The Biological Basis of Morality
Do we invent our moral absolutes in order to make society workable? Or are these enduring principles expressed to us by some transcendent or Godlike authority? Efforts to resolve this conundrum have perplexed, sometimes inflamed, our best minds for centuries, but the natural sciences are telling us more and more about the choices we make and our reasons for making them
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· EDWARD O. WILSON
· APRIL 1998 ISSUE
CENTURIES of debate on the origin of ethics come down to this: Either ethical principles, such as justice and human rights, are independent of human experience, or they are human inventions. The distinction is more than an exercise for academic philosophers. The choice between these two understandings makes all the difference in the way we view ourselves as a species. It measures the authority of religion, and it determines the conduct of moral reasoning.
The two assumptions in competition are like islands in a sea of chaos, as different as life and death, matter and the void. One cannot learn which is correct by pure logic; the answer will eventually be reached through an accumulation of objective evidence. Moral reasoning, I believe, is at every level intrinsically consilient with -- compatible with, intertwined with -- the natural sciences. (I use a form of the word "consilience" -- literally a "jumping together" of knowledge as a result of the linking of facts and fact-based theory across disciplines to create a common groundwork of explanation -- because its rarity has preserved its precision.)
Every thoughtful person has an opinion on which premise is correct. But the split is not, as popularly supposed, between religious believers and secularists. It is between transcendentalists, who think that moral guidelines exist outside the human mind, and empiricists, who think them contrivances of the mind. In simplest terms, the options are as follows: I believe in the independence of moral values, whether from God or not, and I believe that moral values come from human beings alone, whether or not God exists.
Theologians and philosophers have almost always focused on transcendentalism as the means to validate ethics. They seek the grail of natural law, which comprises freestanding principles of moral conduct immune to doubt and compromise. Christian theologians, following Saint Thomas Aquinas's reasoning in Summa Theologiae, by and large consider natural law to be an expression of God's will. In this view, human beings have an obligation to discover the law by diligent reasoning and to weave it into the routine of their daily lives. Secular philosophers of a transcendental bent may seem to be radically different from theologians, but they are actually quite similar, at least in moral reasoning. They tend to view natural law as a set of principles so powerful, whatever their origin, as to be self-evident to any rational person. In short, transcendental views are fundamentally t ...
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Describe the three most well-known types of ethical decision making .pdffashionscollect
Describe the three most well-known types of ethical decision making and the four dilemmas that
each engender. Why do these matter to the leader in his or her own ethical perspectives?
Solution
Three Broad Types of Ethical Theory:
Ethical theories are often broadly divided into three types: i) Consequentialist theories, which
are primarily concerned with the ethical consequences of particular actions; ii) Non-
consequentialist theories, which tend to be broadly concerned with the intentions of the person
making ethical decisions about particular actions; and iii) Agent-centered theories, which, unlike
consequentialist and non-consequentialist theories, are more concerned with the overall ethical
status of individuals, or agents, and are less concerned to identify the morality of particular
actions. Each of these three broad categories contains varieties of approaches to ethics, some of
which share characteristics across the categories. Below is a sample of some of the most
important and useful of these ethical approaches.
i.) Consequentialist Theories:
The Utilitarian Approach
Utilitarianism can be traced back to the school of the Ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus of
Samos (341-270 BCE), who argued that the best life is one that produces the least pain and
distress. The 18th Century British philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) applied a similar
standard to individual actions, and created a system in which actions could be described as good
or bad depending upon the amount and degree of pleasure and/or pain they would produce.
Bentham’s student, John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) modified this system by making its standard
for the good the more subjective concept of “happiness,” as opposed to the more materialist idea
of “pleasure.”
Utilitarianism is one of the most common approaches to making ethical decisions,especially
decisions with consequences that concern large groups of people, in part because it instructs us to
weigh the different amounts of good and bad that will be produced by our action. This conforms
to our feeling that some good and some bad will necessarily be the result of our action and that
the best action will be that which provides the most good or does the least harm, or, to put it
another way, produces the greatest balance of good over harm. Ethical environmental action,
then, is the one that produces the greatest good and does the least harm for all who are
affected—government, corporations, the community, and the environment.
The Egoistic Approach
One variation of the utilitarian approach is known as ethical egoism, or the ethics of self-
interest. In this approach, an individual often uses utilitarian calculation to produce the greatest
amount of good for him or herself. Ancient Greek Sophists like Thrasymacus (c. 459-400 BCE),
who famously claimed that might makes right, and early modern thinkers like Thomas Hobbes
(1588-1679) may be considered forerunners of this approach. One of the most influential recent
proponents of.
Hello, I need answers for those multiple questions. It is for P.docxaidaclewer
Hello, I need answers for those
multiple
questions. It is for P
hilosophy Intro to Ethics.
It must be done in one hour.
You must be an expert in
philosophy. I need all them correct,
The area of ethics known as "meta-ethics" is concerned with:
The thought of Socrates
The thought of Plato
The consequences of ethical decisions
The questions that may need to be answered before talking about issues of right and wrong.
Plato's "Republic" is a dialogue between various characters. The character who defends the view that moral action is doing what is in the best interest of those with less power is:
Socrates
Plato
Thrasymachus
Aristotle
Which of the following was NOT one of the positions on human nature that we examined in these modules?
That human nature is basically good
That human nature is basically bad
That human nature can be partiallly explained in terms of animal nature
That "human nature" is an indefinable concept
Why is the study of human nature so significant to ethics? Because...
...if we had no nature at all, then only God's divine law would prevail
...if we could determine what our nature was, then we would know what was best for us
...if we could determine whether human nature was basically good or bad, then we could jettison all ethical theory
...if we determine that there are too many competing theories of human nature, then living in society becomes impossible
For Aristotle, being virtuous is not about doing the right acts and avoiding the wrong ones, but rather
ethics is about subordinating women to men's wishes
ethics is about caring for each other
ethics is about obeying one's superiors
ethics is about a state of being, namely being virtuous
For Thomas Hobbes, morality comes from the "right of Nature," which is our right to what?
To self-preservation
To revolution against an unfair government
To property
To take as many resources as we can defend
Which human trait does Rousseau think that we would be lost without, and which is the basis of "laws, moral habits, and virtues"?
Rationality
Empathy
Pity
Self-interest
David Hume and Immanuel Kant agree on which one of the following four propositions?
Morality is based in our sympathy for other human beings
Morality is an expression of duties that we have regardless of our emotions or desires.
What is viewed as moral or immoral is relative to different cultures
The demands of morality are not about achieving our own self-interest
What is cultural relativism?
The view that there are important differences in ethical beliefs and practices across cultures
The view that because there are important differences in ethical beliefs and practices across cultures, there cannot be any universally true moral principles
The view that because there are important differences in ethical beliefs and practices across cultures, what each culture believes is right is right for that culture, even if other cultures differ
The view that ther ...
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Describe the three most well-known types of ethical decision making .pdffashionscollect
Describe the three most well-known types of ethical decision making and the four dilemmas that
each engender. Why do these matter to the leader in his or her own ethical perspectives?
Solution
Three Broad Types of Ethical Theory:
Ethical theories are often broadly divided into three types: i) Consequentialist theories, which
are primarily concerned with the ethical consequences of particular actions; ii) Non-
consequentialist theories, which tend to be broadly concerned with the intentions of the person
making ethical decisions about particular actions; and iii) Agent-centered theories, which, unlike
consequentialist and non-consequentialist theories, are more concerned with the overall ethical
status of individuals, or agents, and are less concerned to identify the morality of particular
actions. Each of these three broad categories contains varieties of approaches to ethics, some of
which share characteristics across the categories. Below is a sample of some of the most
important and useful of these ethical approaches.
i.) Consequentialist Theories:
The Utilitarian Approach
Utilitarianism can be traced back to the school of the Ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus of
Samos (341-270 BCE), who argued that the best life is one that produces the least pain and
distress. The 18th Century British philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) applied a similar
standard to individual actions, and created a system in which actions could be described as good
or bad depending upon the amount and degree of pleasure and/or pain they would produce.
Bentham’s student, John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) modified this system by making its standard
for the good the more subjective concept of “happiness,” as opposed to the more materialist idea
of “pleasure.”
Utilitarianism is one of the most common approaches to making ethical decisions,especially
decisions with consequences that concern large groups of people, in part because it instructs us to
weigh the different amounts of good and bad that will be produced by our action. This conforms
to our feeling that some good and some bad will necessarily be the result of our action and that
the best action will be that which provides the most good or does the least harm, or, to put it
another way, produces the greatest balance of good over harm. Ethical environmental action,
then, is the one that produces the greatest good and does the least harm for all who are
affected—government, corporations, the community, and the environment.
The Egoistic Approach
One variation of the utilitarian approach is known as ethical egoism, or the ethics of self-
interest. In this approach, an individual often uses utilitarian calculation to produce the greatest
amount of good for him or herself. Ancient Greek Sophists like Thrasymacus (c. 459-400 BCE),
who famously claimed that might makes right, and early modern thinkers like Thomas Hobbes
(1588-1679) may be considered forerunners of this approach. One of the most influential recent
proponents of.
Hello, I need answers for those multiple questions. It is for P.docxaidaclewer
Hello, I need answers for those
multiple
questions. It is for P
hilosophy Intro to Ethics.
It must be done in one hour.
You must be an expert in
philosophy. I need all them correct,
The area of ethics known as "meta-ethics" is concerned with:
The thought of Socrates
The thought of Plato
The consequences of ethical decisions
The questions that may need to be answered before talking about issues of right and wrong.
Plato's "Republic" is a dialogue between various characters. The character who defends the view that moral action is doing what is in the best interest of those with less power is:
Socrates
Plato
Thrasymachus
Aristotle
Which of the following was NOT one of the positions on human nature that we examined in these modules?
That human nature is basically good
That human nature is basically bad
That human nature can be partiallly explained in terms of animal nature
That "human nature" is an indefinable concept
Why is the study of human nature so significant to ethics? Because...
...if we had no nature at all, then only God's divine law would prevail
...if we could determine what our nature was, then we would know what was best for us
...if we could determine whether human nature was basically good or bad, then we could jettison all ethical theory
...if we determine that there are too many competing theories of human nature, then living in society becomes impossible
For Aristotle, being virtuous is not about doing the right acts and avoiding the wrong ones, but rather
ethics is about subordinating women to men's wishes
ethics is about caring for each other
ethics is about obeying one's superiors
ethics is about a state of being, namely being virtuous
For Thomas Hobbes, morality comes from the "right of Nature," which is our right to what?
To self-preservation
To revolution against an unfair government
To property
To take as many resources as we can defend
Which human trait does Rousseau think that we would be lost without, and which is the basis of "laws, moral habits, and virtues"?
Rationality
Empathy
Pity
Self-interest
David Hume and Immanuel Kant agree on which one of the following four propositions?
Morality is based in our sympathy for other human beings
Morality is an expression of duties that we have regardless of our emotions or desires.
What is viewed as moral or immoral is relative to different cultures
The demands of morality are not about achieving our own self-interest
What is cultural relativism?
The view that there are important differences in ethical beliefs and practices across cultures
The view that because there are important differences in ethical beliefs and practices across cultures, there cannot be any universally true moral principles
The view that because there are important differences in ethical beliefs and practices across cultures, what each culture believes is right is right for that culture, even if other cultures differ
The view that ther ...
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Ethical Definition Essay
Philosophy of Ethics Essay
Ethical Practices Essay
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Ethics in Research Essay
My Personal Ethics Essay
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Ethics in Psychology Essay
Module 3 OverviewEgoism and Relativism; Pluralism and Pragmatism.docxannandleola
Module 3 Overview
Egoism and Relativism; Pluralism and Pragmatism
Welcome to Module Three. Is it wrong to smoke marijuana? Is it unethical to get an abortion? Recently, several states and municipalities have passed ordinances and ballot initiatives legalizing the use of marijuana. Also, some states have severely restricted access to abortion, whereas others have not. Are these actions right or wrong and ethical or unethical depending on physical boundaries or jurisdiction rule? This module will explore egoism, moral relativism, pluralism, and pragmatism in the context of real-world issues.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
2B
discuss ‘moral sainthood’ and its role in ethics.
6B
describe pluralism and pragmatism as they relate to ethics.
6C
analyze the benefits and criticisms of cultural relativism as it relates to ethics.
7A
evaluate the different perspectives of egoism as it relates to ethics.
7B
discuss sociological and cultural relativism as they relate to ethics.
Module 3 Reading Assignment
Waller, B. N. (2011). Consider ethics: Theory, readings, and contemporary issues (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. Chapters 2 and 6.
Supplemental Reading Assignments (Required):
Häyry, M. (2005). A defense of ethical relativism. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 14(1), 7-12.
Course Login Instructions
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Please register your Pearson Online
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s Student Access Code. You can find your Student Access Code in the AAU Course Registration e-mail that came with your text.
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NOTE: Bookmarking pages in this site, especially the resources you access with the link above, is not recommended.
Please view the Online Presentation for Module 3.
Egoism and Relativism; Pluralism and Pragmatism
Chapter 2 Lecture Notes: Egoism and Relativism
Egoism
Psychological egoism is the view that all of our behavior is selfish or self-interested as a matter of empirical psychological fact. Although several convincing examples can be given in support of selfish or self-interested behavior, psychological egoism, as a scientific theory, fails the test of falsifiability. If psychological egoism is a scientific account of human behavior, then one should able to state what would count as evidence against the position. But all acts that might count against the theory are immediately reinterpreted in terms of selfishness or self-interest. Thus, psychological egoists tend to espouse a belief and not an empirically testable claim. Additionally, the psychological egoist appears to conflate the notions of selfishness, self-interest, and satisfaction.
Ethical egoism is the view that we ought to always act in a way that is self-interested. Unlike psychological egoism, ...
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Explain why relativism and egoism pose a challenge to the possib.docxkendalfarrier
Explain why relativism and egoism pose a challenge to the possibility of rational discussion in ethics. Using the readings in our text and my Weekly Comments, show how these doctrines might be challenged.
Feminist Care Ethics might be seen as a challenge to Kantian Ethics. Explain with reference to the readings in our text and my Weekly Comments.
Feminist Care Ethics might be seen as a form of Virtue Ethics with the major difference being a disagreement about the nature of human excellence and the virtues necessary for acting ethically. Explain with reference to the readings in our text and my Weekly Comments.
Explain the Trolley problem and the differences in the ways that utilitarianism, Kantian deontology, and Virtue Ethics would address the problem. Base your answer on the readings in our text and my Weekly Comments.
