The document provides information about several theories of the origin and evolution of the universe and solar system. It discusses the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state and has been expanding ever since. It also describes theories for how the sun, planets, and natural satellites formed, such as the nebular hypothesis which suggests they formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust. The document then gives details about the properties of planets in our solar system as well as dwarf planets like Pluto.

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5. THE BIG BANG THEORY

6. THE BIG BANG THEORY
• First suggested by German priest, Georges Lemaître.
• Popularized by the late Stephen Hawking.
• About 10-20 billion years ago, extremely high pressure
and temperature caused explosion and eventually
propelled the contents of the universe that were
originally in a small volume. Billions of years after,
expansion has continued very slowly.

7. THE BIG BANG THEORY
• As time passed and as matter cooled,
atoms of different kinds began to form
and were compressed into the stars,
planets and galaxies that constitutes
the universe until the present time.

9. THE BIG BANG THEORY

11. STEADY STATE THEORY
• New matter is quietly but
continually appearing out of
nothing from the spaces in
the galaxies.

13. OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY
• Another big bang will occur
when the universe starts to
run down.

14. NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS/PLANETESIMAL
THEORY
•As gas swirled around,
eddies of gas caused the
formation of the sun and the
planet.

16. FISSION THEORY
•Bursting of sun send
out planets and moons.

18. CAPTURE THEORY
• Planets and moons were
wandering around and were
captured by the sun.

20. ACCRETION THEORY
• Small chunks of materials
gradually combined and formed
Earth, then more chunks formed
the moon.

22. PLANETARY COLLISION THEORY
• Earth collided with a small
planet, producing the moon.

24. STELLAR COLLISION THEORY
• Two stars collide and formed
the planets and moons.

26. GAS CLOUD THEORY
• Gas clouds were pulled by the
sun’s gravity, then formed into
planets and moons.

27. MODELS OF SOLAR
SYSTEM

28. GEOCENTRIC THEORY
• The earth is at the center of the universe.
• Explained by Ptolemy.
• Epicycle – the small circle where the
planets moves
• Deferent – the bigger circle where epicycle
moves.

31. HELIOCENTRIC THEORY
• Explained that Earth and all others planets
orbit around the sun.
• Proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus.
• Johannes Kepler – Propose that planets
move around the sun in an elliptical motion.

33. EXPLORING THE
SOLAR SYSTEM

36. • The sun is a ball of 91% Hydrogen and 8.9% Helium.
• Layers:
1. Core - It consists of plasma, the fourth state of matter.
Temperature is about 27,000,000°C.
2. Radiative zone – Measures 300,000km(45% of Sun)
and temperature of 7,000,000°C.
3. Convective Zone – 200,000 km thick and surrounds
radiative zone.

37. • Sun’s Atmosphere
1. Photosphere – gives sun grainy appearance. This is
the visible part of the sun with 4400°C - 9000°C.
2. Chromosphere – Turns red as it receives heat from
photosphere. Its temperature ranges from 4000°C-
10000°C.
3. Corona – aka sun’s halo or crown. Temperature is
from 2 000 000°C- 5 000 000°C.

38. • Sunspots- darker and cooler areas of the sun’s surface
when the magnetic field slows down. Measures upto 80,000
km in diameter.
• Solar Flare – an enormous explosion in the sun’s
atmosphere that is capable of emitting electrical particles in
the solar system.
• Solar Wind – electrical particles that extend up to a
thousand kilometers.
• Solar Prominence – large gaseous feature on sun’s surface.

