This document provides an overview of the moral law argument for the existence of God. It discusses various formulations of the argument by philosophers such as Hastings Rashdall, W.R. Sorley, Elton Trueblood, Linda Zagzebski, Robert Adams, and Douglas Drabkin. The moral law argument posits that the existence of objective moral absolutes implies a divine moral lawgiver. If there are universal moral truths, they require a transcendent source outside of human subjective opinions and cultural relativism. The document examines different logical formulations of this argument and responses to objections about the possibility of morality without God.
The document discusses theology of the body and provides Catholic teachings on love, sexuality, marriage, and purity. It addresses why Christians should save sex for marriage, the differences between love and lust, and myths about topics like contraception, safe sex, and sexuality. The overall message encourages living a chaste life as a path to happiness, integrity, and closeness to God.
J.K. Rowling struggled with insecurity and self-esteem issues during her school and early career years. She found solace and passion in writing stories from a young age. During her university studies, she had many story ideas but lacked confidence in her abilities. After graduating and working in a series of boring jobs, the idea for Harry Potter came to her while waiting for a delayed train. She dedicated her free time to developing the stories, finding motivation when she lost her job. In 1995, she finished the first Harry Potter book and sent it to publishers, receiving her first rejection but keeping faith. It was finally published in 1997 and became a global success, establishing Rowling as a renowned author.
Chapter 3 Conscience The Self In Search of the Goodmrocarroll
This document discusses the development of moral agency and conscience. It explores how individuals develop direction and moral stances through commitments to others, language, character development, and conscience. Conscience allows people to determine what is good or bad based on their experiences and relationships. Developing as a moral agent requires understanding how these human aspects shape one's ethics and moral behavior.
The document discusses the relationship between faith and reason, and argues that Christianity has historically been compatible with science and reason. It addresses several common myths, including that Christianity suppressed scientific advancement during the Middle Ages. While some Christian individuals and groups have held anti-intellectual views, the Church itself has generally supported scientific inquiry. The document also examines factors that prevented the development of modern science in other cultures like China and Islam, and argues Christianity provided a foundation for its growth in the West.
This document summarizes a chapter on God's creation of humans as rational beings made in God's image and likeness. It discusses that humans have an immortal soul which makes us like God, though we are created while God is eternal. Humans are given responsibilities as stewards over creation. The document also covers that God created marriage as a union between one man and one woman, and that virtues like charity and chastity are important for relationships. It concludes that the next chapter will examine how free will led the first humans to sin and affect subsequent generations.
The document discusses the problem of evil and suffering from a religious perspective. It defines moral and natural evil, provides examples of each, and presents a diagram showing how the existence of evil and suffering poses a problem for the existence of an omnibenevolent, omnipotent and omniscient God.
The document discusses different theories about the nature and development of conscience from various philosophers and religious perspectives. It addresses key points from thinkers like Newman, Butler, Aquinas, Freud, Piaget, Fromm and others. While some see conscience as the voice of God inherent in human nature, others argue it develops gradually through experience and reasoning or is influenced by one's environment and upbringing. Critics question inconsistencies in views that conscience is perfect or always leads to correct decisions.
The document discusses theology of the body and provides Catholic teachings on love, sexuality, marriage, and purity. It addresses why Christians should save sex for marriage, the differences between love and lust, and myths about topics like contraception, safe sex, and sexuality. The overall message encourages living a chaste life as a path to happiness, integrity, and closeness to God.
J.K. Rowling struggled with insecurity and self-esteem issues during her school and early career years. She found solace and passion in writing stories from a young age. During her university studies, she had many story ideas but lacked confidence in her abilities. After graduating and working in a series of boring jobs, the idea for Harry Potter came to her while waiting for a delayed train. She dedicated her free time to developing the stories, finding motivation when she lost her job. In 1995, she finished the first Harry Potter book and sent it to publishers, receiving her first rejection but keeping faith. It was finally published in 1997 and became a global success, establishing Rowling as a renowned author.
Chapter 3 Conscience The Self In Search of the Goodmrocarroll
This document discusses the development of moral agency and conscience. It explores how individuals develop direction and moral stances through commitments to others, language, character development, and conscience. Conscience allows people to determine what is good or bad based on their experiences and relationships. Developing as a moral agent requires understanding how these human aspects shape one's ethics and moral behavior.
The document discusses the relationship between faith and reason, and argues that Christianity has historically been compatible with science and reason. It addresses several common myths, including that Christianity suppressed scientific advancement during the Middle Ages. While some Christian individuals and groups have held anti-intellectual views, the Church itself has generally supported scientific inquiry. The document also examines factors that prevented the development of modern science in other cultures like China and Islam, and argues Christianity provided a foundation for its growth in the West.
This document summarizes a chapter on God's creation of humans as rational beings made in God's image and likeness. It discusses that humans have an immortal soul which makes us like God, though we are created while God is eternal. Humans are given responsibilities as stewards over creation. The document also covers that God created marriage as a union between one man and one woman, and that virtues like charity and chastity are important for relationships. It concludes that the next chapter will examine how free will led the first humans to sin and affect subsequent generations.
The document discusses the problem of evil and suffering from a religious perspective. It defines moral and natural evil, provides examples of each, and presents a diagram showing how the existence of evil and suffering poses a problem for the existence of an omnibenevolent, omnipotent and omniscient God.
The document discusses different theories about the nature and development of conscience from various philosophers and religious perspectives. It addresses key points from thinkers like Newman, Butler, Aquinas, Freud, Piaget, Fromm and others. While some see conscience as the voice of God inherent in human nature, others argue it develops gradually through experience and reasoning or is influenced by one's environment and upbringing. Critics question inconsistencies in views that conscience is perfect or always leads to correct decisions.
Theology of the body is a series of speeches by Pope John Paul II exploring the meaning of human sexuality and God's plan for love. It covers themes like birth control, the value of the body, and our identity as sons and daughters of God. Theology of the body studies God as revealed through the human body, showing how we reveal something of the mystery of God through our bodies and relationships. It provides a positive understanding of God's plan for love, sex, and relationships.
1) Categorical arguments are valid due to the relationship between categories, not individual sentences. Validity can be tested using Venn diagrams.
2) Venn diagrams represent categorical statements using circles to represent categories. Validity is determined by whether the conclusion is already contained within the representation of the premises.
3) Three-circle diagrams require representing statements carefully and checking if the conclusion is redundant given the premises.
The document discusses the uniqueness of men and women from a biblical perspective. It provides overviews of the differences between men and women in areas like nature, roles, needs, interests, fulfillment, physical traits, emotions, spirituality, and general attitudes. It emphasizes that understanding and appreciating gender differences allows men and women to complement each other rather than compete. It concludes that accepting unique strengths and weaknesses leads to harmonious living.
The document discusses how God reveals himself to humanity through various means such as creation, history, prophets, Jesus Christ, the Church, and Sacred Scripture and Tradition. It explains that while human reason can prove God's existence, it cannot reveal who God is, so God communicates with humanity through revelation. The document explores the different avenues of God's self-revelation to allow humanity to know and have a relationship with him.