Both Utilitarianism and Kant's deontological ethics sometimes lead to morally horrendous actions related to the sanctity of human life. Kantian ethics is able to avoid the morally horrendous actions that can be justified using Utilitarianism, while Utilitarianism can avoid the morally horrendous actions that accord with Kantian ethics. Virtue ethics, though, would not have the same sorts of problems addressing issues discussed in the text, such as torturing terrorists if it were necessary to save lives, the Trolley Problem, killing an innocent person to save the lives of others, lying or making a false promise to save the lives of others. Explain with reference to the readings in our text and my Weekly Comments, using specific examples of the types of cases that would provide problems for each of the theories.
Week 2: Ethical Relativism
Ethical Relativism is the claim that moral views are relative to the culture in which one lives or to the individual (also called Subjectivism). Many people declare themselves to be ethical relativists, but very few actually believe it to be true in practice. Often people are simply trying to avoid getting into an argument when they say that their ethical positions are just opinions. If it was true that you should avoid arguments about ethical issues, you would have to believe that there are good moral or possibly prudential reasons for not getting into arguments with others, that it was good for everyone to avoid conflict about controversial issues, which means that it is simply correct to be tolerant, making you opposed to relativism. Since you would be claiming that tolerance is a virtue that everyone should accept. In other cases, you may be concerned with ethnocentrism, the practice of imposing your views on others. But then, you would have to believe that being ethnocentric is morally wrong and that there are good moral reasons for not being ethnocentric. All of the people in the class took tolerance to be a moral virtue, some claiming that it is a result of cultural relativism. But you can’t derive a universal value from cultural relativism. And Daesh (ISIL, ISIS) and the Taliban .
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The changes required in the IT project plan for Telecomm Ltd would.docxmattinsonjanel
The changes required in the IT project plan for Telecomm Ltd would entail specific variation in the platforms used in the initial implementation plan. Initially, the three projects that were planned for implementation included; the installation of business intelligence platform, the implementation of Statistical Analysis System software technology, and the creation of an effectively network infrastructure. In this case, the changes would include an addition of an ERP software to ensure the performance of the workforce within the Telecomms Ltd employees.
ERP is an effectively coordinated information technology system that would ensure the company’s performance is enhanced. To understand how the implementation of a coordinated IT system offers a competitive advantage of a firm, it is essential to acknowledge three core reasons for the failure of information technology related projects as commonly cited by IT managers. In this case, IT managers cite the three reasons as; poor planning or management, change in business objectives and goals during the implementation process of a project, and lack of proper management support completion (Houston, 2011). Also, in the majority of completed projects, technology is usually deployed in a vacuum; hence users resist it. The implementation of coordinated information technology systems, such as ERP would provide an ultimate solution to the three reasons for failure, and thus would give Telecomms Ltd a competitive advantage in the already competitive market. Since the implementation of systems like ERP directly provides solution to common problems that act as drawbacks regarding the competitiveness of firm, it is, therefore, evident that its use place Telecomms Ltd above its rival companies in the market share (Wallace & Kremzar, 2001).
The use ERP, which is a reliable coordinated IT system entails three distinctive implementation strategies that a firm can choose depending on its specific needs. The changes in the projects would be as follows: The three implementation strategies are independently capable of providing a relatively competitive advantage for many companies. These strategies are: big bang, phased rollout, and parallel adoption. In the big bang implementation strategy, happens in a single instance, whereby all the users are moved to a new system on a designated (Wallace & Kremzar, 2001). The phased rollout implementation on the other hand usually involves a changeover in several phases, and it is executed in an extended period. In this case, the users move onto the new system in a series of steps (Houston, 2011). Lastly, the parallel adoption implementation strategy allows both legacy and the new ERP system to run at the same time. It is also essential to note that users in this strategy get to learn the new system while still working on the old system (Wallace & Kremzar, 2001). The three strategies effectively change the information system of Telecomms Ltd tremendously such that it positiv ...
The Catholic University of America Metropolitan School of .docxmattinsonjanel
The Catholic University of America
Metropolitan School of Professional Studies
Course Syllabus
THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA
Metropolitan School of Professional Studies
MBU 514 and MBU 315 Leadership Foundations
Fall 2015
Credits: 3
Classroom: Online
Dates: August 31, 2015 to December 14, 2015
Instructor:
Dr. Jacquie Hamp
Email: [email protected]
Twitter: @drjacquie
Telephone: 202 215 8117 cell
Office Hours: By Appointment
Dr. Jacquie Hamp is an educator, coach and consultant with particular expertise in leadership development, organizational development and human resources development strategy. From 2006 to 2015 she held the position as the Senior Director of Leadership Development for Goodwill Industries International in Rockville, Maryland. Dr. Hamp was responsible for the design and execution of leadership development programs and activities for all levels of the 4 billion dollar social enterprise network of Goodwill Industries across 165 independent local agencies. Jacquie is also a part time Associate Professor at George Washington University teaching at the graduate level and she is an adjunct professor at Catholic University of America, teaching leadership theory in the Masters Program.
Jacquie has a Master of Science degree in Human Resources Development Administration from Barry University. She holds a Doctor of Education degree in Human and Organizational Learning from the Graduate School of Education and Human Development at George Washington University. Jacquie has received a certificate in Executive Coaching from Georgetown University, a certificate in the Practice of Teaching Leadership from Harvard University and holds the national certification of Senior Professional in Human Resources (SPHR).
Jacquie has been invited to speak at conferences in the United States and the United Kingdom on the topic of how women learn through transformative experiences and techniques for effective leadership development in the social enterprise sector. She is a member of the Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM) and the International Leadership Association (ILA). In 2011 Dr. Hamp was awarded the Strategic Alignment Award by the Human Resources Leadership Association of Washington DC for her work in the redesign of the Goodwill Industries International leadership programs in order to meet the strategic goals of the organization.
Course Description: Surveys, compares, and contrasts contemporary theories of leadership, providing students the opportunity to assess their own leadership competencies and how they fit in with models of leadership. Students also discuss current literature, media coverage, and case studies on leadership issues.
Instructional Methods This course is based on the following adult learning concepts:
1. Learning is done by the learners, who are encouraged to achieve the overall course objectives through individual learning styles that meet their personal learning needs. ...
The Case of Frank and Judy. During the past few years Frank an.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case of Frank and Judy.
During the past few years Frank and Judy have experienced many conflicts in their marriage. Although they have made attempts to resolve their problems by themselves, they have finally decided to seek the help of a professional marriage counselor. Even though they have been thinking about divorce with increasing frequency, they still have some hope that they can achieve a satisfactory marriage.
Three couples counselors, each holding a different set of values pertaining to marriage and the family, describe their approach to working with Frank and Judy. As you read these responses, think about the degree to which each represents what you might say and do if you were counseling this couple.
· Counselor A. This counselor believes it is not her place to bring her values pertaining to the family into the sessions. She is fully aware of her biases regarding marriage and divorce, but she does not impose them or expose them in all cases. Her primary interest is to help Frank and Judy discover what is best for them as individuals 459460and as a couple. She sees it as unethical to push her clients toward a definite course of action, and she lets them know that her job is to help them be honest with themselves.
·
· What are your reactions to this counselor's approach?
· ▪ What values of yours could interfere with your work with Frank and Judy?
Counselor B. This counselor has been married three times herself. Although she believes in marriage, she is quick to maintain that far too many couples stay in their marriages and suffer unnecessarily. She explores with Judy and Frank the conflicts that they bring to the sessions. The counselor's interventions are leading them in the direction of divorce as the desired course of action, especially after they express this as an option. She suggests a trial separation and states her willingness to counsel them individually, with some joint sessions. When Frank brings up his guilt and reluctance to divorce because of the welfare of the children, the counselor confronts him with the harm that is being done to them by a destructive marriage. She tells him that it is too much of a burden to put on the children to keep the family together.
· ▪ What, if any, ethical issues do you see in this case? Is this counselor exposing or imposing her values?
· ▪ Do you think this person should be a marriage counselor, given her bias?
· ▪ What interventions made by the counselor do you agree with? What are your areas of disagreement?
Counselor C. At the first session this counselor states his belief in the preservation of marriage and the family. He believes that many couples give up too soon in the face of difficulty. He says that most couples have unrealistically high expectations of what constitutes a “happy marriage.” The counselor lets it be known that his experience continues to teach him that divorce rarely solves any problems but instead creates new problems that are often worse. The counsel ...
The Case of MikeChapter 5 • Common Theoretical Counseling Perspe.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case of Mike
Chapter 5 • Common Theoretical Counseling Perspectives 135
Mike is a 20-year-old male who has just recently been released from jail. Mike is technically on probation for car theft, though he has been involved in crime to a much greater extent. Mike has been identified as a cocaine user and has been suspected, though not convicted, for dealing cocaine. Mike has been tested for drugs by his probation department and was found positive for cocaine. The county has mandated that Mike receive drug counseling but the drug counselor has referred Mike to your office because the drug counselor suspects that Mike has issues beyond simple drug addiction. In fact, the drug counselor’s notes suggest that Mike has Narcissistic personality disorder. Mike seems to have little regard for the feelings of others. Coupled with this is his complete sensitivity to the comments of others. In fact, his prior fiancé has broken off her relationship with him due to what she calls his “constant need for admiration and attention. He is completely self-centered.” After talking with Mike, you quickly find that he has no close friends. As he talks about people who have been close to him, he discounts them for one imperfection or another. These imperfections are all considered severe enough to warrant dismissing the person entirely. Mike makes a point of noting how many have betrayed their loyalty to him or have otherwise failed to give him the credit that he deserves. When asked about getting caught in the auto theft, he remarks that “well my dumb partner got me out of a hot situation by driving me out in a stolen get-a-way car.” (Word on the street has it that Mike was involved in a sour drug deal and was unlikely to have made it out alive if not for his partner.) Mike adds, “you know, I plan everything out perfectly, but you just cannot rely on anybody . . . if you want it done right, do it yourself.” Mike recently has been involved with another woman (unknown to his prior fiancé) who has become pregnant. When she told Mike he said “tough, you can go get an abortionor something, it isn’t like we were in love or something.” Then he laughed at her and toldher to go find some other guy who would shack up with her. Incidentally, Mike is a very attractive man and he likes to point that out on occasion. “Yeah, I was going to be a male model in L. A.,but my agent did not know what he was doing . . . could never get things settled out right . . . so I had to fire him.” Mike is very popular with women and has had a constant string of failed relationships due to what he calls “their inability to keep things exciting.” As Mike puts it “hey, I am too smart for this stuff. These people around me, they don’t deserve the good dummies. But me, well I know how to run things and get over on people. And I am not about to let these dummies get in my way. I got it all figured out . . . see?”
Effective Small Business Management: An Entrepreneurial Approach 9th Edition, 2009 IS ...
THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATIONNovember 8, 2002 -- vol. 49, .docxmattinsonjanel
THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
November 8, 2002 -- vol. 49, no. 11, p. B7
The Dangerous Myth of Grade Inflation
By Alfie Kohn
Grade inflation got started ... in the late '60s and early '70s.... The grades that faculty members now give ... deserve to be a scandal.
--Professor Harvey Mansfield, Harvard University, 2001
Grades A and B are sometimes given too readily -- Grade A for work of no very high merit, and Grade B for work not far above mediocrity. ... One of the chief obstacles to raising the standards of the degree is the readiness with which insincere students gain passable grades by sham work.
--Report of the Committee on Raising the Standard, Harvard University, 1894
Complaints about grade inflation have been around for a very long time. Every so often a fresh flurry of publicity pushes the issue to the foreground again, the latest example being a series of articles in The Boston Globe last year that disclosed -- in a tone normally reserved for the discovery of entrenched corruption in state government -- that a lot of students at Harvard were receiving A's and being graduated with honors.
The fact that people were offering the same complaints more than a century ago puts the latest bout of harrumphing in perspective, not unlike those quotations about the disgraceful values of the younger generation that turn out to be hundreds of years old. The long history of indignation also pretty well derails any attempts to place the blame for higher grades on a residue of bleeding-heart liberal professors hired in the '60s. (Unless, of course, there was a similar countercultural phenomenon in the 1860s.)
Yet on campuses across America today, academe's usual requirements for supporting data and reasoned analysis have been suspended for some reason where this issue is concerned. It is largely accepted on faith that grade inflation -- an upward shift in students' grade-point averages without a similar rise in achievement -- exists, and that it is a bad thing. Meanwhile, the truly substantive issues surrounding grades and motivation have been obscured or ignored.
The fact is that it is hard to substantiate even the simple claim that grades have been rising. Depending on the time period we're talking about, that claim may well be false. In their book When Hope and Fear Collide (Jossey-Bass, 1998), Arthur Levine and Jeanette Cureton tell us that more undergraduates in 1993 reported receiving A's (and fewer reported receiving grades of C or below) compared with their counterparts in 1969 and 1976 surveys. Unfortunately, self-reports are notoriously unreliable, and the numbers become even more dubious when only a self-selected, and possibly unrepresentative, segment bothers to return the questionnaires. (One out of three failed to do so in 1993; no information is offered about the return rates in the earlier surveys.)
To get a more accurate picture of whether grades have changed over the years, one needs to look at official student tran ...
The chart is a guide rather than an absolute – feel free to modify.docxmattinsonjanel
The chart is a guide rather than an absolute – feel free to modify or adjust it as need to fit the specific ideas that you are developing.
Area: SALES
Specific Change Plans for Functional Areas
Capability Being Addressed
This can be pulled from the strategic proposal recommended in Part 2B
How do the recommended changes (details provided below) help improve the capability?
This is a logic "double check". Be sure you can show how the changes recommended below improve the capability and help address the product and market focus and add to accomplishment of the value proposition
Details of Specific Changes:
Proposed Changes in Resources
Proposed Changes to Management
Preferences
Proposed Changes to Organizational
Processes
Detailed Change Plans
(Lay out here the specifics of all recommended changes for this area. Modify the layout as necessary to account for the changes being recommended)
Proposed Change
Timing
Costs
On going impact on budget
On going impact on revenue
Wiki
Template
Part-‐2:
Gaps,
Issues
and
New
Strategy
BUSI
4940
–
Business
Policy
1
THE ENVIRONMENT/INDUSTRY
1. Drivers of change
Key drivers of change begin with the availability of substitute products. Many
other
companies can easily provide a substitute and the firm will have to find a way to
stand
out among them. Next would be the ability to differentiate yourself among other
firms
that pose a threat in the industry. Last, the political sector. The the federal, state,
and local governments could all shape the way healthcare is everywhere.
2. Key survival factors
Key survival factors would include making the firm stand out above the rest in the
industry and creating a name for itself. Second would be making sure there is a
broad
network of providers available for the customers. Giving the customer options
will
make the customer happy. Providing excellent customer service is key to any
firm in
the industry.
