This document discusses naphtha cracking, which is the process of breaking long chain hydrocarbons in naphtha into lighter hydrocarbons. There are three main types of naphtha cracking: hydrocracking uses hydrogen and high pressure, catalytic cracking uses catalysts at 450-550°C, and steam cracking is the most complex using steam at 100-1400K. Steam cracking produces ethylene, propylene, butadiene and other products. Naphtha cracking is important for producing gasoline and solvents from naphtha.

1. NAPHTHA CRACKING
RANJIT KUMAR KUSH
CSJMA14001390216
CHEMICAL ENGG
SUBMITTED T0
Dr. BRISHTI MITRA
HOD (CHEMICAL) 1

2. CONTENT
• NAPHTHA
• PROPERTY OF NAPTHA
• CRACKING
• NEED FOR CRACKING
• NAPTHA CRACKING
• USE OF NAPTHA
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
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3. NAPHTHA
• Naphtha is naturally
occuring liquid
petroleum.
• Naphtha is a complex
mixture of
hydrocarbon.
• Naphtha is produced
by distillation of crude
oil.
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4. PROPERTY OF NAPHTHA
• Boiling range of naphtha's are 85 ⁰c to 200 ⁰c.
• Naphtha is a colorless to reddish brown liquid.
• Naphtha is a volatile aromatic compound also.
• Naphtha is light poisonous also.
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5. CLASSIFICATION OF NAPHTHA
• Naphtha fraction boils below 100 ⁰c is
called light naphtha.
• Naphtha fraction boils above 100 ⁰c to
below 150 ⁰c is called intermediate.
• Naphtha fraction boils above 150 ⁰c is
called heavy naphtha.
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6. CRACKING
• It is a process where
long chain
hydrocarbon breaks
in to lighter
hydrocarbon.
• Cracking rate is
strongly depends
upon catalyst and
temperature.
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7. NEED FOR CRACKING
• For producing petrol
the most valuable
fraction is naphtha.
• It is used as feedstock in
petroleum industry.
• To produce most
valuable from valuable
product.
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8. NAPHTHA CRACKING
THREE TYPES OF CRACKING
• HYDROCRACKING
• CATALYTIC CRACKING
• STEAM CRACKING
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9. HYDROCRACKING
• It is carried out with presence of hydrogen.
• The pressure of reactor is 80 atm.
• It is also used for cracking of heavy gas
oil.
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10. CATALYTIC CRACKING
• the feed stock is gas
oil.
• The temperature of
the reactor is 450 ⁰c
to 550 ⁰c
• After cracking the
catalyst is separated
from product.
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11. STEAM CRACKING
• It is most technically
complex plant.
• It is energy intensive
plant in chemical
industry.
• It is operated at 100 K
to 1400 K.
• Pressure of steam
distillation is 100 atm.
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12. REACTION IN STEAM CRACKING
CH3 -CH3 H3C⁰ + H3C⁰
H3C⁰ + CH3 - CH3 CH4 + H3C – C⁰H2
H3C - C⁰H2 H2C = CH2 + H⁰
H⁰ + H3C – CH3 H2 + H3C - C⁰H2
H3C – C⁰H2 etc.
H⁰ + H⁰ H2
H3C – C⁰H2 + H3C⁰ H2C = CH2 + CH4
Initiation
propagation
termination
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13. PROCESS OF STEAM CRACKING
NAPHTHA
PYROLYSIS SECTION
FRACTIONAL AND
SEPRATION SECTION PRODUCT RECOVERY
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14. PYROLYSIS SECTION
• It is carried out in a tube steal furnace.
• The temperature of the furnace is 800 ⁰c.
• Steam to naphtha ratio is 0.6 kg/kg.
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15. PRODUCT OUT FROM CRACKING
NAPHTHA
product out
ethylene -> 24%
propylene -> 20%
butadiene -> 3%
ether -> 25%
other -> 27%
BTX -> 1%
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16. USE OF NAPHTHA
• Naptha is used as gasoline at high octane
number.
• Naptha is used as solvent steam cracker in
industry.
• Thinner for paints, varnishes.
• Used for commercial solvent like rubber.
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17. CONCLUSION
• Naphthas are called petroleum ether,
petroleum sprit, mineral spirits, paraffin,
benzene, white oils and refined solvent.
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18. REFERENCES
• Dr Ram Prasad (2010).petroleum refining
technology. Khanna publications.
• Heinz Heinemann. Fundamentals of
petroleum and petrochemical engineering.
Uttam ray chaudhari.
• www.collactioncare.org
• www.essentialchemicalindustry.org
• en.wikipedia.org
• http://giphy.com
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