1. The document is from the Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate and discusses various topics related to the Apostles' Creed including: the definition of faith, the Holy Trinity, God the Creator, angels and demons, and original sin.
2. It provides explanations of theological concepts such as the three theological virtues of faith, hope and love. It also discusses heresies related to concepts like the Trinity.
3. The document aims to provide a complete explanation of the 12 Articles of the Apostles' Creed through discussions of the key concepts and inclusion of relevant biblical passages.
William James' Arguments on Religious experienceSlater Morilla
William James is a pioneering
American psychologist and
philosopher. He was trained as
medical doctor. He came from a rich
family while his father is an eccentric
theologian. He divides religious experiences
into “healthy-minded” and “sick-minded,”
according to the personality
of the subject, which tints the content
of the experience itself.
Original sin refers to both the sinful act committed by Adam and Eve as well as the resulting sinful state or condition of humanity. It originated with the historical first sin committed by Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. This originating sin resulted in a sinful condition called "concupiscence" - a human attraction to sin - that affects all of humanity. As a result of original sin, we are born into a situation of sinfulness that makes it difficult to do good. Original sin continues to exist today, but it is washed away during baptism, though we still need to confess our sins.
The document discusses different philosophical views on religious language and whether it can be considered meaningful. It addresses the views of logical positivists like Ayer who argued that religious statements are meaningless since they cannot be empirically verified. Alternative views are presented that defend religious language, including the idea that it can be meaningful through analogy (Aquinas) or may be verifiable in the future (Hick). Overall, the document outlines various philosophical debates around religious language and its meaningfulness.
The document outlines 3 stages in the development of conscience:
1. Instinctive/Instructive stage - an act is judged based on reward/punishment rather than intrinsic goodness/evil.
2. Ethical/Moral stage - a person realizes acts can be objectively good/evil regardless of external approval.
3. Christian/Religious stage - moral acts are seen as a response to God and based on teachings of Jesus Christ.
The document emphasizes the importance of forming a well-informed conscience through understanding objective moral laws and values, in order to act in a truly human, loving, and Christian manner.
The document discusses the challenges facing families and the transmission of faith in the modern world due to phenomena like globalization and secularization. It notes the disappearance of explicitly Christian societies and increasing marginalization of religion. Specific issues discussed include absentee parenting due to work migration, weakening of traditional values, and lack of religious formation for both youth and adults. The document calls for a New Evangelization to devise new methods and expressions to spread the faith. It emphasizes the importance of the Christian family as the domestic Church and first agent of catechesis, as well as the need for adult catechesis and addressing issues related to marriage.
This document discusses the importance of developing healthy relationships with God, oneself, and others. It emphasizes that loving God means knowing His character as a loving Father, and moving past any fears of Him as a tyrant. Developing self-love and forgiveness is also key to properly loving God and neighbors. The document explores attributes of God the Father, God the Son (Jesus), and God the Holy Spirit to help strengthen relationships with each. Overall it encourages readers to reflect on their beliefs and work towards building more loving relationships in all aspects of their lives.
1) Jesus Christ is at the center of Christianity. He existed eternally as God but also became truly human through being born of the virgin Mary.
2) As fully God and fully human, Jesus lived a sinless life and perfectly revealed God's character through miracles and teachings. He died voluntarily on the cross to pay for humanity's sins and was resurrected.
3) Jesus now ministers as our priest in heaven and will return as king to fully deliver believers and restore creation. His dual nature and roles as prophet, priest and king are essential to Christianity's core beliefs about who Jesus is and his mission to reconcile humanity to God.
This document provides an introduction to critical thinking and the differences between deductive and inductive reasoning. It defines logic and reasoning, and explains that deductive reasoning moves from general premises to specific conclusions, while inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broader generalizations. Examples of each type of reasoning are provided. The key differences are that deductive reasoning establishes absolute truths if the premises are true, while inductive reasoning reaches tentative conclusions.
Lent is a season of prayer, penance, and fasting lasting 40 days in preparation for Easter that originated from Jesus' 40 day fast in the desert; it is observed through acts of penance like fasting, prayer, and almsgiving as called for in the Bible and focused on encountering Christ through liturgy and sacraments according to the Church and Pope's message.
My friend Tsuzuki Daisuke told me this amazing story of how young boys are told this parable behind the Japanese symbol for human and how this solidifies an individual's responsibility towards his (and her) community.
Catholics believe that divorce is wrong and that marriage is indissoluble based on biblical passages. However, they believe an annulment is possible if the marriage vows were not sincerely made. Other Christians see divorce as an unfortunate last resort if counseling fails to repair a failing marriage. Non-religious people think divorce should be allowed since marriage is a legal contract. Societal and legislative attitudes toward divorce have liberalized considerably in recent decades but research shows divorce often negatively impacts children.
Joanne Rowling is a British author best known for writing the popular Harry Potter fantasy series. She grew up in England and attended university in Exeter, studying French and classics. After graduating, she taught English as a foreign language. She began writing Harry Potter in the 1990s while living in Edinburgh, Scotland. The first book was rejected by several publishers before being picked up by Bloomsbury in 1996. It became a worldwide phenomenon, selling over 500 million copies worldwide. The books were also adapted into extremely successful films. Rowling is now one of the wealthiest and most influential authors in the world.
This document defines and discusses different types of arguments and logical fallacies. It begins by defining deductive and inductive arguments, and explaining how to identify them based on language used. Common types of deductive and inductive arguments are then outlined. The document also discusses the concepts of validity, soundness, and strength as they relate to arguments. Finally, it provides detailed descriptions and examples of many common logical fallacies, categorizing them as fallacies of relevance, weak induction, ambiguity, analogy, or formal fallacies.
The document discusses the nature of faith from theological and philosophical perspectives. It states that faith involves both intellect and will, as believing requires human assent while also being a gift from God. Faith is described as a way of life that involves the whole person - mind, heart, and will. It discusses faith as having three dimensions: doctrine, morality, and worship.
Moral relativism asserts there is no absolute moral law, but rather that morality is relative to individuals and cultures. The document examines the claims of moral relativism and argues it cannot provide a satisfactory standard or authority for determining right and wrong. In contrast, the Christian worldview grounds objective morality in the transcendent God, who revealed His moral law for humanity's well-being. Without God, everything is permissible, as existentialists like Jean-Paul Sartre acknowledged.
Subjectivism in EthicsJames Rachels&Stuart Rachels.docxpicklesvalery
Subjectivism in Ethics
James Rachels
&
Stuart Rachels
What are morals?
The Basic Idea of Ethical Subjectivism
People have different opinions, but where morality is concerned, there are no ‘facts,’ and no one is ‘right.’ People just feel differently, and that’s all there is to it.
What are moral truths?
Different from moral standards
Some Implications
It is a fact that the Nazis exterminated millions of innocent people.
According to ethical subjectivism, it is not a fact that what they did was objectively evil.
Some Implications
According to ethical subjectivism, when we say that the actions of the Nazis were evil, we are merely expressing our negative subjective feelings toward them.
The same applies to any moral judgment whatsoever.