3. Product/Market and Value Proposition possibilities
Maintaining the use of heavy discounts will keep Careington in the competitive
market. They also concentrate on constantly innovating technology to make
sure that
they have the latest devices to offer their customers. To have high value proposition, Careington
will need to show their costumers that they can believe in them and trust them to
do the right thing. Showing the customers that they can always be on top of the
latest
technology and new age products will help build trust with the customers.
STRATEGY OF THE FIRM
1. Goals
Striving to promote the health and well being of their clients by continuing to
provide
low cost health care solutions. A lot of this concentration is on clients that cannot
afford health care very easily or that a ...
The Challenge of Choosing FoodFor this forum, please read http.docxmattinsonjanel
The Challenge of Choosing Food:
For this forum, please read: https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/no-food-is-healthy-not-even-kale/2016/01/15/4a5c2d24-ba52-11e5-829c-26ffb874a18d_story.html?postshare=3401453180639248&tid=ss_fb-bottom
The article is from the Washington Post, January 17, 2016, by Michael Ruhlmanentitled: "No Food is Healthy, Not even Kale."
Based on your reading in the textbook share the following information with your classmates:
(1) To what degree to you agree with article, "No Food is Healthy, Not even Kale." Do semantics count? Should we focus on foods that are described as nourishing (nutrient-dense) instead of foods described as healthy because the word "healthy" is a "bankrupt" word? Explain and refer to information from the article.
(2) Based on the article and the textbook reading (review pages 9-30), how challenging is it for you to choose nutritious foods that promote health? What factors drive your food choices? Explain to your classmates.
(3) What do you think is the biggest concern we face health-wise in the US today?
(4) What are some obstacles as to why we may not be eating as well as we would like to?
Please complete all questions, if you have any question let me knowv
Test file, (Do not modify it)
// $> javac -cp .:junit-cs211.jar ProperQueueTests.java #compile
// $> java -cp .:junit-cs211.jar ProperQueueTests #run tests
//
// On windows replace : with ; (colon with semicolon)
// $> javac -cp .;junit-cs211.jar ProperQueueTests.java #compile
// $> java -cp .;junit-cs211.jar ProperQueueTests #run tests
import org.junit.*;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import java.util.*;
public class ProperQueueTests {
public static void main(String args[]){
org.junit.runner.JUnitCore.main("ProperQueueTests");
}
/*
building queues:
- build small empty queue. (2)
- build larger empty queue. (11)
- build length-zero queue. (0)
*/
@Test(timeout=1000) public void ProperQueue_makeQueue_1(){
String expected = "";
ProperQueue q = new ProperQueue(2);
String actual = q.toString();
assertEquals(2, q.getCapacity());
assertEquals(expected, actual);
}
@Test(timeout=1000) public void ProperQueue_makeQueue_2(){
String expected = "";
ProperQueue q = new ProperQueue(11);
String actual = q.toString();
assertEquals(11, q.getCapacity());
assertEquals(expected, actual);
}
@Test(timeout=1000) public void Queue_makeQueue_3(){
String expected = "";
ProperQueue q = new ProperQueue(0);
String actual = q.toString();
assertEquals(0, q.getCapacity());
assertEquals(expected, actual);
}
/*
add/offer tests.
- add a single value to a short queue.
- fill up a small queue.
- over-add to a queue and witness it struggle.
- add many but don't finish filling a queue.
- make size-zero queue, adds fail, check it's still empty.
*/
@Test(timeout=1000) public void ProperQueue_add_1(){
String expecte ...
The Civil Rights Movement
Dr. James Patterson
Black Civil Rights Movement
Basic denial of civil rights (review)
Segregation in society
Inferior schools
Job discrimination
Political disenfranchisement
Over ½ lived below poverty level
Unemployment double national ave.
Ghettoes: gangs, drugs, substandard housing, crime
Early Victories
WWII egalitarianism and backlash against German racism
Jackie Robinson integrated professional baseball—1947
Desegregation of the armed forces ordered by president Truman—1948
Marian Anderson performed at the New York Metropolitan Opera House—1955
Increased interest in civil rights a result of Cold War propaganda
Brown v. Board of Education
1954 – Topeka, Kansas
Linda Brown: filed suit to attend a neighborhood school
“Separate educational institutions are inherently unequal.”
Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
Court says: integrate "with all deliberate speed.”
What did this mean?
Linda Brown and Family
Circumvention of Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
White supremacist parents feared racial mixing and attempted to block black enrollment.
Ignored the integration issue
Token integration
Segregation through standardized placement tests
Segregation through private schools
Stalling through legal action
By 1964, 10 years after the Brown case, only 1% of black children attended truly integrated schools.
Little Rock High School
1957 courts order integration in Little Rock
9 black students enrolled.
Governor called out militia to block it.
Mobs replaced militia after recall.
Eisenhower ordered federal troops to protect the students.
Daily harassment
Courageous black students persevered.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955--Rosa Parks arrested for not giving up seat to white man
Boycott of bus system led by Martin Luther King, Jr.:
Walking, church busses, car pools, bicycles
Bus lines caught in the middle
Rosa Parks being Booked
Supreme Court ruled bus companies must integrate.
Inspired other protests:
Sit-ins, wade-ins, kneel-ins
Woolworth’s lunch counter
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Non-Violent
Influenced by Ghandi
“The blood may flow, but it must be our blood, not that of the white man.”
“Lord, we ain’t what we oughta be. We ain’t what we wanna be. We ain’t what we gonna be. But thank God, we ain’t what we was.”
Freedom Riders
Activists traveled from city to city to ignite the protest.
Bull Conner:
in Montgomery
Dogs
Whips
Water hoses
Cattle prods
Television
Public backlash
Civil Rights March (AL. 1965)
1963 - Washington, D.C. "I have a Dream“—200,000 Attended
Civil Rights Legislation
1964 - Civil Rights Act
1964 - 24th Amendment
Abolished Poll Tax
1965 Voting Rights Act
Affirmative action
Int ...
The Churchill CentreReturn to Full GraphicsThe Churchi.docxmattinsonjanel
The Churchill Centre
Return to Full Graphics
The Churchill Centre | Calendar | Churchill Facts | Speeches & Quotations | Publications and Resources |
News | Join The Centre! | Churchill Stores | Contact Us | Links | Search
Their Finest Hour
Sir Winston Churchill > Speeches & Quotations > Speeches
June 18, 1940
House of Commons
I spoke the other day of the colossal military disaster which occurred when the French High Command
failed to withdraw the northern Armies from Belgium at the moment when they knew that the French front
was decisively broken at Sedan and on the Meuse. This delay entailed the loss of fifteen or sixteen French
divisions and threw out of action for the critical period the whole of the British Expeditionary Force. Our
Army and 120,000 French troops were indeed rescued by the British Navy from Dunkirk but only with the
loss of their cannon, vehicles and modern equipment. This loss inevitably took some weeks to repair, and in
the first two of those weeks the battle in France has been lost. When we consider the heroic resistance
made by the French Army against heavy odds in this battle, the enormous losses inflicted upon the enemy
and the evident exhaustion of the enemy, it may well be the thought that these 25 divisions of the
best-trained and best-equipped troops might have turned the scale. However, General Weygand had to fight
without them. Only three British divisions or their equivalent were able to stand in the line with their French
comrades. They have suffered severely, but they have fought well. We sent every man we could to France
as fast as we could re-equip and transport their formations.
I am not reciting these facts for the purpose of recrimination. That I judge to be utterly futile and even
harmful. We cannot afford it. I recite them in order to explain why it was we did not have, as we could have
had, between twelve and fourteen British divisions fighting in the line in this great battle instead of only
three. Now I put all this aside. I put it on the shelf, from which the historians, when they have time, will
select their documents to tell their stories. We have to think of the future and not of the past. This also
applies in a small way to our own affairs at home. There are many who would hold an inquest in the House
of Commons on the conduct of the Governments-and of Parliaments, for they are in it, too-during the years
which led up to this catastrophe. They seek to indict those who were responsible for the guidance of our
affairs. This also would be a foolish and pernicious process. There are too many in it. Let each man search
his conscience and search his speeches. I frequently search mine.
Of this I am quite sure, that if we open a quarrel between the past and the present, we shall find that we
have lost the future. Therefore, I cannot accept the drawing of any distinctions between Members of the
present Government. It was formed at a moment of crisis in order to unite a ...
The Categorical Imperative (selections taken from The Foundati.docxmattinsonjanel
The Categorical Imperative (selections taken from The Foundations of the Metaphysics of
Morals)
Preface
As my concern here is with moral philosophy, I limit the question suggested to this:
Whether it is not of the utmost necessity to construct a pure thing which is only empirical and
which belongs to anthropology? for that such a philosophy must be possible is evident from the
common idea of duty and of the moral laws. Everyone must admit that if a law is to have moral
force, i.e., to be the basis of an obligation, it must carry with it absolute necessity; that, for
example, the precept, "Thou shalt not lie," is not valid for men alone, as if other rational beings
had no need to observe it; and so with all the other moral laws properly so called; that, therefore,
the basis of obligation must not be sought in the nature of man, or in the circumstances in the
world in which he is placed, but a priori simply in the conception of pure reason; and although
any other precept which is founded on principles of mere experience may be in certain respects
universal, yet in as far as it rests even in the least degree on an empirical basis, perhaps only as to
a motive, such a precept, while it may be a practical rule, can never be called a moral law…
What is the “Good Will?”
NOTHING can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called
good, without qualification, except a good will. Intelligence, wit, judgement, and the other
talents of the mind, however they may be named, or courage, resolution, perseverance, as
qualities of temperament, are undoubtedly good and desirable in many respects; but these gifts of
nature may also become extremely bad and mischievous if the will which is to make use of them,
and which, therefore, constitutes what is called character, is not good. It is the same with the
gifts of fortune. Power, riches, honour, even health, and the general well-being and contentment
with one's condition which is called happiness, inspire pride, and often presumption, if there is
not a good will to correct the influence of these on the mind, and with this also to rectify the
whole principle of acting and adapt it to its end. The sight of a being who is not adorned with a
single feature of a pure and good will, enjoying unbroken prosperity, can never give pleasure to
an impartial rational spectator. Thus a good will appears to constitute the indispensable condition
even of being worthy of happiness.
There are even some qualities which are of service to this good will itself and may
facilitate its action, yet which have no intrinsic unconditional value, but always presuppose a
good will, and this qualifies the esteem that we justly have for them and does not permit us to
regard them as absolutely good. Moderation in the affections and passions, self-control, and calm
deliberation are not only good in many respects, but even seem to constitute part of th ...
The cave represents how we are trained to think, fell or act accor.docxmattinsonjanel
The cave represents how we are trained to think, fell or act according to society, following our own way and not the way intended for us. The shadows are merely a reflection of what they perceived to be reality instead of an illusion. The prisoners are trapped in society, each one of us who choose to stay trapped in our own way. The man that escapes is the person who no longer is a slave to society and can see the difference between reality and illusion. The day light can be compared to God’s will. When you don’t follow the plan that has been laid out for you by God, than you are trapped and you will only see illusions or reflections of reality. Escaping and choosing to go into “the light,” or following the will of God, only then can you be set free from your prison.
When looking at a piece of art, a painting, for example, at first glance the painting can appear to be something other what it is intended to be (reality). This reminds me of those pictures that everyone sees on social media, the picture that has circles all over it. When you look at the picture it appears that the circles are moving, but in reality the circles do not move at all. So art can more or less be perceived as more of an illusion.
An example of the picture can be seen here http://www.dailyhaha.com/_pics/movie_circles_illusion.jpg
Accepting illusion as reality happens a lot more times than we probably think. Anything that we see on T.V., Social Media, internet, or even dating, can all be perceived as an illusion at some point. Take dating for example; how a person acts on a date is most likely not how they would act to someone they have known for a while (illusion). Not all people pretend to be something different but in many cases they do. Recognizing what you failed to see after the initial first date and thereafter is how you would know what you first seen was just simply an illusion and therefore not reality, unless of course in reality they are simply a fake person I suppose. Following this pattern makes you realize most people do not appear to be who they are. A good “first impression” doesn’t necessarily mean much when thinking about illusions vs reality, because that’s all the “first impression” is in fact more or less an illusion.
People live in shadows because they fail to recognize reality and choose to continue to believe in illusions. With the growth of Social media, more and more people are falling victim to what things appear to be and will stay in the dark (cave). We as a society are imprisoned by what we see and read through news channels and social media. We will believe anything that comes across CNN or any news station (not fox news though) and let them make up our mind for us. People comment on any shooting victims and assume the cop was in the wrong and is racist, in reality that is not always the case.
It’s interesting to think in terms of appearance vs reality when viewing not only art, but the world. Not taking things for what they appear to ...
The Case Superior Foods Corporation Faces a ChallengeOn his way.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case: Superior Foods Corporation Faces a Challenge
On his way to the plant office, Jason Starnes passed by the production line where hundreds of gloved, uniformed workers were packing sausages and processed meats for shipment to grocery stores around the world.
Jason's company, Superior Foods Corporation, based in Wichita, Kansas, employed 30,000 people in eight countries and had beef and pork processing plants in Arkansas, California, Milwaukee, and Nebraska City. Since a landmark United States–Japan trade agreement signed in 1988, markets had opened up for major exports of American beef, now representing 10 percent of U.S. production. Products called “variety meats”—including intestines, hearts, brains, and tongues—were very much in demand for export to international markets.
Jason was in Nebraska City to talk with the plant manager, Ben Schroeder, about the U.S. outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) and its impact on the plant. On December 23, 2011, the U.S. Department of Agriculture had announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy had been discovered in a Holstein cow in Washington State. The global reaction was swift: Seven countries imposed either total or partial bans on the importation of U.S. beef, and thousands of people were chatting about it on blogs and social networking sites. Superior had moved quickly to intercept a container load of frozen Asian-bound beef from its shipping port in Los Angeles, and all other shipments were on hold.
After walking into Ben's office, Jason sat down across from him and said, “Ben, your plant has been a top producer of variety meats for Superior, and we have appreciated all your hard work out here. Unfortunately, it looks like we need to limit production for a while—at least three months, or until the bans get relaxed. I know Senator Nelson is working hard to get the bans lifted. In the meantime, we need to shut down production and lay off about 25 percent of your workers. I know it is going to be difficult, and I'm hoping we can work out a way to communicate this to your employees.”
...
