This document summarizes different methods of water softening, including ion exchange, distillation, and reverse osmosis. Ion exchange is the most common method, using insoluble resins to exchange calcium and magnesium ions for sodium or hydrogen ions. Distillation heats water to steam to remove contaminants, but requires a lot of energy. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to push water through a semi-permeable membrane, removing most particles. Each method has advantages like removing various contaminants, and disadvantages such as high costs or energy usage. The document recommends choosing a softening system based on one's needs and water hardness.

1. Water softening
Vishal jaiswal
CSJMA14001390230
(2K14)
1
Submitted to :-
Brishti Mitra
(HOD chemical engg.)

2. Content
 Introduction
 Method of Water Softening
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Conclusion
 References 2

3. Introduction
“Water softening is the process through which
calcium and magnesium ion are eliminated from
hard water"
3

4. 3 Best Method of Water
Softeninig
• Ion exchange
• Distillation
• Reverse Osmosis
4

5. Ion exchange process
Ion exchange is a
process by which
ion held on a
porous, insoluble
solid are
exchanged in the
ion solution
5

6. • Reaction:-
xRSO3
-H+ +M + (RSO3
-)x Mx+ + xH+
Solids Solution solid Solution
x[RN+(CH3)3]OH- + Ax- [RN(CH3)3
+]x Ax- + XOH-
solids Solution Solid Solution
H+ + OH- H2O
• Regeneration:-
(RSO3
- )2M2+ + 2H+ 2RSO3
-H+ + M2+
Washing
[RN+(CH3)3]2A2-+2OH- 2[RN+(CH3)3]2OH-+ A2-
6

7. Advantage
• This method can be used to highly acidic or
alkaline water
• Regenerable
• Removes dissolved inorganic impurities
effectively
• Relatively inexpensive initial capital investment
• It produces water of very low hardness
( say 2 ppm) so we use high pressure boilers
7

8. Disadvantage
• Ion exchange resin does not remove
microorganisms like bacteria from feed water.
• Calcium sulfate fouling
• High operating cost over long- term
• If water contains turbidity then the efficiency of
process is reduced
8

9. DISTILLATION
Distillers work by
heating water to
create steam . The
steam is then cooled
to collect a purified
water.
9

10. Advantages
• It is an efficient method of water softening for
smaller purposes.
• Removes a broad range of contaminants.
• It can also be reused.
• It is relatively cheep.
• It help recovering the shininess of the water.
10

11. Disadvantage
• Some contaminants can be carried into the
condensate.
• Requires careful maintenance to ensure
purity.
• Consumes large amount of energy.
• The distilled water does not contain minerals
and is also very tasteless.
• It has very high level of acidity.
11

12. Reverse osmosis
Reverse osmosis is a
technology that is used
to remove a large
majority of
contaminants from
water by pushing the
water under pressure
through a semi-
permeable membrane.
12

13. Advantage
• It is the best method of water softening.
• No ion particles are allowed to enter
through the semi-permeable membrane.
• Simple maintenance.
13

14. Disadvantage
• A lot of energy is required for the entire
process.
• There is lot of pressure that is needed so
deionization can occur.
• Wastage of water more during the softening
process.
14

15. Conclusion
It can be used to improve coffee taste or
protect electrical appliances and plumbing.
 You should choose a water softening system
according to your need and the level of water
hardness in you area.
 The body also needs calcium and magnesium
ion for metabolism. This makes it unhealthy
to always consume soft water.
15

16. References
• https://www.purifieradvisors.com
• ^Shashi Chawla,Dhanpat rai &Co. “A Text
book of engineering chemistry”
• https://googleweblight.com
• https://www.biotechwater.com
• https://www.freedrinkingwater.com
16

17. Thank you
17