. final
We recognize that any being we can see around is corporeal, possessed of a certain materiality or
physical stuff or “material cause”- a being is individuated- this material takes a particular shape-
“shape”- makes a being a particular kind called its form. “it has formal cause.” There is something
which brings about the presence of another being (efficient cause), Since a being has an apparent
end or goal- we can speak of (final cause)
All these give a way to understand any being
Knowledge is the object of our inquiry
7. What is natural law?
Natural law is a theory in ethics and philosophy
that says that human beings possess intrinsic
values that govern our reasoning and behavior.
Natural law maintains that these rules of right
and wrong are inherent in people and are not
created by society or court judges.
8. What is natural law?
Aquinas wrote most extensively about natural
law. He stated, "the light of reason is placed by
nature [and thus by God] in every man to guide
him in his acts." Therefore, human beings, alone
among God’s creatures, use reason to lead their
lives. This is natural law.
9. What are the basic principles of natural law
theory?
(1) the natural law is given by God;
(2) it is naturally authoritative over all human
beings; and
(3) it is naturally knowable by all human beings.
10. What are the 4 natural laws according to
Aquinas?
Aquinas recognizes four main kinds of law:
the eternal, the natural, the human, and the
divine. The last three all depend on the first,
but in different ways. Were we to arrange
them in a hierarchy, eternal would be at the
top, then natural, then human.
11. What are the 4 natural laws according to
Aquinas?
Eternal law was God’s perfect plan, not fully
knowable to humans. It determined the way
things such as animals and planets behaved
and how people should behave.
12. What are the 4 natural laws according to
Aquinas?
Divine law, primarily from the Bible, guided
individuals beyond the world to "eternal
happiness" in what St. Augustine had called
the "City of God.".
13. What are the 4 natural laws according to
Aquinas?
While natural law applied to all humans and was
unchanging, human law could vary with time, place,
and circumstance. Aquinas defined this last type of law
as "an ordinance of reason for the common good"
made and enforced by a ruler or government. He
warned, however, that people were not bound to obey
laws made by humans that conflicted with natural law.
14. Law in General
Aquinas describes law as "a certain rule and measure of acts whereby
man is induced to act or is restrained from acting." (q90, a1) Because the
rule and measure of human actions is reason, law has an essential
relation to reason; in the first place to divine reason; in the second place
to human reason, when it acts correctly, i.e., in accordance with the
purpose or final cause implanted in it by God.
Law is directed by its nature to the good, and especially to the universal
or common good. (q90, a3) It is addressed not primarily to private
persons but to the whole people meeting in common or to persons who
have charge of the community as a whole.
15. Promulgation--i.e., the application of the law to those to
whom it is applied and the communication of this law to
them--is essential to the nature of the law. The natural law is
is promulgated by God: "God has instilled it into human
minds so as to be known by them naturally." Divine and
human laws can be promulgated by word of mouth or, even
better, by writing.
16. Kinds of Law
Laws are also important, says Thomas, for other reasons noted by Aristotle.
(1) It is easier to find a few wise persons who can make good laws than to find many who, in the
absence of laws, can judge correctly in each instance.
(2) Lawmakers can deliberate at length before making laws while many particular cases must be
judged quickly, when they arise.
(3) Lawmakers judge in the abstract and are less likely to be swayed by emotions evoked by
concrete circumstances or by the kinds of things that tend to corruption. There is less danger of
perversion of law, which is formulated in general, than there would be perversion of judgment in
particular cases where no law exists to guide judgmen
17. Kinds of Law
Law is directed to the common good, and human law is no
exception. The promotion of virtue is necessary for the common
good, and human laws are instruments in the promotion of virtue.
Aristotle already pointed out that most people are kept from
crime by fear of the law. Thomas accepts this judgment,
suggesting (r. Ad 1, p. 57) that by coercion even men who are evilly
disposed may be led in the direction of virtue.
18. Aquinas further developed the meaning of "just war" that had been
discussed by the Roman statesman Cicero and by St. Augustine. For a war to
be just, there must be these three conditions:
1. A declaration by the ruler to defend the "common good" against enemies.
2. A "just cause" for an attack on an enemy "because they deserve it on
account of some fault" such as avenging wrongs they have committed.
3. A "rightful intention" to advance good or avoid evil such as punishing evil-
doers and not simply grabbing land or goods.
These conditions for a "just war" later influenced the development of
international laws of war.