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Module 3 Overview
Egoism and Relativism; Pluralism and Pragmatism
Welcome to Module Three. Is it wrong to smoke marijuana? Is it unethical to get an abortion? Recently, several states and municipalities have passed ordinances and ballot initiatives legalizing the use of marijuana. Also, some states have severely restricted access to abortion, whereas others have not. Are these actions right or wrong and ethical or unethical depending on physical boundaries or jurisdiction rule? This module will explore egoism, moral relativism, pluralism, and pragmatism in the context of real-world issues.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
2B
discuss ‘moral sainthood’ and its role in ethics.
6B
describe pluralism and pragmatism as they relate to ethics.
6C
analyze the benefits and criticisms of cultural relativism as it relates to ethics.
7A
evaluate the different perspectives of egoism as it relates to ethics.
7B
discuss sociological and cultural relativism as they relate to ethics.
Module 3 Reading Assignment
Waller, B. N. (2011). Consider ethics: Theory, readings, and contemporary issues (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. Chapters 2 and 6.
Supplemental Reading Assignments (Required):
Häyry, M. (2005). A defense of ethical relativism. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 14(1), 7-12.
Course Login Instructions
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NOTE: Bookmarking pages in this site, especially the resources you access with the link above, is not recommended.
Please view the Online Presentation for Module 3.
Egoism and Relativism; Pluralism and Pragmatism
Chapter 2 Lecture Notes: Egoism and Relativism
Egoism
Psychological egoism is the view that all of our behavior is selfish or self-interested as a matter of empirical psychological fact. Although several convincing examples can be given in support of selfish or self-interested behavior, psychological egoism, as a scientific theory, fails the test of falsifiability. If psychological egoism is a scientific account of human behavior, then one should able to state what would count as evidence against the position. But all acts that might count against the theory are immediately reinterpreted in terms of selfishness or self-interest. Thus, psychological egoists tend to espouse a belief and not an empirically testable claim. Additionally, the psychological egoist appears to conflate the notions of selfishness, self-interest, and satisfaction.
Ethical egoism is the view that we ought to always act in a way that is self-interested. Unlike psychological egoism, ...
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Explain why relativism and egoism pose a challenge to the possib.docxkendalfarrier
Explain why relativism and egoism pose a challenge to the possibility of rational discussion in ethics. Using the readings in our text and my Weekly Comments, show how these doctrines might be challenged.
Feminist Care Ethics might be seen as a challenge to Kantian Ethics. Explain with reference to the readings in our text and my Weekly Comments.
Feminist Care Ethics might be seen as a form of Virtue Ethics with the major difference being a disagreement about the nature of human excellence and the virtues necessary for acting ethically. Explain with reference to the readings in our text and my Weekly Comments.
Explain the Trolley problem and the differences in the ways that utilitarianism, Kantian deontology, and Virtue Ethics would address the problem. Base your answer on the readings in our text and my Weekly Comments.
Both Utilitarianism and Kant's deontological ethics sometimes lead to morally horrendous actions related to the sanctity of human life. Kantian ethics is able to avoid the morally horrendous actions that can be justified using Utilitarianism, while Utilitarianism can avoid the morally horrendous actions that accord with Kantian ethics. Virtue ethics, though, would not have the same sorts of problems addressing issues discussed in the text, such as torturing terrorists if it were necessary to save lives, the Trolley Problem, killing an innocent person to save the lives of others, lying or making a false promise to save the lives of others. Explain with reference to the readings in our text and my Weekly Comments, using specific examples of the types of cases that would provide problems for each of the theories.
Week 2: Ethical Relativism
Ethical Relativism is the claim that moral views are relative to the culture in which one lives or to the individual (also called Subjectivism). Many people declare themselves to be ethical relativists, but very few actually believe it to be true in practice. Often people are simply trying to avoid getting into an argument when they say that their ethical positions are just opinions. If it was true that you should avoid arguments about ethical issues, you would have to believe that there are good moral or possibly prudential reasons for not getting into arguments with others, that it was good for everyone to avoid conflict about controversial issues, which means that it is simply correct to be tolerant, making you opposed to relativism. Since you would be claiming that tolerance is a virtue that everyone should accept. In other cases, you may be concerned with ethnocentrism, the practice of imposing your views on others. But then, you would have to believe that being ethnocentric is morally wrong and that there are good moral reasons for not being ethnocentric. All of the people in the class took tolerance to be a moral virtue, some claiming that it is a result of cultural relativism. But you can’t derive a universal value from cultural relativism. And Daesh (ISIL, ISIS) and the Taliban .
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The changes required in the IT project plan for Telecomm Ltd would.docxmattinsonjanel
The changes required in the IT project plan for Telecomm Ltd would entail specific variation in the platforms used in the initial implementation plan. Initially, the three projects that were planned for implementation included; the installation of business intelligence platform, the implementation of Statistical Analysis System software technology, and the creation of an effectively network infrastructure. In this case, the changes would include an addition of an ERP software to ensure the performance of the workforce within the Telecomms Ltd employees.
ERP is an effectively coordinated information technology system that would ensure the company’s performance is enhanced. To understand how the implementation of a coordinated IT system offers a competitive advantage of a firm, it is essential to acknowledge three core reasons for the failure of information technology related projects as commonly cited by IT managers. In this case, IT managers cite the three reasons as; poor planning or management, change in business objectives and goals during the implementation process of a project, and lack of proper management support completion (Houston, 2011). Also, in the majority of completed projects, technology is usually deployed in a vacuum; hence users resist it. The implementation of coordinated information technology systems, such as ERP would provide an ultimate solution to the three reasons for failure, and thus would give Telecomms Ltd a competitive advantage in the already competitive market. Since the implementation of systems like ERP directly provides solution to common problems that act as drawbacks regarding the competitiveness of firm, it is, therefore, evident that its use place Telecomms Ltd above its rival companies in the market share (Wallace & Kremzar, 2001).
The use ERP, which is a reliable coordinated IT system entails three distinctive implementation strategies that a firm can choose depending on its specific needs. The changes in the projects would be as follows: The three implementation strategies are independently capable of providing a relatively competitive advantage for many companies. These strategies are: big bang, phased rollout, and parallel adoption. In the big bang implementation strategy, happens in a single instance, whereby all the users are moved to a new system on a designated (Wallace & Kremzar, 2001). The phased rollout implementation on the other hand usually involves a changeover in several phases, and it is executed in an extended period. In this case, the users move onto the new system in a series of steps (Houston, 2011). Lastly, the parallel adoption implementation strategy allows both legacy and the new ERP system to run at the same time. It is also essential to note that users in this strategy get to learn the new system while still working on the old system (Wallace & Kremzar, 2001). The three strategies effectively change the information system of Telecomms Ltd tremendously such that it positiv ...
The Catholic University of America Metropolitan School of .docxmattinsonjanel
The Catholic University of America
Metropolitan School of Professional Studies
Course Syllabus
THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA
Metropolitan School of Professional Studies
MBU 514 and MBU 315 Leadership Foundations
Fall 2015
Credits: 3
Classroom: Online
Dates: August 31, 2015 to December 14, 2015
Instructor:
Dr. Jacquie Hamp
Email: [email protected]
Twitter: @drjacquie
Telephone: 202 215 8117 cell
Office Hours: By Appointment
Dr. Jacquie Hamp is an educator, coach and consultant with particular expertise in leadership development, organizational development and human resources development strategy. From 2006 to 2015 she held the position as the Senior Director of Leadership Development for Goodwill Industries International in Rockville, Maryland. Dr. Hamp was responsible for the design and execution of leadership development programs and activities for all levels of the 4 billion dollar social enterprise network of Goodwill Industries across 165 independent local agencies. Jacquie is also a part time Associate Professor at George Washington University teaching at the graduate level and she is an adjunct professor at Catholic University of America, teaching leadership theory in the Masters Program.
Jacquie has a Master of Science degree in Human Resources Development Administration from Barry University. She holds a Doctor of Education degree in Human and Organizational Learning from the Graduate School of Education and Human Development at George Washington University. Jacquie has received a certificate in Executive Coaching from Georgetown University, a certificate in the Practice of Teaching Leadership from Harvard University and holds the national certification of Senior Professional in Human Resources (SPHR).
Jacquie has been invited to speak at conferences in the United States and the United Kingdom on the topic of how women learn through transformative experiences and techniques for effective leadership development in the social enterprise sector. She is a member of the Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM) and the International Leadership Association (ILA). In 2011 Dr. Hamp was awarded the Strategic Alignment Award by the Human Resources Leadership Association of Washington DC for her work in the redesign of the Goodwill Industries International leadership programs in order to meet the strategic goals of the organization.
Course Description: Surveys, compares, and contrasts contemporary theories of leadership, providing students the opportunity to assess their own leadership competencies and how they fit in with models of leadership. Students also discuss current literature, media coverage, and case studies on leadership issues.
Instructional Methods This course is based on the following adult learning concepts:
1. Learning is done by the learners, who are encouraged to achieve the overall course objectives through individual learning styles that meet their personal learning needs. ...
The Case of Frank and Judy. During the past few years Frank an.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case of Frank and Judy.
During the past few years Frank and Judy have experienced many conflicts in their marriage. Although they have made attempts to resolve their problems by themselves, they have finally decided to seek the help of a professional marriage counselor. Even though they have been thinking about divorce with increasing frequency, they still have some hope that they can achieve a satisfactory marriage.
Three couples counselors, each holding a different set of values pertaining to marriage and the family, describe their approach to working with Frank and Judy. As you read these responses, think about the degree to which each represents what you might say and do if you were counseling this couple.
· Counselor A. This counselor believes it is not her place to bring her values pertaining to the family into the sessions. She is fully aware of her biases regarding marriage and divorce, but she does not impose them or expose them in all cases. Her primary interest is to help Frank and Judy discover what is best for them as individuals 459460and as a couple. She sees it as unethical to push her clients toward a definite course of action, and she lets them know that her job is to help them be honest with themselves.
·
· What are your reactions to this counselor's approach?
· ▪ What values of yours could interfere with your work with Frank and Judy?
Counselor B. This counselor has been married three times herself. Although she believes in marriage, she is quick to maintain that far too many couples stay in their marriages and suffer unnecessarily. She explores with Judy and Frank the conflicts that they bring to the sessions. The counselor's interventions are leading them in the direction of divorce as the desired course of action, especially after they express this as an option. She suggests a trial separation and states her willingness to counsel them individually, with some joint sessions. When Frank brings up his guilt and reluctance to divorce because of the welfare of the children, the counselor confronts him with the harm that is being done to them by a destructive marriage. She tells him that it is too much of a burden to put on the children to keep the family together.
· ▪ What, if any, ethical issues do you see in this case? Is this counselor exposing or imposing her values?
· ▪ Do you think this person should be a marriage counselor, given her bias?
· ▪ What interventions made by the counselor do you agree with? What are your areas of disagreement?
Counselor C. At the first session this counselor states his belief in the preservation of marriage and the family. He believes that many couples give up too soon in the face of difficulty. He says that most couples have unrealistically high expectations of what constitutes a “happy marriage.” The counselor lets it be known that his experience continues to teach him that divorce rarely solves any problems but instead creates new problems that are often worse. The counsel ...
The Case of MikeChapter 5 • Common Theoretical Counseling Perspe.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case of Mike
Chapter 5 • Common Theoretical Counseling Perspectives 135
Mike is a 20-year-old male who has just recently been released from jail. Mike is technically on probation for car theft, though he has been involved in crime to a much greater extent. Mike has been identified as a cocaine user and has been suspected, though not convicted, for dealing cocaine. Mike has been tested for drugs by his probation department and was found positive for cocaine. The county has mandated that Mike receive drug counseling but the drug counselor has referred Mike to your office because the drug counselor suspects that Mike has issues beyond simple drug addiction. In fact, the drug counselor’s notes suggest that Mike has Narcissistic personality disorder. Mike seems to have little regard for the feelings of others. Coupled with this is his complete sensitivity to the comments of others. In fact, his prior fiancé has broken off her relationship with him due to what she calls his “constant need for admiration and attention. He is completely self-centered.” After talking with Mike, you quickly find that he has no close friends. As he talks about people who have been close to him, he discounts them for one imperfection or another. These imperfections are all considered severe enough to warrant dismissing the person entirely. Mike makes a point of noting how many have betrayed their loyalty to him or have otherwise failed to give him the credit that he deserves. When asked about getting caught in the auto theft, he remarks that “well my dumb partner got me out of a hot situation by driving me out in a stolen get-a-way car.” (Word on the street has it that Mike was involved in a sour drug deal and was unlikely to have made it out alive if not for his partner.) Mike adds, “you know, I plan everything out perfectly, but you just cannot rely on anybody . . . if you want it done right, do it yourself.” Mike recently has been involved with another woman (unknown to his prior fiancé) who has become pregnant. When she told Mike he said “tough, you can go get an abortionor something, it isn’t like we were in love or something.” Then he laughed at her and toldher to go find some other guy who would shack up with her. Incidentally, Mike is a very attractive man and he likes to point that out on occasion. “Yeah, I was going to be a male model in L. A.,but my agent did not know what he was doing . . . could never get things settled out right . . . so I had to fire him.” Mike is very popular with women and has had a constant string of failed relationships due to what he calls “their inability to keep things exciting.” As Mike puts it “hey, I am too smart for this stuff. These people around me, they don’t deserve the good dummies. But me, well I know how to run things and get over on people. And I am not about to let these dummies get in my way. I got it all figured out . . . see?”
Effective Small Business Management: An Entrepreneurial Approach 9th Edition, 2009 IS ...
THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATIONNovember 8, 2002 -- vol. 49, .docxmattinsonjanel
THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
November 8, 2002 -- vol. 49, no. 11, p. B7
The Dangerous Myth of Grade Inflation
By Alfie Kohn
Grade inflation got started ... in the late '60s and early '70s.... The grades that faculty members now give ... deserve to be a scandal.
--Professor Harvey Mansfield, Harvard University, 2001
Grades A and B are sometimes given too readily -- Grade A for work of no very high merit, and Grade B for work not far above mediocrity. ... One of the chief obstacles to raising the standards of the degree is the readiness with which insincere students gain passable grades by sham work.
--Report of the Committee on Raising the Standard, Harvard University, 1894
Complaints about grade inflation have been around for a very long time. Every so often a fresh flurry of publicity pushes the issue to the foreground again, the latest example being a series of articles in The Boston Globe last year that disclosed -- in a tone normally reserved for the discovery of entrenched corruption in state government -- that a lot of students at Harvard were receiving A's and being graduated with honors.
The fact that people were offering the same complaints more than a century ago puts the latest bout of harrumphing in perspective, not unlike those quotations about the disgraceful values of the younger generation that turn out to be hundreds of years old. The long history of indignation also pretty well derails any attempts to place the blame for higher grades on a residue of bleeding-heart liberal professors hired in the '60s. (Unless, of course, there was a similar countercultural phenomenon in the 1860s.)