The Evolution of the Theory
It began as a simple idea—in the words of David Hume (1711-1776), that morality is a matter of sentiment rather than fact. But as objections were raised to the theory, and as its defenders tried to answer the objections, the theory became more sophisticated.
The First Stage: Simple Subjectivism
When a person says that something is morally good or bad, this means that he or she approves of that thing, or disapproves of it, and nothing more.
Objections to Simple Subjectivism
Simple Subjectivism Cannot Account for Disagreement.
Moral statements simply reflect preference. We cannot disagree about what another person’s sincerely stated preference is.
Falwell: ʺHomosexuality is immoral. The so‐called ʹgay rightsʹ are not rights at all, because immorality is not right.ʺ
Subjectivist: “I agree.” (For the subjectivist, this merely means: “It is true that you have feelings of disapproval toward homosexuality.” The subjectivist’s own feelings are irrelevant .)
It's very dear to me, the issue of gay marriage. Or as I like to call it: marriage. You know, because I had lunch this afternoon, not “gay lunch”. I parked my car; I didn't “gay park” it.
Liz Feldman
We seem to experience actual disagreement with others about moral issues.
Objections to Simple Subjectivism
Simple Subjectivism Implies That We’re Always Right.
So long as people honestly represent their feelings, their moral judgments will always be correct and indisputable.
Falwell: “Homosexuality is immoral.”
Subjectivist: “You’re right.” (For the subjectivist, this still merely means: “It is true that you have feelings of disapproval toward homosexuality.” The subjectivist’s own feelings are irrelevant .)
We seem to acknowledge moral error in both ourselves and in others.
The Second Stage: Emotivism
Moral language is not fact-stating language; it is not used to convey information or to make reports. Charles L. Stevenson (1908-1979)
Moral language is instead used as a means of influencing other people’s behavior or expressing one’s own attitudes.
The Second Stage: Emotivism
Stevenson: “Any statement about any fact which any speaker considers likely to alte ...
Theology of the body is a series of speeches by Pope John Paul II exploring the meaning of human sexuality and God's plan for love. It covers themes like birth control, the value of the body, and our identity as sons and daughters of God. Theology of the body studies God as revealed through the human body, showing how we reveal something of the mystery of God through our bodies and relationships. It provides a positive understanding of God's plan for love, sex, and relationships.
1) Categorical arguments are valid due to the relationship between categories, not individual sentences. Validity can be tested using Venn diagrams.
2) Venn diagrams represent categorical statements using circles to represent categories. Validity is determined by whether the conclusion is already contained within the representation of the premises.
3) Three-circle diagrams require representing statements carefully and checking if the conclusion is redundant given the premises.
The document discusses the uniqueness of men and women from a biblical perspective. It provides overviews of the differences between men and women in areas like nature, roles, needs, interests, fulfillment, physical traits, emotions, spirituality, and general attitudes. It emphasizes that understanding and appreciating gender differences allows men and women to complement each other rather than compete. It concludes that accepting unique strengths and weaknesses leads to harmonious living.
The document discusses how God reveals himself to humanity through various means such as creation, history, prophets, Jesus Christ, the Church, and Sacred Scripture and Tradition. It explains that while human reason can prove God's existence, it cannot reveal who God is, so God communicates with humanity through revelation. The document explores the different avenues of God's self-revelation to allow humanity to know and have a relationship with him.
1. The document is from the Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate and discusses various topics related to the Apostles' Creed including: the definition of faith, the Holy Trinity, God the Creator, angels and demons, and original sin.
2. It provides explanations of theological concepts such as the three theological virtues of faith, hope and love. It also discusses heresies related to concepts like the Trinity.
3. The document aims to provide a complete explanation of the 12 Articles of the Apostles' Creed through discussions of the key concepts and inclusion of relevant biblical passages.
William James' Arguments on Religious experienceSlater Morilla
William James is a pioneering
American psychologist and
philosopher. He was trained as
medical doctor. He came from a rich
family while his father is an eccentric
theologian. He divides religious experiences
into “healthy-minded” and “sick-minded,”
according to the personality
of the subject, which tints the content
of the experience itself.
Original sin refers to both the sinful act committed by Adam and Eve as well as the resulting sinful state or condition of humanity. It originated with the historical first sin committed by Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. This originating sin resulted in a sinful condition called "concupiscence" - a human attraction to sin - that affects all of humanity. As a result of original sin, we are born into a situation of sinfulness that makes it difficult to do good. Original sin continues to exist today, but it is washed away during baptism, though we still need to confess our sins.
The document discusses different philosophical views on religious language and whether it can be considered meaningful. It addresses the views of logical positivists like Ayer who argued that religious statements are meaningless since they cannot be empirically verified. Alternative views are presented that defend religious language, including the idea that it can be meaningful through analogy (Aquinas) or may be verifiable in the future (Hick). Overall, the document outlines various philosophical debates around religious language and its meaningfulness.
The document outlines 3 stages in the development of conscience:
1. Instinctive/Instructive stage - an act is judged based on reward/punishment rather than intrinsic goodness/evil.
2. Ethical/Moral stage - a person realizes acts can be objectively good/evil regardless of external approval.
3. Christian/Religious stage - moral acts are seen as a response to God and based on teachings of Jesus Christ.
The document emphasizes the importance of forming a well-informed conscience through understanding objective moral laws and values, in order to act in a truly human, loving, and Christian manner.
The document discusses the challenges facing families and the transmission of faith in the modern world due to phenomena like globalization and secularization. It notes the disappearance of explicitly Christian societies and increasing marginalization of religion. Specific issues discussed include absentee parenting due to work migration, weakening of traditional values, and lack of religious formation for both youth and adults. The document calls for a New Evangelization to devise new methods and expressions to spread the faith. It emphasizes the importance of the Christian family as the domestic Church and first agent of catechesis, as well as the need for adult catechesis and addressing issues related to marriage.
This document discusses the importance of developing healthy relationships with God, oneself, and others. It emphasizes that loving God means knowing His character as a loving Father, and moving past any fears of Him as a tyrant. Developing self-love and forgiveness is also key to properly loving God and neighbors. The document explores attributes of God the Father, God the Son (Jesus), and God the Holy Spirit to help strengthen relationships with each. Overall it encourages readers to reflect on their beliefs and work towards building more loving relationships in all aspects of their lives.
1) Jesus Christ is at the center of Christianity. He existed eternally as God but also became truly human through being born of the virgin Mary.
2) As fully God and fully human, Jesus lived a sinless life and perfectly revealed God's character through miracles and teachings. He died voluntarily on the cross to pay for humanity's sins and was resurrected.
3) Jesus now ministers as our priest in heaven and will return as king to fully deliver believers and restore creation. His dual nature and roles as prophet, priest and king are essential to Christianity's core beliefs about who Jesus is and his mission to reconcile humanity to God.
This document provides an introduction to critical thinking and the differences between deductive and inductive reasoning. It defines logic and reasoning, and explains that deductive reasoning moves from general premises to specific conclusions, while inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broader generalizations. Examples of each type of reasoning are provided. The key differences are that deductive reasoning establishes absolute truths if the premises are true, while inductive reasoning reaches tentative conclusions.