39. THE PLANETS

40. Planet Distance from
Sun (millions
of km)
Rotation Revolution Diameter (km) Satellites
Mercury 58 59 d 88 d 4878 0
Venus 108 243 d 225 d 12 104 0
Earth 150 23h 56m 4s 365.25 d 12 756 1
Mars 228 24h 37m 23s 687 d 6 794 2
Jupiter 778 9h 56m 12 y 143 884 67
Saturn 1427 10h 30m 30 y 120 536 62
Uranus 2870 17h 14m 84 y 51 118 27
Neptune 4497 16h 7m 165 y 50 530 13

41. Terrestrial vs. Jovian Planets
Terrestrial
• Mercury, Venus, Earth,
Mars
1. Rocky
 More dense
2. Smaller
3. More closely spaced
Jovian
• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune
1. Gaseous, has more He
and H
 Less dense (Saturn would
float)
2. Larger
3. Spaced farther apart

42. Terrestrial Planets
Venus
Mercury
Mars

43. MERCURY : THE INNERMOST PLANET
• Mercury has a revolution period
of 88 days. Mercury has extreme
temperature fluctuations, ranging
from 800F (daytime) to -270F
(nighttime).
• Even though it is the closest
planet to the sun, Scientists
believe there is ICE on Mercury!
The ice is protected from the
sun’s heat by crater shadows.

44. VENUS: EARTH’S TWIN
• Venus is the brightest object
in the sky after the sun and
moon because its atmosphere
reflects sunlight so well.
People often mistake it for a
star.
• Its maximum surface
temperature may reach 900F.
• Venus has no moons and
takes 225 days to complete an
orbit.

45. • Earth is the only planet known to
support living organisms.
• Earth’s surface is composed of
71% water.
• Water is necessary for life on
Earth.
• The oceans help maintain
Earth’s stable temperatures.
• Earth has one moon and an
oxygen rich atmosphere.

46. • It takes the moon approximately 29 days
to complete one rotation. The same side
of the moon always faces us.
• The moon’s surface is covered in dust
and rocky debris from meteor impacts. It
has no water or atmosphere.
• The moon reflects light from the sun onto
the earth’s surface.

47. • Like Earth, Mars has ice caps at its
poles.
• Mars has the largest volcano in our
solar system: Olympus Mons.
Olympus Mons is approximately 15
miles high.
• Mars appears red because of iron
oxide, or rust, in its soil.
• Mars has two moons and takes about
two years to complete an orbit.

48. Jovian Planets, or Gas Giants
Jupiter
Uranus Neptune
Saturn

49. • Jupiter is the largest and
most massive planet.
• It’s diameter is 11 times
bigger than that of the
Earth’s.
• It takes about 12 years for
Jupiter to orbit the sun.
• Jupiter has 16 known
moons.

50. • Saturn is composed almost
entirely of hydrogen and helium.
• Saturn has many rings made of
ice. Saturn’s rings are very wide.
They extend outward to about
260,000 miles from the surface
but are less than 1 mile thick.
• Saturn has 18 known moons,
some of which orbit inside the
rings!
• It takes Saturn about 30 years to
orbit the sun.

51. • Uranus is blue in color
due to methane gas in its
atmosphere.
• Uranus has 11 dark rings
surrounding it.
• Uranus has 21 known
moons and takes 84
years to complete one
orbit.

52. • Neptune has the
fastest winds in the
solar system: up to
2,000 km/hr.
• Neptune is also blue
in color due to
methane gas in its
atmosphere.
• Neptune takes 165
years to orbit the sun
and has 8 moons.

53. THE DWARF
PLANETS

54. Only 5 Dwarf Planets
recognized so far but
there may be as many
as 200
Pluto, approximate
true color
Ceres, seen through
(Hubble telescope)
Haumea, with its 2 moons,
Hi‘iaka and Namaka
(Artist’s conception)
Makemake,
(Artist’s conception)
Eris, seen through
(Hubble telescope)

55. • Pluto has only one moon and
takes about 249 years to orbit
the sun.
• Part of Pluto’s orbit passes
inside that of Neptune, so at
times Neptune is the planet
farthest from the sun.
• Pluto was located and named in
1930, but today Pluto is no
longer considered a planet.

56. SMALL BODIES IN
THE SOLAR SYSTEM