Yet on campuses across America today, academe's usual requirements for supporting data and reasoned analysis have been suspended for some reason where this issue is concerned. It is largely accepted on faith that grade inflation -- an upward shift in students' grade-point averages without a similar rise in achievement -- exists, and that it is a bad thing. Meanwhile, the truly substantive issues surrounding grades and motivation have been obscured or ignored.
The fact is that it is hard to substantiate even the simple claim that grades have been rising. Depending on the time period we're talking about, that claim may well be false. In their book When Hope and Fear Collide (Jossey-Bass, 1998), Arthur Levine and Jeanette Cureton tell us that more undergraduates in 1993 reported receiving A's (and fewer reported receiving grades of C or below) compared with their counterparts in 1969 and 1976 surveys. Unfortunately, self-reports are notoriously unreliable, and the numbers become even more dubious when only a self-selected, and possibly unrepresentative, segment bothers to return the questionnaires. (One out of three failed to do so in 1993; no information is offered about the return rates in the earlier surveys.)
To get a more accurate picture of whether grades have changed over the years, one needs to look at official student tran ...
The chart is a guide rather than an absolute – feel free to modify.docxmattinsonjanel
The chart is a guide rather than an absolute – feel free to modify or adjust it as need to fit the specific ideas that you are developing.
Area: SALES
Specific Change Plans for Functional Areas
Capability Being Addressed
This can be pulled from the strategic proposal recommended in Part 2B
How do the recommended changes (details provided below) help improve the capability?
This is a logic "double check". Be sure you can show how the changes recommended below improve the capability and help address the product and market focus and add to accomplishment of the value proposition
Details of Specific Changes:
Proposed Changes in Resources
Proposed Changes to Management
Preferences
Proposed Changes to Organizational
Processes
Detailed Change Plans
(Lay out here the specifics of all recommended changes for this area. Modify the layout as necessary to account for the changes being recommended)
Proposed Change
Timing
Costs
On going impact on budget
On going impact on revenue
Wiki
Template
Part-‐2:
Gaps,
Issues
and
New
Strategy
BUSI
4940
–
Business
Policy
1
THE ENVIRONMENT/INDUSTRY
1. Drivers of change
Key drivers of change begin with the availability of substitute products. Many
other
companies can easily provide a substitute and the firm will have to find a way to
stand
out among them. Next would be the ability to differentiate yourself among other
firms
that pose a threat in the industry. Last, the political sector. The the federal, state,
and local governments could all shape the way healthcare is everywhere.
2. Key survival factors
Key survival factors would include making the firm stand out above the rest in the
industry and creating a name for itself. Second would be making sure there is a
broad
network of providers available for the customers. Giving the customer options
will
make the customer happy. Providing excellent customer service is key to any
firm in
the industry.
3. Product/Market and Value Proposition possibilities
Maintaining the use of heavy discounts will keep Careington in the competitive
market. They also concentrate on constantly innovating technology to make
sure that
they have the latest devices to offer their customers. To have high value proposition, Careington
will need to show their costumers that they can believe in them and trust them to
do the right thing. Showing the customers that they can always be on top of the
latest
technology and new age products will help build trust with the customers.
STRATEGY OF THE FIRM
1. Goals
Striving to promote the health and well being of their clients by continuing to
provide
low cost health care solutions. A lot of this concentration is on clients that cannot
afford health care very easily or that a ...
The Challenge of Choosing FoodFor this forum, please read http.docxmattinsonjanel
The Challenge of Choosing Food:
For this forum, please read: https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/no-food-is-healthy-not-even-kale/2016/01/15/4a5c2d24-ba52-11e5-829c-26ffb874a18d_story.html?postshare=3401453180639248&tid=ss_fb-bottom
The article is from the Washington Post, January 17, 2016, by Michael Ruhlmanentitled: "No Food is Healthy, Not even Kale."
Based on your reading in the textbook share the following information with your classmates:
(1) To what degree to you agree with article, "No Food is Healthy, Not even Kale." Do semantics count? Should we focus on foods that are described as nourishing (nutrient-dense) instead of foods described as healthy because the word "healthy" is a "bankrupt" word? Explain and refer to information from the article.
(2) Based on the article and the textbook reading (review pages 9-30), how challenging is it for you to choose nutritious foods that promote health? What factors drive your food choices? Explain to your classmates.
(3) What do you think is the biggest concern we face health-wise in the US today?
(4) What are some obstacles as to why we may not be eating as well as we would like to?
Please complete all questions, if you have any question let me knowv
Test file, (Do not modify it)
// $> javac -cp .:junit-cs211.jar ProperQueueTests.java #compile
// $> java -cp .:junit-cs211.jar ProperQueueTests #run tests
//
// On windows replace : with ; (colon with semicolon)
// $> javac -cp .;junit-cs211.jar ProperQueueTests.java #compile
// $> java -cp .;junit-cs211.jar ProperQueueTests #run tests
import org.junit.*;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import java.util.*;
public class ProperQueueTests {
public static void main(String args[]){
org.junit.runner.JUnitCore.main("ProperQueueTests");
}
/*
building queues:
- build small empty queue. (2)
- build larger empty queue. (11)
- build length-zero queue. (0)
*/
@Test(timeout=1000) public void ProperQueue_makeQueue_1(){
String expected = "";
ProperQueue q = new ProperQueue(2);
String actual = q.toString();
assertEquals(2, q.getCapacity());
assertEquals(expected, actual);
}
@Test(timeout=1000) public void ProperQueue_makeQueue_2(){
String expected = "";
ProperQueue q = new ProperQueue(11);
String actual = q.toString();
assertEquals(11, q.getCapacity());
assertEquals(expected, actual);
}
@Test(timeout=1000) public void Queue_makeQueue_3(){
String expected = "";
ProperQueue q = new ProperQueue(0);
String actual = q.toString();
assertEquals(0, q.getCapacity());
assertEquals(expected, actual);
}
/*
add/offer tests.
- add a single value to a short queue.
- fill up a small queue.
- over-add to a queue and witness it struggle.
- add many but don't finish filling a queue.
- make size-zero queue, adds fail, check it's still empty.
*/
@Test(timeout=1000) public void ProperQueue_add_1(){
String expecte ...
The Civil Rights Movement
Dr. James Patterson
Black Civil Rights Movement
Basic denial of civil rights (review)
Segregation in society
Inferior schools
Job discrimination
Political disenfranchisement
Over ½ lived below poverty level
Unemployment double national ave.
Ghettoes: gangs, drugs, substandard housing, crime
Early Victories
WWII egalitarianism and backlash against German racism
Jackie Robinson integrated professional baseball—1947
Desegregation of the armed forces ordered by president Truman—1948
Marian Anderson performed at the New York Metropolitan Opera House—1955
Increased interest in civil rights a result of Cold War propaganda
Brown v. Board of Education
1954 – Topeka, Kansas
Linda Brown: filed suit to attend a neighborhood school
“Separate educational institutions are inherently unequal.”
Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
Court says: integrate "with all deliberate speed.”
What did this mean?
Linda Brown and Family
Circumvention of Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
White supremacist parents feared racial mixing and attempted to block black enrollment.
Ignored the integration issue
Token integration
Segregation through standardized placement tests
Segregation through private schools
Stalling through legal action
By 1964, 10 years after the Brown case, only 1% of black children attended truly integrated schools.
Little Rock High School
1957 courts order integration in Little Rock
9 black students enrolled.
Governor called out militia to block it.
Mobs replaced militia after recall.
Eisenhower ordered federal troops to protect the students.
Daily harassment
Courageous black students persevered.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955--Rosa Parks arrested for not giving up seat to white man
Boycott of bus system led by Martin Luther King, Jr.:
Walking, church busses, car pools, bicycles
Bus lines caught in the middle
Rosa Parks being Booked
Supreme Court ruled bus companies must integrate.
Inspired other protests:
Sit-ins, wade-ins, kneel-ins
Woolworth’s lunch counter
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Non-Violent
Influenced by Ghandi
“The blood may flow, but it must be our blood, not that of the white man.”
“Lord, we ain’t what we oughta be. We ain’t what we wanna be. We ain’t what we gonna be. But thank God, we ain’t what we was.”
Freedom Riders
Activists traveled from city to city to ignite the protest.
Bull Conner:
in Montgomery
Dogs
Whips
Water hoses
Cattle prods
Television
Public backlash
Civil Rights March (AL. 1965)
1963 - Washington, D.C. "I have a Dream“—200,000 Attended
Civil Rights Legislation
1964 - Civil Rights Act
1964 - 24th Amendment
Abolished Poll Tax
1965 Voting Rights Act
Affirmative action
Int ...
The Churchill CentreReturn to Full GraphicsThe Churchi.docxmattinsonjanel
The Churchill Centre
Return to Full Graphics
The Churchill Centre | Calendar | Churchill Facts | Speeches & Quotations | Publications and Resources |
News | Join The Centre! | Churchill Stores | Contact Us | Links | Search
Their Finest Hour
Sir Winston Churchill > Speeches & Quotations > Speeches
June 18, 1940
House of Commons
I spoke the other day of the colossal military disaster which occurred when the French High Command
failed to withdraw the northern Armies from Belgium at the moment when they knew that the French front
was decisively broken at Sedan and on the Meuse. This delay entailed the loss of fifteen or sixteen French
divisions and threw out of action for the critical period the whole of the British Expeditionary Force. Our
Army and 120,000 French troops were indeed rescued by the British Navy from Dunkirk but only with the
loss of their cannon, vehicles and modern equipment. This loss inevitably took some weeks to repair, and in
the first two of those weeks the battle in France has been lost. When we consider the heroic resistance
made by the French Army against heavy odds in this battle, the enormous losses inflicted upon the enemy
and the evident exhaustion of the enemy, it may well be the thought that these 25 divisions of the
best-trained and best-equipped troops might have turned the scale. However, General Weygand had to fight
without them. Only three British divisions or their equivalent were able to stand in the line with their French
comrades. They have suffered severely, but they have fought well. We sent every man we could to France
as fast as we could re-equip and transport their formations.
I am not reciting these facts for the purpose of recrimination. That I judge to be utterly futile and even
harmful. We cannot afford it. I recite them in order to explain why it was we did not have, as we could have
had, between twelve and fourteen British divisions fighting in the line in this great battle instead of only
three. Now I put all this aside. I put it on the shelf, from which the historians, when they have time, will
select their documents to tell their stories. We have to think of the future and not of the past. This also
applies in a small way to our own affairs at home. There are many who would hold an inquest in the House
of Commons on the conduct of the Governments-and of Parliaments, for they are in it, too-during the years
which led up to this catastrophe. They seek to indict those who were responsible for the guidance of our
affairs. This also would be a foolish and pernicious process. There are too many in it. Let each man search
his conscience and search his speeches. I frequently search mine.
Of this I am quite sure, that if we open a quarrel between the past and the present, we shall find that we
have lost the future. Therefore, I cannot accept the drawing of any distinctions between Members of the
present Government. It was formed at a moment of crisis in order to unite a ...
The Categorical Imperative (selections taken from The Foundati.docxmattinsonjanel
The Categorical Imperative (selections taken from The Foundations of the Metaphysics of
Morals)
Preface
As my concern here is with moral philosophy, I limit the question suggested to this:
Whether it is not of the utmost necessity to construct a pure thing which is only empirical and
which belongs to anthropology? for that such a philosophy must be possible is evident from the
common idea of duty and of the moral laws. Everyone must admit that if a law is to have moral
force, i.e., to be the basis of an obligation, it must carry with it absolute necessity; that, for
example, the precept, "Thou shalt not lie," is not valid for men alone, as if other rational beings
had no need to observe it; and so with all the other moral laws properly so called; that, therefore,
the basis of obligation must not be sought in the nature of man, or in the circumstances in the
world in which he is placed, but a priori simply in the conception of pure reason; and although
any other precept which is founded on principles of mere experience may be in certain respects
universal, yet in as far as it rests even in the least degree on an empirical basis, perhaps only as to
a motive, such a precept, while it may be a practical rule, can never be called a moral law…
What is the “Good Will?”
NOTHING can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called
good, without qualification, except a good will. Intelligence, wit, judgement, and the other
talents of the mind, however they may be named, or courage, resolution, perseverance, as
qualities of temperament, are undoubtedly good and desirable in many respects; but these gifts of
nature may also become extremely bad and mischievous if the will which is to make use of them,
and which, therefore, constitutes what is called character, is not good. It is the same with the
gifts of fortune. Power, riches, honour, even health, and the general well-being and contentment
with one's condition which is called happiness, inspire pride, and often presumption, if there is
not a good will to correct the influence of these on the mind, and with this also to rectify the
whole principle of acting and adapt it to its end. The sight of a being who is not adorned with a
single feature of a pure and good will, enjoying unbroken prosperity, can never give pleasure to
an impartial rational spectator. Thus a good will appears to constitute the indispensable condition
even of being worthy of happiness.
There are even some qualities which are of service to this good will itself and may
facilitate its action, yet which have no intrinsic unconditional value, but always presuppose a
good will, and this qualifies the esteem that we justly have for them and does not permit us to
regard them as absolutely good. Moderation in the affections and passions, self-control, and calm
deliberation are not only good in many respects, but even seem to constitute part of th ...
The cave represents how we are trained to think, fell or act accor.docxmattinsonjanel
The cave represents how we are trained to think, fell or act according to society, following our own way and not the way intended for us. The shadows are merely a reflection of what they perceived to be reality instead of an illusion. The prisoners are trapped in society, each one of us who choose to stay trapped in our own way. The man that escapes is the person who no longer is a slave to society and can see the difference between reality and illusion. The day light can be compared to God’s will. When you don’t follow the plan that has been laid out for you by God, than you are trapped and you will only see illusions or reflections of reality. Escaping and choosing to go into “the light,” or following the will of God, only then can you be set free from your prison.
When looking at a piece of art, a painting, for example, at first glance the painting can appear to be something other what it is intended to be (reality). This reminds me of those pictures that everyone sees on social media, the picture that has circles all over it. When you look at the picture it appears that the circles are moving, but in reality the circles do not move at all. So art can more or less be perceived as more of an illusion.
An example of the picture can be seen here http://www.dailyhaha.com/_pics/movie_circles_illusion.jpg
Accepting illusion as reality happens a lot more times than we probably think. Anything that we see on T.V., Social Media, internet, or even dating, can all be perceived as an illusion at some point. Take dating for example; how a person acts on a date is most likely not how they would act to someone they have known for a while (illusion). Not all people pretend to be something different but in many cases they do. Recognizing what you failed to see after the initial first date and thereafter is how you would know what you first seen was just simply an illusion and therefore not reality, unless of course in reality they are simply a fake person I suppose. Following this pattern makes you realize most people do not appear to be who they are. A good “first impression” doesn’t necessarily mean much when thinking about illusions vs reality, because that’s all the “first impression” is in fact more or less an illusion.