Lent is a season of prayer, penance, and fasting lasting 40 days in preparation for Easter that originated from Jesus' 40 day fast in the desert; it is observed through acts of penance like fasting, prayer, and almsgiving as called for in the Bible and focused on encountering Christ through liturgy and sacraments according to the Church and Pope's message.
My friend Tsuzuki Daisuke told me this amazing story of how young boys are told this parable behind the Japanese symbol for human and how this solidifies an individual's responsibility towards his (and her) community.
Catholics believe that divorce is wrong and that marriage is indissoluble based on biblical passages. However, they believe an annulment is possible if the marriage vows were not sincerely made. Other Christians see divorce as an unfortunate last resort if counseling fails to repair a failing marriage. Non-religious people think divorce should be allowed since marriage is a legal contract. Societal and legislative attitudes toward divorce have liberalized considerably in recent decades but research shows divorce often negatively impacts children.
Joanne Rowling is a British author best known for writing the popular Harry Potter fantasy series. She grew up in England and attended university in Exeter, studying French and classics. After graduating, she taught English as a foreign language. She began writing Harry Potter in the 1990s while living in Edinburgh, Scotland. The first book was rejected by several publishers before being picked up by Bloomsbury in 1996. It became a worldwide phenomenon, selling over 500 million copies worldwide. The books were also adapted into extremely successful films. Rowling is now one of the wealthiest and most influential authors in the world.
This document defines and discusses different types of arguments and logical fallacies. It begins by defining deductive and inductive arguments, and explaining how to identify them based on language used. Common types of deductive and inductive arguments are then outlined. The document also discusses the concepts of validity, soundness, and strength as they relate to arguments. Finally, it provides detailed descriptions and examples of many common logical fallacies, categorizing them as fallacies of relevance, weak induction, ambiguity, analogy, or formal fallacies.
The document discusses the nature of faith from theological and philosophical perspectives. It states that faith involves both intellect and will, as believing requires human assent while also being a gift from God. Faith is described as a way of life that involves the whole person - mind, heart, and will. It discusses faith as having three dimensions: doctrine, morality, and worship.
Moral relativism asserts there is no absolute moral law, but rather that morality is relative to individuals and cultures. The document examines the claims of moral relativism and argues it cannot provide a satisfactory standard or authority for determining right and wrong. In contrast, the Christian worldview grounds objective morality in the transcendent God, who revealed His moral law for humanity's well-being. Without God, everything is permissible, as existentialists like Jean-Paul Sartre acknowledged.
Subjectivism in EthicsJames Rachels&Stuart Rachels.docxpicklesvalery
Subjectivism in Ethics
James Rachels
&
Stuart Rachels
What are morals?
The Basic Idea of Ethical Subjectivism
People have different opinions, but where morality is concerned, there are no ‘facts,’ and no one is ‘right.’ People just feel differently, and that’s all there is to it.
What are moral truths?
Different from moral standards
Some Implications
It is a fact that the Nazis exterminated millions of innocent people.
According to ethical subjectivism, it is not a fact that what they did was objectively evil.
Some Implications
According to ethical subjectivism, when we say that the actions of the Nazis were evil, we are merely expressing our negative subjective feelings toward them.
The same applies to any moral judgment whatsoever.
The Evolution of the Theory
It began as a simple idea—in the words of David Hume (1711-1776), that morality is a matter of sentiment rather than fact. But as objections were raised to the theory, and as its defenders tried to answer the objections, the theory became more sophisticated.
The First Stage: Simple Subjectivism
When a person says that something is morally good or bad, this means that he or she approves of that thing, or disapproves of it, and nothing more.
Objections to Simple Subjectivism
Simple Subjectivism Cannot Account for Disagreement.
Moral statements simply reflect preference. We cannot disagree about what another person’s sincerely stated preference is.
Falwell: ʺHomosexuality is immoral. The so‐called ʹgay rightsʹ are not rights at all, because immorality is not right.ʺ
Subjectivist: “I agree.” (For the subjectivist, this merely means: “It is true that you have feelings of disapproval toward homosexuality.” The subjectivist’s own feelings are irrelevant .)
It's very dear to me, the issue of gay marriage. Or as I like to call it: marriage. You know, because I had lunch this afternoon, not “gay lunch”. I parked my car; I didn't “gay park” it.
Liz Feldman
We seem to experience actual disagreement with others about moral issues.
Objections to Simple Subjectivism
Simple Subjectivism Implies That We’re Always Right.
So long as people honestly represent their feelings, their moral judgments will always be correct and indisputable.
Falwell: “Homosexuality is immoral.”
Subjectivist: “You’re right.” (For the subjectivist, this still merely means: “It is true that you have feelings of disapproval toward homosexuality.” The subjectivist’s own feelings are irrelevant .)
We seem to acknowledge moral error in both ourselves and in others.
The Second Stage: Emotivism
Moral language is not fact-stating language; it is not used to convey information or to make reports. Charles L. Stevenson (1908-1979)
Moral language is instead used as a means of influencing other people’s behavior or expressing one’s own attitudes.
The Second Stage: Emotivism
Stevenson: “Any statement about any fact which any speaker considers likely to alte ...
Philosophical arguments for the link between god and moralityRobinHH
This document outlines several philosophical arguments for linking morality and the existence of God, including arguments from Aquinas, Kant, and Socrates. It discusses premises of the arguments, potential problems with the premises, and criticisms of the conclusions. Key points addressed include the divine command theory, the need for an ideal judge to determine right and wrong, and the Euthyphro dilemma of whether God determines what is good or loves what is intrinsically good. The document aims to comprehensively survey the philosophical debate on this issue.
Utilitarianism is a teleological ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. There are three main types: act, rule, and preference utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism evaluates individual actions based on their consequences, while rule utilitarianism evaluates actions based on whether they conform to rules that maximize well-being. Preference utilitarianism, associated with Peter Singer, bases morality on furthering individuals' interests and preferences rather than happiness. Utilitarianism faces criticisms such as the naturalistic fallacy and the inability to accurately quantify and compare pleasures. Rule utilitarianism avoids some issues with act utilitarianism such as the inability to trust those who only follow rules situationally.
Utilitarianism is a teleological ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. There are three main types: act, rule, and preference utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism judges each act independently based on its consequences, while rule utilitarianism evaluates actions based on general rules that maximize well-being. Preference utilitarianism focuses on fulfilling individual preferences and interests rather than maximizing happiness. Utilitarianism faces criticisms such as the naturalistic fallacy and the inability to accurately quantify and compare pleasures. Rule utilitarianism is argued to be more practical than act utilitarianism as it provides stability of rules and obligations in society.
9.5 Moral TheoriesAll moral claims are grounded in some moral th.docxransayo
9.5 Moral Theories
All moral claims are grounded in some moral theory. It is the nature of such claims that they are based on a system of beliefs about what is right and wrong, just and unjust.
