The document defines and describes different types of seismic waves including body waves and surface waves. It explains earthquakes are caused by movements along faults in the earth's crust. Key terms are defined such as focus, epicenter, and elastic rebound theory. Different scales for measuring earthquake intensity and magnitude are provided along with examples of destructive earthquakes in history.

4. • Vibrations that move through a part of
Earth.
• Two types: Body waves and Surface Waves.
• 1. Body waves – vibrations that mainly
travel through the interior of the Earth.
• 2. Surface waves – vibrations that primarily
travel through the surface of the Earth.

5. • 1. Body Waves :
a. P-waves – vibrations that are
longitudinal in nature and are fastest moving
waves. Can travel through liquids.
b. S-waves – vibrations that are slower
than P-waves and cannot travel through
liquids.

6. • 2. Surface Waves:
a. Love waves – surface waves that
moves sideways.
b. Rayleigh waves – surface waves that
exhibit longitudinal and transverse
movements.

7. • An earthquake is caused by a rapid
movement of huge blocks of rock slipping
past one another along faults or fractures in
the Earth’s crust. These faults are not
moving all the time. However, a sudden slip
along a fault line triggers an earthquake.

8. • Focus or hypocenter – the exact location
where slippage occur.
• Epicenter – the point on the Earth’s surface
that is found directly above the focus.

9. • Elastic rebound theory – the deformation of
rocks on both sides of the fault, the
movement of the underlying tectonic plate
causes the rock to bend and store elastic
energy. Once the strength of the rocks is
exceeded, slippage along the fault occurs
and causes an Earthquake.

10. • Branch of geology that studies earthquakes.
• Seismoscope – first known instrument that
determines the direction of seismic waves.
• Seismograph – instrument used to measure
and record seismic waves and other details
such as force and direction of earthquake.

11. • Intensity – measure of the amount of
ground shaking at a particular location
based on observed damages.
• Magnitude – quantitative measurement of
the amount of energy released from the
source of the earthquake based on seismic
records.

12. • PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)
– uses 10-point Roman numeral system to
classify the intensity of the earthquake.
Intensity
Scale
Description
I
Scarcely
perceptible
•Delicately balanced objects are disturbed slightly.
•Still water in containers oscillates slowly.
II Slightly felt
•Felt by few individuals at rest indoors.
•Hanging objects swing slightly.
•Still water in containers oscillates noticeably.

13. Intensity
Scale
Description
III Weak
•Felt by many people indoors, especially in upper floors.
•Hanging objects swing moderately.
•Still water in containers oscillates moderately.
•Feels like a light truck passing by.
IV
Moderate
ly strong
•Felt generally by people indoors and by some people outdoors.
•Hanging objects swing considerably.
•Motorcars may rock slightly.
•Liquids in containers are slightly disturbed.
•Water in containers oscillates strongly.
•A rumbling sound may sometimes be heard.
•Feels like a heavy truck passing by.

14. Intensity
Scale
Description
V Strong
•Felt by most people indoors and outdoors.
•A strong shaking and rocking is felt throughout building.
•Hanging objects swing violently.
•Small, light, and unstable objects may fall or overturn.
•Liquids spill from filled open containers.
•Vehicles rock noticeably.
•Leaves and twigs of trees shake.
VI Very Strong
•Furniture and other heavy objects are displaced.
•Wall plaster may crack.
•People may lose balance.
•Small church bells may ring.
•If on the road, it may feel like driving with flat tires.
•Very old or poorly built houses and man-made structures are slightly
damaged though well-built structures are not affected.
•Limited rockfalls and rolling boulders occur in hilly to mountainous areas
and escarpments.
•Trees shake .

15. Intensity
Scale
Description
VII Destructive
•Heavy objects and furniture overturn or topple.
•Difficulty standing on upper floors.
•Old or poorly-built structures suffer considerable damage.
•Some well-built structures are slightly damaged.
•Some cracks may appear on dikes, fishponds, road surface, or concrete
hollow block walls.
•Limited liquefaction, lateral spreading and landslides are observed.
•Trees shake noticeably.
VIII
Very
Destructive
•People will find it difficult to even stand outdoors.
•Many well-built buildings are considerably damaged.
•Concrete dikes and the foundations of bridges are destroyed by ground
settling or toppling.
•Railway tracks are bent or broken.
•Utility posts, towers, and monuments may tilt or topple.
•Water and sewer pipes may be bent, twisted, or broken.
•Liquefaction and lateral spreading cause manmade structures to sink, tilt,
or topple.

16. Intensity
Scale
Description
VIII
Very
Destructive
•Numerous landslides and rockfalls occur in mountainous and hilly areas.
•Boulders are thrown out from their positions particularly near the
epicenter.
•Fissures and faults rupture.
•Trees shake violently.
•Water splashes over dikes or the banks of rivers.
IX Devastating
•People are forced to the ground.
•Most buildings are totally damaged.
•Bridges and elevated concrete structures are toppled or destroyed.
•Numerous utility posts, towers, and monuments are tilted, toppled, or
broken.
•Sewer pipes are bent, twisted or broken.
•Landslides and liquefaction with lateral spreadings and sandboils are
widespread.
•The ground is distorted into undulations.
•Trees are shaken very violently with some toppled or broken.
•Boulders are commonly thrown out.
•River water splashes violently or slops over dikes and banks.

17. Intensity
Scale
Description
X
Completely
Devastating
•Many trees are toppled, broken, and uprooted.
•Practically all man-made structures are destroyed.
•Massive landslides and liquefaction, large-scale subsidence and
the uplifting of land forms and many ground fissures are
observed.
•Changes in river courses and destructive seiches in large lakes
occur.

18. Magnitude Description Effect
0-1.9 Micro Never felt
2.0-2.9 Minor Experienced, but not recorded
3.0-3.9 Minor Experienced, but no damage
caused
4.0-4.9 Light Shaking and rattling
5.0-5.9 Moderate Affects weak constructions, and
causes mild damage to stronger
construction

19. Magnitude Description Effect
6.0-6.9 Strong Affects areas up to 160 km from
the epicenter, in populated areas
7.0-7.9 Major Can spread to farther areas and
cause severe damage.
8.0-8.9 Great Can go beyond 160km and cause
severe damage
9.0-9.9 Great Can go beyond 1600km and
cause sever damage
10.0+ Epic Never been recorded

20. • July 16, 1990 – 7.8 magnitude earthquake
struck Northern and Central Luzon.
• 2,412 fatalities, with more than a thousand
persons trapped underneath collapsed
buildings in Baguio, Nueva Ecija and
Pangasinan.
• Damaged cost was around P10 billion.

21. • 2010 Haiti Earthquake
• Approximately 316000 fatalities were
recorded
• 1906 Earthquake, San Francisco, USA
• A fire developed after the earthquake
leaving 3000 fatalities and 400000 people
homeless.

22. • March 2011 Japan Earthquake
• Caused tsunami – large ocean waves due to
earthquakes that occur under the sea that
reaches 30m high and speed of 800 km/h.
• Nuclear power plant breakdown
…

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