People live in shadows because they fail to recognize reality and choose to continue to believe in illusions. With the growth of Social media, more and more people are falling victim to what things appear to be and will stay in the dark (cave). We as a society are imprisoned by what we see and read through news channels and social media. We will believe anything that comes across CNN or any news station (not fox news though) and let them make up our mind for us. People comment on any shooting victims and assume the cop was in the wrong and is racist, in reality that is not always the case.
It’s interesting to think in terms of appearance vs reality when viewing not only art, but the world. Not taking things for what they appear to ...
The Case Superior Foods Corporation Faces a ChallengeOn his way.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case: Superior Foods Corporation Faces a Challenge
On his way to the plant office, Jason Starnes passed by the production line where hundreds of gloved, uniformed workers were packing sausages and processed meats for shipment to grocery stores around the world.
Jason's company, Superior Foods Corporation, based in Wichita, Kansas, employed 30,000 people in eight countries and had beef and pork processing plants in Arkansas, California, Milwaukee, and Nebraska City. Since a landmark United States–Japan trade agreement signed in 1988, markets had opened up for major exports of American beef, now representing 10 percent of U.S. production. Products called “variety meats”—including intestines, hearts, brains, and tongues—were very much in demand for export to international markets.
Jason was in Nebraska City to talk with the plant manager, Ben Schroeder, about the U.S. outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) and its impact on the plant. On December 23, 2011, the U.S. Department of Agriculture had announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy had been discovered in a Holstein cow in Washington State. The global reaction was swift: Seven countries imposed either total or partial bans on the importation of U.S. beef, and thousands of people were chatting about it on blogs and social networking sites. Superior had moved quickly to intercept a container load of frozen Asian-bound beef from its shipping port in Los Angeles, and all other shipments were on hold.
After walking into Ben's office, Jason sat down across from him and said, “Ben, your plant has been a top producer of variety meats for Superior, and we have appreciated all your hard work out here. Unfortunately, it looks like we need to limit production for a while—at least three months, or until the bans get relaxed. I know Senator Nelson is working hard to get the bans lifted. In the meantime, we need to shut down production and lay off about 25 percent of your workers. I know it is going to be difficult, and I'm hoping we can work out a way to communicate this to your employees.”
...
The Case You can choose to discuss relativism in view of one .docxmattinsonjanel
The Case:
You can choose to discuss relativism in view of one of the following two cases:
The Case:
· Start by giving a brief explanation of relativism (200 words).
· what is the difference between ethical & cultural relativism. Then discuss, in view of relativism, how we can reconcile the apparent conflict between the need for enforcement of human rights standards with the need for protection of cultural diversity. (400 words).
...
The Case Study of Jim, Week Six The body or text (i.e., not rest.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case Study of Jim, Week Six
The body or text (i.e., not restating the question in your answer, not including your references or your signature) of your initial response should be at least 300 words of text to be considered substantive. You will see a red U for initial responses that are not at least 300 words. Note: your initial response to this required discussion will not count toward participation
The Case Study of Jim, Week 6
Title of Activity: In class discussion of the case study of Jim, Week Six
Objective: Review the concepts of the case study in Ch.13 of Personality and then relate Jim’s case to the theorists discussed during the week. In addition, summarize the entire case study.
1. Read “The Case of Jim” in Ch. 13 of Personality.
2. Discuss the case. This week, discussion should focus on social-cognitive theory.
3. Provide a summary of the entire case.
THE CASE OF JIM Twenty years ago Jim was assessed from various theoretical points of view: psychoanalytic, phenomenological, personal construct, and trait.
At the time, social-cognitive theory was just beginning to evolve, and thus he was not considered from this standpoint. Later, however, it was possible to gather at least some data from this theoretical standpoint as well. Although comparisons with earlier data may be problematic because of the time lapse, we can gain at least some insight into Jim’s personality from this theoretical point of view. We do so by considering
Jim’s goals, reinforcers he experiences, and his self-efficacy beliefs.
Jim was asked about his goals for the immediate future and for the long-range future. He felt that his immediate and long-term goals were pretty much the same: (1) getting to know his son and being a good parent, (2) becoming more accepting and less critical of his wife and others, and (3) feeling good about his professional work as a consultant.
Generally he feels that there is a good chance of achieving these goals but is guarded in that estimate, with some uncertainty about just how much he will be able to “get out of myself” and thereby be more able to give to his wife and child.
Jim also was asked about positive and aversive reinforcers, things that were important to him that he found rewarding or unpleasant.
Concerning positive reinforcers, Jim reported that money was “a biggie.”
In addition he emphasized time with loved ones, the glamour of going to an opening night, and generally going to the theater or movies.
He had a difficult time thinking of aversive reinforcers. He described writing as a struggle and then noted, “I’m having trouble with this.”
Jim also discussed another social-cognitive variable: his competencies or skills (both intellectual and social). He reported that he considered himself to be very bright and functioning at a very high intellectual level. He felt that he writes well from the standpoint of a clear, organized presentation, but he had not written anything that is innovative or creative. Ji ...
The Case of Missing Boots Made in ItalyYou can lead a shipper to.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case of Missing Boots Made in Italy
You can lead a shipper to the water, but if the horse does not want to drink…
Vocabulary:
Shipper: In commercial trade, the person who gives goods to a shipping company to be transported to a foreign destination; in export transactions, it is usually the exporter. Do not confuse the shipper with the shipping company or carrier.
Consignee: The person who is ultimately receiving the goods, generally the buyer or importer. Sometimes these people will designate a “notify party” to be notified when the goods arrive in the port of entry, so that customs clearance can be arranged and the goods picked up for further domestic transport.
Carrier: A company that transports goods (sometimes referred to as a “shipping company” or a “freight company”).
Forwarder (or “freight forwarder”): A forwarder is like a travel agent for cargo – forwarders organize the transport of your goods from departure to destination, and charge a fee for their services. There are many different kinds of forwarders. There are firms that act as both forwarders and carriers. Sometimes forwarders will have relationships with a whole string of carriers and other forwarders, so that the shipper only deals with the forwarder but in the end the goods are actually carrier by a series of independent transport companies.
NVOCC: Non-vessel operating common carrier. A “common carrier” in the legal terminology refers to a carrier who has accepted the additional legal burdens imposed on a company that regularly carries goods for a fee (as opposed to someone with a truck who might agree to help you out just this once because you’re in trouble).
Container: Large standard-sized metal boxes for transporting merchandise; you see them on the back of trucks, or stacked up outside of ports like Lego toys, or on top of large ocean-going container ships. The capacity of container vessels is measured in TEU (twenty-foot equivalent units; containers generally measure 20 or 40 feet long; large vessels can now carry in excess of 4,000 TEU). There are different kinds of containers for different purposes. For example, refrigerated containers (for transporting meat or fruit, for example) are called “reefers,” so be careful where you use this term.
Consolidator: When large companies ship a lot of goods, they are usually able to fill entire containers. However, shippers who ship smaller amounts (like the shipper in the example below), often have their goods “stuffed” (the industry term) along with other goods into the same container; hence, they are “consolidated.” Some firms specialize in consolidating various shipments from different shippers, these are “consolidators.” A load which requires consolidation is a “LCL” or less-than-full-container load, as opposed to a “FCL” – full-container-load.
Marine Insurance: This is a common term for cargo insurance for international shipments, even in cases where much of the transport is NOT by sea; “marine insurance ...
The Cardiovascular SystemNSCI281 Version 51University of .docxmattinsonjanel
The Cardiovascular System
NSCI/281 Version 5
1
University of Phoenix Material
The Cardiovascular System
Exercise 9.6: Cardiovascular System—Thorax, Arteries, Anterior View
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Exercise 9.8: Cardiovascular System—Thorax, Veins, Anterior View
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Animation: Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation
After viewing the animation, answer these questions:
1. Name the two divisions of the cardiovascular system.
2. What are the destinations of these two circuits?
3. In the systemic circulation, where does gas exchange occur?
4. In the pulmonary circulation, where does gas exchange occur?
5. Name the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart. How many are there? Where do they terminate?
Exercise 9.9: Imaging—Thorax
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In Review
1. What is the name for the fibrous sac that encloses the heart?
2. Name the lymphatic organ that is large in children but atrophies during adolescence.
3. Name the bilobed endocrine gland located lateral to the trachea and larynx.
4. How do large arteries supply blood to body structures?
5. Name the large vessel that conveys oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle of the heart.
6. Name the two branches of the blood vessel mentioned in question 5 that convey oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
7. Name the blunt tip of the left ventricle.
8. What is the carotid sheath? What structures are found within it?
9. What is the serous pericardium?
10. Name the structure that ...
The Cardiovascular SystemNSCI281 Version 55University of .docxmattinsonjanel
The Cardiovascular System
NSCI/281 Version 5
5
University of Phoenix Material
The Cardiovascular System
Exercise 9.6: Cardiovascular System—Thorax, Arteries, Anterior View
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Animation: Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation
After viewing the animation, answer these questions:
1. Name the two divisions of the cardiovascular system.
2. What are the destinations of these two circuits?
3. In the systemic circulation, where does gas exchange occur?
4. In the pulmonary circulation, where does gas exchange occur?
5. Name the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart. How many are there? Where do they terminate?
Exercise 9.9: Imaging—Thorax
A. .
B. .
C. .
D. .
E. .
F. .
G. .
H. .
I. .
J. .
K. .
In Review
1. What is the name for the fibrous sac that encloses the heart?
2. Name the lymphatic organ that is large in children but atrophies during adolescence.
3. Name the bilobed endocrine gland located lateral to the trachea and larynx.
4. How do large arteries supply blood to body structures?
5. Name the large vessel that conveys oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle of the heart.
6. Name the two branches of the blood vessel mentioned in question 5 that convey oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
7. Name the blunt tip of the left ventricle.
8. What is the carotid sheath? What structures are found within it?
9. What is the serous pericardium?
10. Name the structure that ...
The British Airways Swipe Card Debacle case study;On Friday, Jul.docxmattinsonjanel
The British Airways Swipe Card Debacle case study;
On Friday, July 18, 2003, British Airways staff in Terminals 1 and 4 at London’s busy Heathrow Airport held a 24 hour wildcat strike. The strike was not officially sanctioned by the trade unions but was spontaneous action by over 250 check in staff who walked out at 4 pm. The wildcat strike occurred at the start of a peak holiday season weekend which led to chaotic scenes at Heathrow. Some 60 departure flights were grounded and over 10,000 passengers left stranded. The situation was heralded as the worst industrial situation BA had faced since 1997 when a strike was called by its cabin crew. BA response was to cancel its services from both terminals, apologize for the disruption and ask those who were due to fly not to go to the airport as they would be unable to service them. BA also set up a tent outside Heathrow to provide refreshments and police were called in to manage the crow. BA was criticized by many American visitors who were trying to fly back to the US for not providing them with sufficient information about what was going on. Staff returned to work on Saturday evening but the effects of the strike flowed on through the weekend. By Monday morning July 21, BA reported that Heathrow was still extremely busy. There is still a large backlog of more than 1000 passengers from services cancelled over the weekend. We are doing everything we can to get these passengers away in the next couple of days. As a result of the strike BA lost around 40 million and its reputation was severely dented. The strike also came at a time when BA was still recovering from other environmental jolts such as 9/11 the Iraqi war, SARS, and inroads on its markets from budget airlines. Afterwards BA revealed that it lost over 100,000 customers a result of the dispute.
BA staff were protesting the introduction of a system for electronic clocking in that would record when they started and finished work for the day. Staff were concerned that the system would enable managers to manipulate their working patterns and shift hours. The clocking in system was one small part of a broader restructuring program in BA, titled the Future Size and Shape recovery program. Over the previous two years this had led to approximately 13,000 or almost one in four jobs, being cut within the airline. As The Economist noted, the side effects of these cuts were emerging with delayed departures resulting from a shortage of ground staff at Gatwick and a high rate of sickness causing the airline to hire in aircraft and crew to fill gaps. Rising absenteeism is a sure sign of stress in an organization that is contracting. For BA management introduction of the swipe card system was a way of modernizing BA and improving the efficient use of staff and resources. As one BA official was quoted as saying We needed to simplify things and bring in the best system to manage people. For staff it was seen as a prelude to a radical shakeup in working ...
The Case Abstract Accuracy International (AI) is a s.docxmattinsonjanel
The Case
Abstract
Accuracy International (AI) is a specialist British firearms manufacturer based in Portsmouth,
Hampshire, England and best known for producing the Accuracy International Arctic Warfare
series of precision sniper rifles. The company was established in 1978 by British Olympic shooting
gold medallist Malcolm Cooper, MBE (1947–2001), Sarah Cooper, Martin Kay, and the designers
of the weapons, Dave Walls and Dave Craig. All were highly skilled international or national target
shooters. Accuracy International's high-accuracy sniper rifles are in use with many military units
and police departments around the world. Accuracy International went into liquidation in 2005, and
was bought by a British consortium including the original design team of Dave Walls and Dave
Craig.
Earlier this year, AI's computer network was hit by a data stealing malware which cost thousands of
pounds to recover from. Also last year there have been a couple of incidents of industrial
espionage, involving staff who were later sacked and prosecuted.
As part of an ongoing covert investigation, the head of Security at AI (DG) has hired you to
conduct a forensic investigation on an image of a USB device. The USB device, it is a non-
company issued device, allegedly belonging to an employee Christian Macleod, a consultant and
technical manager at AI for more than six years.
Case details
Christian’s manager, David Bolton, is the regional manager and head of R&D and has been
working at AI for the last three years. David initiated this fact finding covert investigation which is
conducted with the support of the head of Security at AI.
The USB device in question allegedly was removed from Christian's workstation at AI while he
was out of the office for lunch, the device was imaged and then it was plugged in back into
Christian's workstation. You have been provided with a copy of that image (the original copy is at
the moment secure in a secure locker at the security department).
You have been told by DG that Dave was alarmed by some of the work practices of Christian and
that prompted him to start this investigation by contacting the Head of Security at AI. According to
Dave, Christian would bring in devices such as his iPod and his iPhone and he would often plug
these into his workstation. There is no policy against personal music devices and there is no
BYOD policy but there is a strict policy against copying corporate data is any personal device. The
company's policy states that such data is not to be stored unencrypted, on unauthorised, non
company approved devices. According to DG, Dave has reasons to believe that an earlier malware
infection incident at AI had its origins in one of Christian's personal devices.