The table below lists a handful of the moral theories you are most likely to encounter in ethical arguments today. It’s important to note that each one has its own strengths and weaknesses.
Moral theories give you general guidelines, but you still usually have to apply moral reasoning in individual cases to test them out. For example, none of these theories explicitly claim that killing is wrong. The theories are more about how you would ground your claim that killing is wrong.
Moral theories are also not mutually exclusive. The argument that killing is wrong could be grounded in all of these theories.
Whether they know it or not, everyone has a moral theory. It is inescapable. Even if their moral theory is that there are no morals, that still represents a moral theory. But not all moral theories are equal—some hold up to critical thinking better than others.
You may see wisdom in all of these perspectives, or you may strongly identify with a single one. Regardless, it's important for you to recognize the potential weaknesses in any moral theory you favor, and it's helpful for you to understand why others find legitimacy in the moral theories they employ.
Theory
Criticisms
Kantian Ethics
· Immanuel Kant put forth the categorical imperative, which states that you should only act on moral principles that you would be willing to turn into universal laws mandating that everyone act the same way.
· This is a version of the question, “How would you like it if everyone did that?”
Any two people who want to get married should be able to.
· This theory is so absolute that it sometimes goes against moral common sense.
It’s wrong to kiss my spouse because I would not like it if everyone kissed my spouse.
Utilitarianism
· The morally right course of action is the one that will produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.
· The only thing that matters is the consequences of the action, not the intentions behind the action (the ends justify the means).
· Ignores people’s rights, duties, and intentions.
· Could be used to justify an act that most would consider morally wrong because it inflicts harm on one person unjustly, even if it brings great happiness to many others.
It’s okay to steal money from my neighbor and take my family on a vacation, because then my whole family would be happy, and only my neighbor would be harmed.
Ethical Egoism
· Doing whatever is best for your own interests or would make you happy.
· This is not necessarily the same thing as doing whatever you want in the moment, because that might not be in your best interests in the long term.
· Can be used to justify terrible actions.
Ethical Altruism
· Doing whatever is best for others or would bring the greatest amount of happiness to people besides yourself.
· Some.
Chapter 9. Can We Reason about MoralityChapter 8Can We Re.docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 9. Can We Reason about Morality?
Chapter 8
Can We Reason about Morality?
Copyright by Paul Herrick, 2020. For class use only. Not for distribution. This chapter: 34 pages of reading.
1. Come, Let Us Reason Together
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., once observed that if a man-made law conflicts with morality, it is unjust and should be repealed because morality, not man-made law, is our highest standard of behavior. Similarly, if a businessman could increase his profits by putting false labels on his products, he should not do so, even if he can get away with it, because it would be immoral. Morality takes precedence over deceptive business practices—no matter how profitable they might be. Morality also takes precedence over unexamined self-interest. A criminal may want to snatch a purse from an old lady walking with a cane, and perhaps he needs the money and could get away with it; however, he should not do so because it would be morally wrong.[endnoteRef:1] Surely these are eminently reasonable observations. [1: Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from the Birmingham City Jail,” reprinted in James M. Washington, ed. A Testament of Hope. Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King Jr. (New York: Harper One, 1986), 289-302.]
These thoughts remind us that morality is the ultimate criterion of good and bad, right and wrong, that we ought to live by, all things considered. Morality is ultimate in the sense that the obligations it imposes on us take precedence over all nonmoral considerations, including laws passed by legislatures, the profit and loss calculations of businesses, social customs, instincts, and the irrational impulses of ego, desire, prejudice, unexamined self-interest, and cognitive bias.
One reason to agree with Dr. King, that morality is our highest standard, is that any human law, social custom, institution, business practice, desire, action—even traits acquired through the evolutionary process--can be evaluated and judged on a moral basis, using our faculty of critical thinking.
The principles or “laws” of morality have a number of important properties. First, they are prescriptive rather than descriptive. That is to say, they prescribe how we ought to act, they do not describe how we do in fact act. Put another way, moral principles are not empirical generalizations about the way people actually behave, and they are not statements about the way people have behaved in the past or will behave in the future. Rather, they are norms or standards that we ought to follow, whether or not we do in fact follow them and whether or not we want to follow them. If someday it should come about that most people hate each other, that descriptive fact would not make it moral to hate. Hatred would still be morally wrong. If someday it should happen that every government in the world practices genocide, that descriptive fact would not make genocide morally right—genocide would still be morally wrong. For (again) morality is.
Virtue ethics focuses on developing good character and moral virtues rather than rules or consequences. This essay discusses virtue ethics and how developing the virtue of patience is important for overcoming obstacles in life. The author has chosen to work on being more patient, as it is a virtue that can help deal with challenges of the present day, such as peer pressure. According to Aristotle, every virtue has a vice of excess or deficit, and patience falls in between the extremes of indifference and irritability. The author's dog helps remind them to remain patient in the mornings.
This document discusses ethics and provides an overview of key concepts in meta-ethics and normative ethics. It defines ethics as the study of principles of right and wrong conduct, and morality as concerning which actions are right and wrong. Meta-ethics examines the meaning of ethical terms and theories like naturalism, cognitivism, intuitionism, and subjectivism. Normative ethics analyzes approaches such as consequentialism, deontology, utilitarianism, and ethical relativism to determine the practical means of moral action. Religious and social ethics are also briefly covered.
Deontological ethics is a theory that bases the morality of actions on duties and rights rather than the consequences of the actions. It proposes that an action is right if it adheres to a moral rule or duty. Immanuel Kant's theory of deontology is one of the most influential. For Kant, the only intrinsically good thing is a good will. He formulated the Categorical Imperative which states that moral rules must be universal and that people should never be treated merely as a means but always as ends in themselves. Deontological ethics emphasizes adherence to rules and duties over consequences, but it is criticized for being too rigid and not dealing well with conflicts between duties.
Deontological ethics is a theory that bases the morality of actions on duties and rights rather than the consequences of the actions. It proposes that an action is right if it adheres to a moral rule or duty. Immanuel Kant's theory of deontology is one of the most influential. For Kant, the only intrinsically good thing is a good will. He formulated the Categorical Imperative which states that moral rules must be universal and that people should never be treated merely as a means but always as ends in themselves. Deontological ethics emphasizes adherence to rules and duties over consequences, but it is sometimes criticized for being too rigid and not dealing well with conflicts between duties.
This document provides an overview of different moral philosophies including nihilism, relativism, objectivism, and subjectivism. It discusses key concepts of each view such as nihilism's belief that life has no objective meaning or purpose. Relativism is explained as the view that morality is determined by one's culture or society. Objectivism holds that there are universal moral truths and ethics are based on rational self-interest. The document also examines different types of these views like metaphysical nihilism and moral relativism. Overall, the document aims to define and compare major approaches to ethics.
The document summarizes key aspects of deontological and consequentialist ethics as well as Immanuel Kant's deontological ethical theory. It discusses Kant's Categorical Imperative as the supreme principle of morality according to which an action is right if it is in accordance with duty or moral law. The Categorical Imperative can be formulated in three ways which are all equivalent: act based on maxims that could be universalized, treat humanity - in yourself and others - as an end-in-itself rather than a means only, and act as a member of a kingdom of ends where all rational beings give universal laws.
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Relativism is a philosophical theory that holds that beliefs, morals, and truths are relative to individuals and are not absolute. The document discusses various philosophers who support and oppose relativism, including Wittgenstein, Rorty, and Nietzsche as supporters and Plato, Aristotle, and Plantinga as opponents. It also explores the positive implications of relativism in promoting tolerance as well as criticisms that it undermines the possibility of objective truth and morality.
The Biological Basis of MoralityDo we invent our moral absolutes.docxmattinsonjanel
The Biological Basis of Morality
Do we invent our moral absolutes in order to make society workable? Or are these enduring principles expressed to us by some transcendent or Godlike authority? Efforts to resolve this conundrum have perplexed, sometimes inflamed, our best minds for centuries, but the natural sciences are telling us more and more about the choices we make and our reasons for making them
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· EDWARD O. WILSON
· APRIL 1998 ISSUE
CENTURIES of debate on the origin of ethics come down to this: Either ethical principles, such as justice and human rights, are independent of human experience, or they are human inventions. The distinction is more than an exercise for academic philosophers. The choice between these two understandings makes all the difference in the way we view ourselves as a species. It measures the authority of religion, and it determines the conduct of moral reasoning.
The two assumptions in competition are like islands in a sea of chaos, as different as life and death, matter and the void. One cannot learn which is correct by pure logic; the answer will eventually be reached through an accumulation of objective evidence. Moral reasoning, I believe, is at every level intrinsically consilient with -- compatible with, intertwined with -- the natural sciences. (I use a form of the word "consilience" -- literally a "jumping together" of knowledge as a result of the linking of facts and fact-based theory across disciplines to create a common groundwork of explanation -- because its rarity has preserved its precision.)
Every thoughtful person has an opinion on which premise is correct. But the split is not, as popularly supposed, between religious believers and secularists. It is between transcendentalists, who think that moral guidelines exist outside the human mind, and empiricists, who think them contrivances of the mind. In simplest terms, the options are as follows: I believe in the independence of moral values, whether from God or not, and I believe that moral values come from human beings alone, whether or not God exists.
Theologians and philosophers have almost always focused on transcendentalism as the means to validate ethics. They seek the grail of natural law, which comprises freestanding principles of moral conduct immune to doubt and compromise. Christian theologians, following Saint Thomas Aquinas's reasoning in Summa Theologiae, by and large consider natural law to be an expression of God's will. In this view, human beings have an obligation to discover the law by diligent reasoning and to weave it into the routine of their daily lives. Secular philosophers of a transcendental bent may seem to be radically different from theologians, but they are actually quite similar, at least in moral reasoning. They tend to view natural law as a set of principles so powerful, whatever their origin, as to be self-evident to any rational person. In short, transcendental views are fundamentally t ...
This document provides an overview of ethics as a branch of philosophy concerned with concepts of right and wrong conduct. It discusses the major areas of ethics including meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Meta-ethics examines what right and wrong mean and whether moral propositions can be true or false. Normative ethics investigates standards for determining right and wrong actions. Applied ethics involves applying philosophical methods to specific moral issues. The document also discusses moral theories like consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics as well as challenges to ethics such as moral relativism.
This document provides an overview of ethics as a branch of philosophy concerned with concepts of right and wrong conduct. It discusses the major areas of ethics including meta-ethics (the nature of moral judgments), normative ethics (moral standards), and applied ethics (examining particular issues). Key concepts covered include moral relativism, deontology, virtue ethics, and consequentialism as normative ethical theories. The document also examines criteria for evaluating ethical theories and the components of an ideal moral judgment.
This document discusses the key branches and areas of ethics. It begins by explaining that ethics is the branch of philosophy concerned with concepts of right and wrong conduct. It then outlines the four main areas of ethics: value theory, which examines what constitutes a good life; normative ethics, which proposes moral theories and principles of right action; metaethics, which examines the nature of ethics; and applied ethics, which addresses practical problems in various fields. The document provides examples and explanations of theories within each area, such as utilitarianism and deontology in normative ethics, and cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism in metaethics. It concludes by emphasizing some important distinctions for doing ethics, such
This document discusses different perspectives on morality from various philosophers and traditions. It contrasts views that morality is based on reason versus feelings/sentiments. It also summarizes Kantian ethics and elements of his categorical imperative approach, as well as criticisms of this view. Finally, it addresses how Darwin's theory of evolution impacts thinking about the moral status of nonhuman animals.
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Pope Francis presents the scientific consensus on climate change and other threats to the environment such as water supplies and biodiversity loss. He discusses how environmental degradation has negatively impacted human life and society and exacerbated global inequality. The document argues that the dominant technocratic paradigm which prioritizes unlimited economic growth is unsustainable and based on the false idea that there are infinite natural resources. It calls for an integrated approach to address both the social and environmental aspects of the current global crisis through dialogue, transparent decision-making, and new forms of lifestyle and education focused on sustainability and the common good.
John B. Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted an experiment on a 9-month old boy called Little Albert to study emotional learning and stimulus generalization. They showed Albert neutral stimuli like a white rat while making a loud noise, causing him to become afraid of the rat and other similar objects. Unfortunately, they returned Albert to his mother without undoing the conditioning, and he died at age 6 still fearful without understanding why. The experiment supported Watson's behaviorist theory that all behaviors are learned through conditioning and reinforcement.
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The document discusses the four pillars of the Catholic Church: the Creed, Sacraments, Commandments, and Prayer. It focuses on explaining the seven sacraments - Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Marriage. The sacraments are visible signs of God's grace that were instituted by Christ and are celebrations of faith that touch important moments in the Christian life.
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Freedom is defined as the power of the human will to make deliberate choices and take actions. True freedom involves using one's will and reason to perform good actions that do not infringe on the freedoms of others. While freedom is a gift from God, it must be directed towards good and not abused through licentious or unrestrained behavior, as that leads to slavery of sin rather than true freedom. Freedom always entails moral obligation and is perfected when used to serve God.
1. The document discusses the morality of human acts and sin, explaining that human acts can be judged as good or evil based on their object, intention, and circumstances.
2. It states that for an act to be morally good, all three elements (object, intention, and circumstances) must be good. An evil object can never produce a good act, even with good intentions.
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1. How do we know
what is good from evil?
An introductory Survey to
the Moral Law Argument
www.prshockley.org
2. Consider the following quote:
“The most important human endeavor is the
striving for morality in our actions. Our inner
balance and even our very existence depend
on it. Only morality in our actions can give
beauty and dignity to life.” Albert Einstein.
3. Moral Absolutism:
Biblical Christianity embraces moral absolutism which
posits the following beliefs:
1. Absolute standards against which moral questions are
evaluated;
2. Certain actions are considered right or wrong;
3. Opposed to philosophical and moral relativism (all
truths are relative to social, cultural, historical
constructs, paradigms, or preferences;
4. The infinite-personal God is the source of moral
absolutism;
5. Moral laws are discoverable and knowable regardless
of time, place, or context.