Supporting information
1. You need to be aware that Dave and Christian do not get along as they had a few verbal exchanges
in the last year. Christian has filled in a ...
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...
The Biological Basis of MoralityDo we invent our moral absolutes.docx
1. The Biological Basis of Morality
Do we invent our moral absolutes in order to make society
workable? Or are these enduring principles expressed to us by
some transcendent or Godlike authority? Efforts to resolve this
conundrum have perplexed, sometimes inflamed, our best minds
for centuries, but the natural sciences are telling us more and
more about the choices we make and our reasons for making
them
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· EDWARD O. WILSON
· APRIL 1998 ISSUE
CENTURIES of debate on the origin of ethics come down to
this: Either ethical principles, such as justice and human rights,
are independent of human experience, or they are human
inventions. The distinction is more than an exercise for
academic philosophers. The choice between these two
understandings makes all the difference in the way we view
ourselves as a species. It measures the authority of religion, and
it determines the conduct of moral reasoning.
The two assumptions in competition are like islands in a sea of
2. chaos, as different as life and death, matter and the void. One
cannot learn which is correct by pure logic; the answer will
eventually be reached through an accumulation of objective
evidence. Moral reasoning, I believe, is at every level
intrinsically consilient with -- compatible with, intertwined with
-- the natural sciences. (I use a form of the word "consilience" -
- literally a "jumping together" of knowledge as a result of the
linking of facts and fact-based theory across disciplines to
create a common groundwork of explanation -- because its
rarity has preserved its precision.)
Every thoughtful person has an opinion on which premise is
correct. But the split is not, as popularly supposed, between
religious believers and secularists. It is between
transcendentalists, who think that moral guidelines exist outside
the human mind, and empiricists, who think them contrivances
of the mind. In simplest terms, the options are as follows: I
believe in the independence of moral values, whether from God
or not, and I believe that moral values come from human beings
alone, whether or not God exists.
Theologians and philosophers have almost always focused on
transcendentalism as the means to validate ethics. They seek the
grail of natural law, which comprises freestanding principles of
moral conduct immune to doubt and compromise. Christian
theologians, following Saint Thomas Aquinas's reasoning
in Summa Theologiae, by and large consider natural law to be
an expression of God's will. In this view, human beings have an
obligation to discover the law by diligent reasoning and to
weave it into the routine of their daily lives. Secular
philosophers of a transcendental bent may seem to be radically
different from theologians, but they are actually quite similar,
at least in moral reasoning. They tend to view natural law as a
set of principles so powerful, whatever their origin, as to be
self-evident to any rational person. In short, transcendental
views are fundamentally the same whether God is invoked or
not.
3. For example, when Thomas Jefferson, following John Locke,
derived the doctrine of natural rights from natural law, he was
more concerned with the power of transcendental statements
than with their origin, divine or secular. In the Declaration of
Independence he blended secular and religious presumptions in
one transcendentalist sentence, thus deftly covering all bets:
"We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are
created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with
certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty,
and the Pursuit of Happiness." That assertion became the
cardinal premise of America's civil religion, the righteous
sword wielded by Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King Jr.,
and it endures as the central ethic binding together the diverse
peoples of the United States.
So compelling are such fruits of natural-law theory, especially
when the Deity is also invoked, that they may seem to place the
transcendentalist assumption beyond question. But to its noble
successes must be added appalling failures. It has been
perverted many times in the past -- used, for example, to argue
passionately for colonial conquest, slavery, and genocide. Nor
was any great war ever fought without each side thinking its
cause transcendentally sacred in some manner or other.
So perhaps we need to take empiricism more seriously. In the
empiricist view, ethics is conduct favored consistently enough
throughout a society to be expressed as a code of principles. It
reaches its precise form in each culture according to historical
circumstance. The codes, whether adjudged good or evil by
outsiders, play an important role in determining which cultures
flourish and which decline.
The crux of the empiricist view is its emphasis on objective
knowledge. Because the success of an ethical code depends on
how wisely it interprets moral sentiments, those who frame one
4. should know how the brain works, and how the mind develops.
The success of ethics also depends on how accurately a society
can predict the consequences of particular actions as opposed to
others, especially in cases of moral ambiguity.
The empiricist argument holds that if we explore the biological
roots of moral behavior, and explain their material origins and
biases, we should be able to fashion a wise and enduring ethical
consensus. The current expansion of scientific inquiry into the
deeper processes of human thought makes this venture feasible.
The choice between transcendentalism and empiricism will be
the coming century's version of the struggle for men's souls.
Moral reasoning will either remain centered in idioms of
theology and philosophy, where it is now, or shift toward
science-based material analysis. Where it settles will depend on
which world view is proved correct, or at least which is more
widely perceived to be correct.
Ethicists, scholars who specialize in moral reasoning, tend not
to declare themselves on the foundations of ethics, or to admit
fallibility. Rarely do we see an argument that opens with the
simple statement This is my starting point, and it could be
wrong. Ethicists instead favor a fretful passage from the
particular to the ambiguous, or the reverse -- vagueness into
hard cases. I suspect that almost all are transcendentalists at
heart, but they rarely say so in simple declarative sentences.
One cannot blame them very much; explaining the ineffable is
difficult.
I am an empiricist. On religion I lean toward deism, but
consider its proof largely a problem in astrophysics. The
existence of a God who created the universe (as envisioned by
deism) is possible, and the question may eventually be settled,
perhaps by forms of material evidence not yet imagined. Or the
matter may be forever beyond human reach. In contrast, and of
5. far greater importance to humanity, the idea of a biological
God, one who directs organic evolution and intervenes in human
affairs (as envisioned by theism), is increasingly contravened by
biology and the brain sciences.
The same evidence, I believe, favors a purely material origin of
ethics, and it meets the criterion of consilience: causal
explanations of brain activity and evolution, while imperfect,
already cover most facts known about behavior we term
"moral." Although this conception is relativistic (in other
words, dependent on personal viewpoint), it can, if evolved
carefully, lead more directly and safely to stable moral codes
than can transcendentalism, which is also, when one thinks
about it, ultimately relativistic.
Of course, lest I forget, I may be wrong.
Transcendentalism Versus Empiricism
THE argument of the empiricist has roots that go back to
Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and, in the beginning of the
modern era, to David Hume's A Treatise of Human
Nature (1739-1740). The first clear evolutionary elaboration of
it was by Charles Darwin, in The Descent of Man (1871).
Again, religious transcendentalism is bolstered by secular
transcendentalism, to which it is fundamentally similar.
Immanuel Kant, judged by history the greatest of secular
philosophers, addressed moral reasoning very much as a
theologian. Human beings, he argued, are independent moral
agents with a wholly free will, capable of obeying or breaking
moral law: "There is in man a power of self-determination,
independent of any coercion through sensuous impulses." Our
minds are subject to a categorical imperative, Kant said, of what
6. our actions ought to be. The imperative is a good in itself alone,
apart from all other considerations, and it can be recognized by
this rule: "Act only on that maxim you wish will become a
universal law." Most important, and transcendental, oughthas no
place in nature. Nature, Kant said, is a system of cause and
effect, whereas moral choice is a matter of free will, absent
cause and effect. In making moral choices, in rising above mere
instinct, human beings transcend the realm of nature and enter a
realm of freedom that belongs exclusively to them as rational
creatures.
Now, this formulation has a comforting feel to it, but it makes
no sense at all in terms of either material or imaginable entities,
which is why Kant, even apart from his tortured prose, is so
hard to understand. Sometimes a concept is baffling not because
it is profound but because it is wrong. This idea does not
accord, we know now, with the evidence of how the brain
works.
In Principia Ethica (1903), G. E. Moore, the founder of modern
ethical philosophy, essentially agreed with Kant. In his view,
moral reasoning cannot dip into psychology and the social
sciences in order to locate ethical principles, because those
disciplines yield only a causal picture and fail to illuminate the
basis of moral justification. So to reach the normative ought by
way of the factualis is to commit a basic error of logic, which
Moore called the naturalistic fallacy. John Rawls, in A Theory
of Justice (1971), once again traveled the transcendental road.
He offered the very plausible suggestion that justice be defined
as fairness, which is to be accepted as an intrinsic good. It is
the imperative we would follow if we had no starting
information about our own future status in life. But in making
such a suggestion Rawls ventured no thought on where the
human brain comes from or how it works. He offered no
evidence that justice-as-fairness is consistent with human
nature, hence practicable as a blanket premise. Probably it is,
7. but how can we know except by blind trial and error?
Had Kant, Moore, and Rawls known modern biology and
experimental psychology, they might well not have reasoned as
they did. Yet as this century closes, transcendentalism remains
firm in the hearts not just of religious believers but also of
countless scholars in the social sciences and the humanities
who, like Moore and Rawls, have chosen to insulate their
thinking from the natural sciences.
Many philosophers will respond by saying, Ethicists don't need
that kind of information. You really can't pass
from is to ought. You can't describe a genetic predisposition
and suppose that because it is part of human nature, it is
somehow transformed into an ethical precept. We must put
moral reasoning in a special category, and use transcendental
guidelines as required.
No, we do not have to put moral reasoning in a special category
and use transcendental premises, because the posing of the
naturalistic fallacy is itself a fallacy. For if ought is not is, what
is? To translate is into ought makes sense if we attend to the
objective meaning of ethical precepts. They are very unlikely to
be ethereal messages awaiting revelation, or independent truths
vibrating in a nonmaterial dimension of the mind. They are
more likely to be products of the brain and the culture. From the
consilient perspective of the natural sciences, they are no more
than principles of the social contract hardened into rules and
dictates -- the behavioral codes that members of a society
fervently wish others to follow and are themselves willing to
accept for the common good. Precepts are the extreme on a
scale of agreements that range from casual assent, to public
sentiment, to law, to that part of the canon considered sacred
and unalterable. The scale applied to adultery might read as
follows:
8. In transcendental thinking, the chain of causation runs
downward from the givenought in religion or natural law
through jurisprudence to education and finally to individual
choice. The argument from transcendentalism takes the
following general form: The order of nature contains supreme
principles, either divine or intrinsic, and we will be wise to
learn about them and find the means to conform to them. Thus
John Rawls opens A Theory of Justice with a proposition he
regards as irrevocable: "In a just society the liberties of equal
citizenship are taken as settled; the rights secured by justice are
not subject to political bargaining or to the calculus of social
interests." As many critiques have made clear, that premise can
lead to unhappy consequences when applied to the real world,
including a tightening of social control and a decline in
personal initiative. A very different premise, therefore, is
suggested by Robert Nozick in Anarchy, State, and
Utopia(1974): "Individuals have rights, and there are things no
person or group may do to them (without violating their rights).
So strong and far-reaching are these rights that they raise the
question of what, if anything, the state and its officials may
do." Rawls would point us toward egalitarianism regulated by
the state, Nozick toward libertarianism in a minimalist state.
The empiricist view, in contrast, searching for an origin of
ethical reasoning that can be objectively studied, reverses the
chain of causation. The individual is seen as predisposed
biologically to make certain choices. Through cultural evolution
some of the choices are hardened into precepts, then into laws,
9. and, if the predisposition or coercion is strong enough, into a
belief in the command of God or the natural order of the
universe. The general empiricist principle takes this
form: Strong innate feeling and historical experience cause
certain actions to be preferred; we have experienced them, and
have weighed their consequences, and agree to conform with
codes that express them. Let us take an oath upon the codes,
invest our personal honor in them, and suffer punishment for
their violation. The empiricist view concedes that moral codes
are devised to conform to some drives of human nature and to
suppress others. Ought is the translation not of human nature
but of the public will, which can be made increasingly wise and
stable through an understanding of the needs and pitfalls of
human nature. The empiricist view recognizes that the strength
of commitment can wane as a result of new knowledge and
experience, with the result that certain rules may be
desacralized, old laws rescinded, and formerly prohibited
behavior set free. It also recognizes that for the same reason
new moral codes may need to be devised, with the potential of
being made sacred in time.
The Origin of Moral Instincts
IF the empiricist world view is correct, ought is just shorthand
for one kind of factual statement, a word that denotes what
society first chose (or was coerced) to do, and then codified.
The naturalistic fallacy is thereby reduced to the naturalistic
problem. The solution of the problem is not difficult: ought is
the product of a material process. The solution points the way to
an objective grasp of the origin of ethics.
A few investigators are now embarked on just such a
foundational inquiry. Most agree that ethical codes have arisen
by evolution through the interplay of biology and culture. In a
sense these investigators are reviving the idea of moral
sentiments that was developed in the eighteenth century by the
British empiricists Francis Hutcheson, David Hume, and Adam
10. Smith.
What have been thought of as moral sentiments are now taken to
mean moral instincts (as defined by the modern behavioral
sciences), subject to judgment according to their consequences.
Such sentiments are thus derived from epigenetic rules --
hereditary biases in mental development, usually conditioned by
emotion, that influence concepts and decisions made from them.
The primary origin of moral instincts is the dynamic relation
between cooperation and defection. The essential ingredient for
the molding of the instincts during genetic evolution in any
species is intelligence high enough to judge and manipulate the
tension generated by the dynamism. That level of intelligence
allows the building of complex mental scenarios well into the
future. It occurs, so far as is known, only in human beings and
perhaps their closest relatives among the higher apes.
A way of envisioning the hypothetical earliest stages of moral
evolution is provided by game theory, particularly the solutions
to the famous Prisoner's Dilemma. Consider the following
typical scenario of the dilemma. Two gang members have been
arrested for murder and are being questioned separately. The
evidence against them is strong but not irrefutable. The first
gang member believes that if he turns state's witness, he will be
granted immunity and his partner will be sentenced to life in
prison. But he is also aware that his partner has the same
option, and that if both of them exercise it, neither will be
granted immunity. That is the dilemma. Will the two gang
members independently defect, so that both take the hard fall?
They will not, because they agreed in advance to remain silent
if caught. By doing so, both hope to be convicted on a lesser
charge or escape punishment altogether. Criminal gangs have
turned this principle of calculation into an ethical precept:
Never rat on another member; always be a stand-up guy. Honor
does exist among thieves. The gang is a society of sorts; its
code is the same as that of a captive soldier in wartime, obliged
11. to give only name, rank, and serial number.
In one form or another, comparable dilemmas that are solvable
by cooperation occur constantly and everywhere in daily life.
The payoff is variously money, status, power, sex, access,
comfort, or health. Most of these proximate rewards are
converted into the universal bottom line of Darwinian genetic
fitness: greater longevity and a secure, growing family.