4. What do we mean by Moral Absolutes?
1. Moral obligation is a duty that is good in itself.
2. It is something we ought to pursue, a duty.
3. Morality is prescriptive (an “ought”), not merely descriptive (an “is”).
4. Morality deals with what is right, as opposed to what is wrong.
5. It is an obligation, that for which a person is accountable.
6. It is demoralizing not to obey these moral absolutes.
5. What do we mean by Moral Absolutes?
1. The quality of being in accord with standards of
right or good conduct.
2. A system of ideas of right and wrong conduct:
religious morality; Christian morality.
3. Virtuous conduct.
4. A rule or lesson in moral conduct.
6. What do we mean by Moral Absolutes?
An absolute duty is one that is binding
on all persons at all times in all places.
Moral absolutists believe that a moral absolute
involves three qualities:
1. Is objective (not subjective) - a duty for all
persons;
2. Is eternal (not temporal) - a duty at all times;
3. Is universal (not local) - a duty for all places.
Now, let’s turn to the moral law argument:
7. The Moral Law Argument:
The belief in an objective moral law finds
expression in Judaism (Amos 1; Tosefta; Cain’s
defensive response to God after murdering Abel
in Genesis). In the N.T. the moral law is
articulated in Romans 2:12-15 in which
humanity is said to stand unexcused since there
is “a law written on the hearts.” Moral laws
don’t describe what is, they prescribe what ought
to be. In the early writings of the early church
fathers (even in Origen’s Commentary of
Romans) this view is taught.
8. The Moral Law Argument:
1. Moral laws imply a Moral Law Giver.
2. There is an objective moral law.
3. Therefore, there is a Moral Law Giver.
9. There exists an objective moral law:
What if someone denies objective moral
laws?
Consider the following eight points:
10. Have you ever been done wrong?
1. Absolutes are undeniable. Consider…we
know right from wrong best by our reactions
to wrongs committed against us (e.g., criminal
acts of Dahmer; stealing my car).
11. Is there any action or
event that is universally
unjust?
2. We wouldn’t know injustice if
there was no absolute sense of
justice (you only know
something is wrong by
comparing it to an
unchanging standard of what
is right); it is the unchanging
standard or basis of justice.
12. The Standard of Justice
[As an atheist] my argument
against God was that the
universe seemed so cruel
and unjust. But how had I
got this idea of just and
unjust? A man does not call
a line crooked unless he has
some idea of a straight line.
What was I comparing this
universe with when I called
it unjust?
Straight Line = Standard
C.S. Lewis
Mere Christianity, p 45.
13. Is every moral issue
just an opinion?:
3. Real moral
disagreements would not
be possible without the
Moral Law. Every moral
issue would be a matter
of opinion if you deny
objective morality.
14.
15. Can you measure
moral judgments?
4. Everything can’t be relative
if there is nothing to be
relative to. There must be
some independent standard
otherwise nothing could be
measured (e.g., Nuremberg
Trials).
16. Any self-defense
mechanism will do.
5. We would not
make excuses for
breaking the
Moral Law if it
didn’t exist.
17. How do you know?
• 6. We wouldn’t know the
world was getting worse
(or better) if there was no
moral law.
18. Is it ever right to
disobey govt.?
7. The Moral Law is the
“prescriptive” basis for
political and social
dissent.
19. Is there any moral
judgment that is always
right?
8. Therefore, since we
know what’s absolutely
wrong, there must be an
absolute standard or
basis of rightness.
20. We know it, but we can deny it.
It seems then we are forced to
believe in a real Right and
Wrong. First, human beings all
over the earth have this curious
idea that they ought to behave
in a certain way. Second, they
do not in fact behave in that
way. The truth is, we believe in
decency so much that we
cannot bear to face the fact that
we are breaking it, and
consequently we try to shift the
responsibility. C.S. Lewis
Mere Christianity, p 21.
21. Other Expressions of
The Moral Law Argument:
Hastings Rashdall
1858-1924
English Philosopher
at Oxford University.
Embraced (and was the
first to use the term)
Ideal
Utilitarianism.
1858-1924, English
Philosopher, Fellow at Oxford
& ideal Utilitarian.
22. How to use the Moral Law Argument in
Discussion of Evil
Consider the following argument from Ravi Zacharias:
“One of the strongest arguments against the existence of God
is the presence of evil and suffering in the world. Can you not
the see what is brought in through the back door in that
question? Because if there’s evil, there’s good. If there’s good
there has to be a moral law. If there’s a moral law there has to
be a transcendent moral lawgiver. But that’s what the skeptic
is trying to disprove and not prove. Because if there is no
moral law giver, there’s no moral law. If there’ no moral law
there’s no good. If there’s no good there’s no evil. So what’s
the question, really? The strongest argument against the
existence of God actually assumes God in the objection.”
23. How to use the Moral Law Argument in
Discussion of Evil
• Ravi Zacharias goes on to argue:
– An objective moral law can’t be grounded in a
materialistic, atheistic universe.
– There is no explanation for even for noble deeds if
self-preservation is the foundation for generating
moral values.
– Heinous evil cannot be adequately explained apart
from a Christian worldview.
– Evil is a problem from within, not simply is it “out
there.”
– Meaninglessness does not come from pain, but from
pleasure.
24. Other Expressions of
The Moral Law Argument:
Ideal Utilitarian is an
ethical theory that denies
that the exclusive concern
is the consequential
maximization of pleasure.
Other things have intrinsic
value such as beauty and
friendship which should be
sought while pain, hatred,
and appetites that lead to
destructive behaviors
should be rejected.
1858-1924, English
Philosopher, Fellow at Oxford
& ideal Utilitarian.
25. The Moral Law Argument by Hastings Rashdall
(1858-1924):
Beginning with the objectivity of the moral law, Rashdall reasons
to an absolutely perfect Mind:
1. An absolutely perfect moral ideal exists (at least
psychologically in our minds).
2. An absolutely perfect moral law can exist only if there is an
absolutely perfect moral Mind:
(a) Ideas can exist only if there are minds (thoughts depend on
thinkers).
(b) And absolute ideas depend on an absolute Mind (not on
individual [finite] minds like ours).
3. Hence, it is rationally necessary to postulate an absolute Mind
as the basis for the absolutely perfect moral idea.
26. The Moral Law Argument by Hastings Rashdall:
Rashdall’s argument for the objectivity of the absolute moral
ideas is argued this way:
1. Morality is generally understood as objectively binding.
2. Mature minds understand morality as being objectively binding
(i.e., binding on all, not just some).
3. Moral objectivity is a rationally necessary postulate (because
something cannot be judged as better or worse unless there is
an objective standard of comparison).
4. Objective moral ideals are practically necessary to
postulate.
27. The Moral Law Argument by Hastings Rashdall:
Rashdall’s argument for the objectivity of the absolute moral
ideas is argued this way:
If an objective moral law exists independent of
individual minds, then it must ultimately come from
a Mind that exists independently of finite minds. It is
rationally necessary to postulate such a Mind in
order to account for the objective existence of this
moral law.