And so it has most likely always been. Imagine a Paleolithic
band of five hunters. One considers breaking away from the
others to look for an antelope on his own. If successful, he will
gain a large quantity of meat and hide -- five times as much as
if he stays with the band and they are successful. But he knows
from experience that his chances of success are very low, much
less than the chances of the band of five working together. In
addition, whether successful alone or not, he will suffer
animosity from the others for lessening their prospects. By
custom the band members remain together and share equitably
the animals they kill. So the hunter stays. He also observes good
manners in doing so, especially if he is the one who makes the
kill. Boastful pride is condemned, because it rips the delicate
web of reciprocity.
Now suppose that human propensities to cooperate or defect are
heritable: some people are innately more cooperative, others
less so. In this respect moral aptitude would simply be like
almost all other mental traits studied to date. Among traits with
documented heritability, those closest to moral aptitude are
empathy with the distress of others and certain processes of
attachment between infants and their caregivers. To the
heritability of moral aptitude add the abundant evidence of
history that cooperative individuals generally survive longer
and leave more offspring. Following that reasoning, in the
course of evolutionary history genes predisposing people toward
cooperative behavior would have come to predominate in the
12. human population as a whole.
Such a process repeated through thousands of generations
inevitably gave rise to moral sentiments. With the exception of
psychopaths (if any truly exist), every person vividly
experiences these instincts variously as conscience, self-respect,
remorse, empathy, shame, humility, and moral outrage. They
bias cultural evolution toward the conventions that express the
universal moral codes of honor, patriotism, altruism, justice,
compassion, mercy, and redemption.
The dark side of the inborn propensity to moral behavior is
xenophobia. Because personal familiarity and common interest
are vital in social transactions, moral sentiments evolved to be
selective. People give trust to strangers with effort, and true
compassion is a commodity in chronically short supply. Tribes
cooperate only through carefully defined treaties and other
conventions. They are quick to imagine themselves the victims
of conspiracies by competing groups, and they are prone to
dehumanize and murder their rivals during periods of severe
conflict. They cement their own group loyalties by means of
sacred symbols and ceremonies. Their mythologies are filled
with epic victories over menacing enemies.
The complementary instincts of morality and tribalism are
easily manipulated. Civilization has made them more so.
Beginning about 10,000 years ago, a tick in geological time,
when the agricultural revolution started in the Middle East, in
China, and in Mesoamerica, populations increased tenfold in
density over those of hunter-gatherer societies. Families settled
on small plots of land, villages proliferated, and labor was
finely divided as a growing minority of the populace specialized
as craftsmen, traders, and soldiers. The rising agricultural
societies became increasingly hierarchical. As chiefdoms and
then states thrived on agricultural surpluses, hereditary rulers
and priestly castes took power. The old ethical codes were
13. transformed into coercive regulations, always to the advantage
of the ruling classes. About this time the idea of law-giving
gods originated. Their commands lent the ethical codes
overpowering authority -- once again, no surprise, in the
interests of the rulers.
Because of the technical difficulty of analyzing such phenomena
in an objective manner, and because people resist biological
explanations of their higher cortical functions in the first place,
very little progress has been made in the biological exploration
of the moral sentiments. Even so, it is astonishing that the study
of ethics has advanced so little since the nineteenth century.
The most distinguishing and vital qualities of the human species
remain a blank space on the scientific map. I doubt that
discussions of ethics should rest upon the freestanding
assumptions of contemporary philosophers who have evidently
never given thought to the evolutionary origin and material
functioning of the human brain. In no other domain of the
humanities is a union with the natural sciences more urgently
needed.
When the ethical dimension of human nature is at last fully
opened to such exploration, the innate epigenetic rules of moral
reasoning will probably not prove to be aggregated into simple
instincts such as bonding, cooperativeness, and altruism.
Instead the rules will most probably turn out to be an ensemble
of many algorithms, whose interlocking activities guide the
mind across a landscape of nuanced moods and choices.
Such a prestructured mental world may at first seem too
complicated to have been created by autonomous genetic
evolution alone. But all the evidence of biology suggests that
just this process was enough to spawn the millions of species of
life surrounding us. Each kind of animal is furthermore guided
through its life cycle by unique and often elaborate sets of
instinctual algorithms, many of which are beginning to yield to
14. genetic and neurobiological analyses. With all these examples
before us, we may reasonably conclude that human behavior
originated the same way.
Task ListIT Consultant Business Startup55 daysSpecial
Notes:Design Phase27 daysVisit Manager of Facility1 dayChris
WaltersDiscuss Company Requirements1 day3Chris
Walters,George RichardsSurvey Facility for Setup1 day4Bill
Young,Dan Thomas,Harold ParkMust have 1 Software, 1
Hardware, and 1 Network EngineerDraft Layout Designs for
Facility1 week5Bill Young,Dan Thomas,Harold ParkMust have
1 Software, 1 Hardware, and 1 Network EngineerDiscuss Layout
Designs with Company1 day6Chris Walters,George RichardsGet
Approval on Layout Design1 day7FS+1 wkDraft Equipment
Requirements1 week4,8Bill Young,Dan Thomas,Harold
ParkMust have 1 Software, 1 Hardware, and 1 Network
EngineerDiscuss Equipment Requirements with Company1
day9Chris Walters,George RichardsGet Approval on
Equipment1 day10FS+1 wkSetup Phase14 days2Order
Equipment1 dayAdam Zurich,Fred Smith,Jared Oliver,George
RichardsMust have 1 Software, 1 Hardware, and 1 Network
Engineer and Financial AdvisorOrder Computer Systems1
dayComputer System[20]Order Computer Monitors1
dayComputer Monitor[20]Order Computer Accessories1
dayComputer Accessories[20]Order Battery Backups1
dayBattery Backup[20]Order Printers and Fax1
dayPrinters[10]Order Network Equipment1 dayNetworking
Hardware[5]Order Network Cables1 dayNetwork
Cables[50]Order Operating System1 dayOS Software[20]Order
Other Software1 dayOther Software[20]Receive Equipment1
week13Prepare Equipment for Install1 week23Adam
Zurich,Fred Smith,Jared OliverMust have 1 Software, 1
Hardware, and 1 Network EngineerInstall Software2
15. days24Adam Zurich,Harold ParkMust be 2 Software
EngineersInstall Network2 days24Bill Young,Fred SmithMust
be 2 Network EngineersInstall Printers and Fax1 day24Dan
Thomas,Jared OliverMust be 2 Hardware EngineersTest
Complete Setup1 day25,26,27Bill Young,Dan Thomas,Harold
Park,Adam Zurich,Fred Smith,Jared OliverMust have 2
Software, 2 Hardware, and 2 Network EngineersFinalize and
Train Phase14 days12Give Orientation to Client Company
Employees8 daysChris WaltersFirst Orientation Session4
daysBill Young,Dan Thomas,Harold ParkMust have 1 Software,
1 Hardware, and 1 Network EngineerSecond Orientation
Session4 days31Fred Smith,Adam Zurich,Jared OliverMust have
1 Software, 1 Hardware, and 1 Network EngineerCheck Back
with Company1 day30FS+1 wkChris Walters
Resource SheetResource NameTypeGroupMax. UnitsStd.
RateAdam ZurichWorkSoftware Engineer100%$25.50/hrBill
YoungWorkNetwork Engineer100%$23.00/hrChris
WaltersWorkCompany Manager100%$50.00/hrDan
ThomasWorkHardware Engineer100%$23.50/hrFred
SmithWorkNetwork Engineer100%$22.50/hrGeorge
RichardsWorkFinancial Advisor100%$35.00/hrHarold
ParkWorkSoftware Engineer100%$22.00/hrJared
OliverWorkHardware Engineer100%$24.50/hrLarry
MontagueWorkNetwork Engineer100%$20.00/hrMichael
NorseWorkHardware Engineer100%$20.00/hrNathan
LeeWorkSoftware Engineer100%$20.00/hrOS
SoftwareMaterial$250.00Other
SoftwareMaterial$300.00Computer
SystemMaterial$1,000.00Computer
MonitorMaterial$250.00Computer
AccessoriesMaterial$150.00PrintersMaterial$100.00Networking
HardwareMaterial$75.00Network CablesMaterial$5.00Battery
BackupMaterial$125.00
Sheet3
Sheet1Business Startup90 daysConstruct Business Plan43
16. daysResearch Marketable Propulsion Options30 daysMechanical
Engineers,Electrical
Engineers,Chemists,Physicists,Administrative StaffFocus
Options Into Business Vision15 days3Administrative
StaffResearch Existing Hyd. Businesses10 days3Administrative
StaffFocus Hydrogen Goals15 days5Administrative StaffPrepare
Goal Presentation to Public15 days6Public Relations
Rep.Announce Business Intentions to Public1 day7Public
Relations Rep.Financial Research40 days4Research Potential
Costs10 daysAccountantDevelop Budget15
daysAccountantContact Potential Investors15 days11Public
Relations Rep.Contact Governmental Grant Agency15
days11Public Relations Rep.Research Business Loans15
days11Public Relations Rep.Appeal to Local Community
Representatives30 days10SSPublic Relations Rep.Re-evaluate
Budget with Known Finances10 days12,13,14,15Administrative
Staff,AccountantFile Governmental Applications etc.60
days16Employ Lawyer for Legal Guidance5 daysAdministrative
StaffAcquire Business License2 days18LawyerApply for EPA
Permits60 days18Lawyer,HASMAT SpecialistsFacility Location
and Layout23 days16Define Minimum Required
Specifications10 daysStructural EngineerScout Potential
Locations10 days22Structural EngineerApply for Lease2
days23AccountantApply for Required Permits5
days24LawyerLease Facility and Land1
day25Lawyer,AccountantHire Workforce17
days16Administrative StaffDesign and Submit Want-ad in
Newspaper1 dayAdministrative StaffReview Applicants5
days28Administrative StaffAdminister Placement Testing3
days29Administrative StaffSchedule Interviews5
days30Administrative StaffHire Qualified Applicants2
days31Administrative StaffPre-R&D30 days31Acquire
Experimental Resources17 daysDetermine Required Resources5
daysMechanical Engineers,Chemists,PhysicistsLocate Vendor5
days35SalesPurchase Resources15 days20Administrative
StaffEquipment Gathering17 daysDetermine Required
17. Equipment5 daysMechanical
Engineers,Machinists,PhysicistsContact Equipment Dealers5
days39SalesPurchase Equipment15 days20Administrative
StaffResearch Prototype Options30 daysResearch Current
Hydrogen Technology10 daysMechanical Engineers,Electrical
Engineers,Chemists,PhysicistsBrainstorm Prototype Designs5
days43Mechanical Engineers,Electrical
Engineers,Chemists,PhysicistsMarketing Analysis4
days43AccountantChoose Initial Prototype Design10
days44,45Mechanical Engineers,Electrical
Engineers,Chemists,Physicists,Administrative StaffRun Virtual
Simulation5 days46Mechanical Engineers,Electrical
Engineers,Chemists,PhysicistsSetup Facilities15
days41,37,26Locate and Hire Moving Company1
dayAdministrative StaffMove Equipment to Desired Space5
days49Moving CompanyMove in Office Equipment2
days50Moving CompanyMove in Other Resources (Metal,
Hydrogen etc.)15 days50Moving CompanyCheck Any Missing
Items2 days52,51Administrative StaffBegin Research and
Development0 days33R&D269 days53Construct Prototype80
daysMechanical Engineers,Electrical
Engineers,Chemists,Physicists,MachinistsModify Conventional
Automobile30 daysMechanical Engineers,Electrical
Engineers,Chemists,Physicists,MachinistsConstruct Internal
Combustion Engine30 daysMechanical Engineers,Electrical
Engineers,Chemists,Physicists,MachinistsBuild Working
Prototype From Auto and Engine30 days58SS,57SSMechanical
Engineers,Electrical
Engineers,Chemists,Physicists,MachinistsTest Prototype119
days59Choose and Prepare Driver1 dayAdministrative StaffRent
Time at Local Test Track3 days61Administrative StaffPerform
Real-time Testing3 mons62Driver[300%]Evaluate Prototype
Testing and Abilities5 days63FF,62Physicists,Mechanical
EngineersDetermine Prototype Flaws5 days64FFMechanical
Engineers,Electrical
Engineers,Chemists,Physicists,MachinistsModify Prototype70
18. days65Correct Prototype Design Flaws30 daysMechanical
Engineers,Electrical
Engineers,Chemists,Physicists,MachinistsRepeat Testing Until
Acceptable Prototype is Constructed30
days67SSDriver,Machinists,Electrical
Engineers,Chemists,Physicists,Mechanical EngineersApply for
U.S. Patents for Prototype30 days68Administrative
Staff,LawyerMarket Prototype90 days69Research Market5
daysSalesResearch Demographics5 daysSalesContact
Automobile Manufacturers15 days72,71SalesDemonstration of
Prototype5 days73Driver,Public Relations Rep.Sign Contracts
with Dealers1 day74Administrative Staff,SalesCommercial85
days71,72Hire Film Agency2 daysAdministrative StaffDecide
on Desired Commercial2 days77Advertising AgencyRun the
Commercial for a Duration30 days78Advertising AgencyKeep
the Commercial Running if Successful3 mons79Advertising
AgencyPre-Production18 days75Locate New Facilities5
daysStructural EngineerFollow-up for Additional Government
Funding5 daysAccountantApply for Loan5
daysAccountantContact Industrial Suppliers for Needed
Resources5 daysAdministrative StaffLease Manufacturing
Facilities2 days82Administrative StaffHire Manufacturing
Workforce5 days86Administrative StaffPurchase/Lease
Manufacturing Equipment2 days86Administrative StaffSetup
Manufacturing Facilities15 days88Locate and Hire Moving
Company1 dayAdministrative StaffMove Equipment to Desired
Space5 days90Moving CompanyMove in Office Equipment2
days90Moving CompanyMove in Production Supplies15
days90Moving CompanySetup Inventory Control3
days93,92,91Administrative StaffBegin Production0
days94Production300 days94Produce Product as Necessary3
monsMachinists[300%]Sell Product to Dealers1
monSalesReceive Feedback on Product6 mons97Public
Relations Rep.Expand Sales Market6 mons97SalesPost-
Production Modifications45 days99Review Feedback on
Product5 daysMechanical Engineers,Electrical
19. Engineers,Chemists,Administrative
Staff,Sales,PhysicistsCorrect Flaws in Product30
days102Mechanical Engineers,Electrical
Engineers,Chemists,PhysicistsModify Product Design and
Continue Production30 days103Mechanical Engineers,Electrical
Engineers,Chemists,Physicists,Machinists
Sheet2
Sheet3