28. Moral Law Argument according to
Dr. W. R. Sorley:
William Ritchie Sorley
1855-1935
British Idealist;
Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy in the
University of Cambridge;
Author of A History of British Philosophy to
1900.
29. The Moral Law Argument by W. R.Sorley:
British idealism is generally distinguished by several ideas:
1. A belief in an Absolute (a single all-encompassing
reality that in some sense formed a
coherent and all-inclusive system);
2. A high view of reason as both the faculty by
which the Absolute's structure is grasped and as that
structure itself;
3. A rejection of a dichotomy between thought and
object. Rather, reality consisting of thought-and-object
together in a strongly coherent unity.
30. The Moral Law Argument by W. R.Sorley:
Introduction to Sorley’s argument:
1. It depends on the objectivity of the
moral law.
2. Since there exists a moral ideal prior to,
superior to, and independent of all finite
minds, there must be a supreme moral
Mind from which this moral ideal is
derived.
31. The Moral Law Argument by W. R.Sorley:
1. There is an objective moral law that is independent of human
consciousness of it and that exists in spite of human lack of
conformity to it:
(a) Persons are conscious of such a law beyond themselves;
(b) Persons admit its validity is prior to their recognition of it;
(c) Persons acknowledge its claim on them, even while not
yielding to it;
(d) no finite mind completely grasps its significance;
(e) all finite minds together have not reached complete
agreement on its meaning, nor conformity with its ideal.
32. The Moral Law Argument by W. R.Sorley:
“
2. But ideas exist only in minds.
3. Therefore, there must be a supreme Mind (beyond all
finite minds) in which this objective moral law exists.
33. Moral Law Argument according to
Dr. David Elton Trueblood:
Popular 20th Century American Quaker,
philosopher, & Evangelical theologian.
Chaplain to both Harvard & Stanford
University.
Senior advisor to President David Eisenhower;
close friends with President Hoover.
Founder of the Yokefellow Movement
Author of 33 books including the Humor of
Christ, The Predicament of Modern Man,
Abraham Lincoln: Theologian of
American Anguish; Trustworthiness of
Religious Experience
34. The Moral Law Argument by Elton Trueblood:
1. There must be an objective moral law; otherwise:
(a) There would not be such great agreement on its meaning.
(b) No real moral disagreements would ever have occurred,
each person being right from his own moral perspective.
(c) No moral judgment would ever have been wrong, each
being subjectively right.
(d) No ethical question could ever be discussed, there being no
objective meaning to any ethical terms.
(e) Contradictory views would both be right, since opposites
could be equally correct.
35. The Moral Law Argument by Elton Trueblood:
2. This moral law is beyond individual persons and beyond
humanity as a whole:
(a) It is beyond individual persons, since they often sense a
conflict with it.
(b) It is beyond humanity as a whole, for they collectively
fall short of it and even measure the progress of the whole
race by it.
36. The Moral Law Argument by Elton Trueblood:
3. This moral law must come from a moral Legislator because:
(a) A law has no meaning unless it comes from a mind; only
minds emit meaning.
(b) Disloyalty makes no sense unless it is to a person, yet
people die in loyalty to what is morally right.
(c) Truth is meaningless unless it is a meeting of mind with
mind, yet people die for the truth.
(d) Hence, discovery of and duty to the moral law make sense
only if there is a Mind or Person behind it.
4. Therefore, there must be a moral, personal Mind behind this
moral law.
37. The Moral Law Argument by Linda Zagzebski:
An argument from moral order.
Dr. Zagzebski is Linda is
Kingfisher College Chair of the
Philosophy of Religion and
Ethics & George Lynn Cross
Research Professor at
University of Oklahoma.
Author of approx. 8 books
including Virtues of the Mind
Faith.
President of the Society of
Christian Philosophers; 2004-7.
38. The Moral Law Argument by Dr. Zagzebski:
Zagzebski's version is rooted in the idea that
naturalism entails moral skepticism.
1. Morality is a rational enterprise.
2. Morality would not be a rational if moral skepticism
were true.
3. There is much too much unresolved moral
disagreement for us to suppose that moral skepticism
can be avoided if human sources of moral knowledge
are all that we have.
4. Therefore we must assume that there is an extra-human,
divine source of moral wisdom.
39. A Practical Moral Law Argument
by Dr. Robert Adams
If there is no source of moral order morality will collapse. In other
words, morality cease to be a sustainable enterprise.
1. It would be demoralizing not to believe there is a moral order
to the universe.
2. Demoralization is morally undesirable.
3. There is a moral advantage in believing that there is a moral
order in the universe.
4. Theism provides the best theory of the source of moral order.
5. Therefore there is a moral advantage in accepting theism.
(Adams, Virtues of Faith, 151) .
40. A Practical Moral Law Argument by Dr. Douglas
Drabkin: Atheism is demoralizing.
In essence, Douglas Drabkin argues that the moral
problems and ills that would afflict humanity if there
was no God give justification to pause and seriously
investigate, not for the belief that there is a God, but
whether one's reasons for rejecting belief in God has
been carefully thought out.
41. The Moral Law Argument by Dr. Douglas
Drabkin: Atheism is demoralizing.
1. Morality demands that we ought to aspire to become as good
as we can be.
2. If there is no source of moral order in the world, then the
project of becoming as good as we can be is fraught with
difficulties.
3. These difficulties would be taken away if we were assured of
the truth of theism.
4. Therefore we have a moral reason for getting ourselves in a
state whereby we can come to be believe in the truth of theism.
(Drabkin, “A moral argument for undertaking theism”, 169)
42. The Moral Law Argument by William Lane Craig in debate with
Paul Kurtz titled, Goodness without God is good enough
which took place at Franklin & Marshall College, Oct. 24, 2001.
1. If the Theist is wrong, this doesn’t mean the humanist is right by
default. Nihilism must be considered as well. Nihilism says there is
no basis for morality.
2. If Theism is true, then we have a sound foundation for morality.
a. If Theism is true, then we have an objective basis for moral values.
b. If Theism is true, then we have objective moral duties.
c. If Theism is true, then we have objective moral accountability.
2. If Theism is false, then there is no sound foundation for morality.
a. If Theism is false, then why think human values are special?
b. If Theism is false, then where is the basis for objectivity duty?
c. If Theism is false, then what is the basis for moral accountability?
43. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adams, Robert, The Virtue of Faith, New York: Oxford University Press, 1987) 144-
163;
Budziszewski, J., Written on the Heart: The Case for Natural Law (Downer’s Grove:
InterVarsity Press), 1997.
Drabkin, Douglas, 1994, “A moral argument for undertaking theism”, American
Philosophical Quarterly, 31: 169-175 .
Geisler, Norman L.: Baker Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics. Grand Rapids,
Mich. : Baker Books, 1999 (Baker Reference Library), 498-99.
______ & Frank Turek: I Don’t Have Enough Faith to be An Atheist (Wheaton:
Crossway, 2004), 169-83.
Linda Zagzebski, “Does ethics need God?”, Faith and Philosophy (1987) 4: 294-303.