This document discusses nano microorganisms, including nanobacteria and nanovirus. Nanomicroorganisms are extremely small microbes between 0.02-0.2 micrometers that can survive in extreme conditions and reproduce through various mechanisms. While nanobacteria may play a role in mineralization and disease, their existence as living organisms remains controversial. Nanoviruses are small plant viruses with segmented genomes that depend on helper components. They can impact agriculture but more research is needed to better understand their properties and life cycles. Nano microorganisms play important roles in areas like agriculture, biotechnology, waste management and medicine.

1. Nano microrganisms;
Nanobacteria & Nanovirus
-Jayati Shrivastava

2. What are Nano Microrganisms?
Nanomicroorganisms are a type of tiny
microorganisms that are too small to be seen with the
naked eye.
Nanomicroorganisms are very small
microorganisms, with sizes ranging from 0.02 to
0.2 micrometers.

3. Characteristics of Nano microrganism
• Size: Nanomicroorganisms are extremely small, with
dimensions on the nanometer scale.
• Morphology: They have a variety of morphologies,
depending on the type of microorganism, including
spherical, rod-shaped, filamentous, or irregular shapes.
• Adaptability: Nanomicroorganisms are highly adaptable to
their environment, and can survive in extreme conditions
such as high temperatures, pressures, or acidity.

4. • Reproduction: They have the ability to reproduce through
various mechanisms, including binary fission, budding, and
spore formation.
• Metabolism: Nanomicroorganisms have diverse metabolic
capabilities, including the ability to perform photosynthesis,
chemosynthesis, and fermentation.
• Interaction: They interact with other organisms and their
environment, often forming symbiotic relationships with
plants, animals, and other microorganisms.
• Genetic diversity: Nanomicroorganisms exhibit high genetic
diversity, with many genes that are unique to their species or
strains.

5. Types of Nanomicro organisms
1. Nano bacteria
• Magnetotactic bacteria
• Candidatus Nanohaloarchaeum:
• 2. Nano archaea
• Candidatus Nanosalina
• Candidatus Nanopusillus
• Candidatus Caldiarchaeum

6. • 3. Nano fungi
• Microsporidia
• Cryptococcus neoformans
• Aspergillus fumigatus
• 4. Nano virus
• Subterranean clover stunt virus (SCSV)
• Faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV)
• Milk Vetch Dwarf Virus (MDV)
• Cow vetch latent virus (CvLV)

7. • Nano alage
• Chlorella vulgaris
• Dunaliella salina
• Nannochloropsis
• Nano protozoa
• Paraphysomonas
• Tetrahymena
• Chilomonas
• Bodo

8. Nano bacteria
• Nanobacteria are the smallest cell-walled bacteria,
only recently discovered in human and cow blood
and commercial cell culture serum.
• Size: Nanobacteria are typically smaller than 200
nanometers in size, which is much smaller than
most bacteria.

9. Are nanobacteria real?
• There is controversy over whether nanobacteria are
actually living organisms or simply mineral formations.
• Some researchers believe that they are living organisms
that can cause disease, while others argue that they are
simply mineral particles

10. • Although nanobacteria have now been conclusively
shown to be nonliving nanoparticles crystallized
from common minerals and other materials in their
surroundings, these nanoentities may still play an
important role in human health.
"Too tiny for life"

11. The reproductive mechanisms of nanobacteria
"If they are indeed living organisms, remain a
subject of debate and uncertainty."
• Binary fission: Like typical bacteria, nanobacteria
may potentially reproduce through binary fission,
where a parent cell divides into two daughter
cells.

12. • Budding: Nanobacteria might reproduce through a
process called budding, where a smaller daughter
cell forms and eventually detaches from the parent
cell

13. • Calcium-dependent mechanisms: Some
researchers have suggested that nanobacteria may
utilize calcium as an essential component in their
reproductive process. They propose that calcium
minerals form around the nanobacteria, which then
undergo a reproductive cycle involving
mineralization and subsequent release of new
nanobacteria.

14. Features of nanobacteria
• Small size
• Calcium association
• Potential for pathogenesis

15. History of Nanobacteria
• In the1990s, researchers reported the presence of
tiny particles resembling bacteria that were smaller
than typical bacteria. These particles were named
nanobacteria due to their small size.
• Initial claims: Initial studies suggested that
nanobacteria were living organisms and could
cause various diseases, including kidney stones,
arterial calcification, and even conditions like
Alzheimer's disease.

16. Experimental challenges
• Studying nanobacteria has presented challenges
due to their small size, potential contamination,
and difficulties in culturing and characterizing
them.

17. Ongoing research
• The existence and significance of nanobacteria
continue to be topics of ongoing research and
debate. Some studies have provided evidence
supporting their existence as living organisms,
while others have questioned their nature and
proposed alternative explanations.

18. "It's important to note that the understanding and
recognition of nanobacteria have evolved over
time, and further research is needed to resolve the
controversies and gain a clearer understanding of
these tiny particles, if they indeed represent a
distinct biological entity"

19. Nanovirus
• The term "nanovirus" has been used to describe a
proposed group of plant viruses that were thought to
be smaller than other known viruses.
• Size: The size of nanoviruses is not well-defined, but
they are thought to be smaller than other known
viruses, with some researchers suggesting that they
may be as small as 20 nanometers in size.
• If nanoviruses do exist, they are thought to be plant
viruses that can cause a range of diseases in crops.

20. • Nanoviruses are a group of plant viruses belonging
to the family Nanoviridae. They are named "nano"
due to the small size of their genome components.
Nanoviruses are known for their unique
characteristics, including their segmented genome
structure and their dependence on helper
components for replication and movement within
plants.

21. Features of nanovirus
• Small Genome
• Segmented genome
• Dependence on Helper Components
• Insect Transmission
• Phloem-Limited Infection
• High Genetic Variation

22. History of nanovirus
• In the 1970s and 1980s, researchers studying plant diseases observed
certain viral agents that exhibited unique characteristics.
• These viruses were found to have a segmented genome structure and
were associated with the development of diseases in plants.
• In 1996, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
established the family Nanoviridae as a distinct taxonomic group for
these segmented plant viruses.
• This classification was based on their unique characteristics, including
the segmented genome structure and their dependence on helper
components for replication and movement.

23. Economic Impact
• Nanoviruses have been recognized as economically
important plant viruses due to their ability to cause
diseases and impact crop production. Infected
plants can experience stunting, leaf curling, and
reduced yield. The management and control of
nanovirus infections in agricultural settings have
been topics of research and practical consideration

24. Ongoing research on nanovirus
• Identification and characterization of new nanovirus
species
• Host-virus interactions:
• Insect vector transmission
• Diagnostic tools
• Disease control strategies

25. Economical importance of nano microrganisms
• Agriculture and Food Production: Microorganisms
play a crucial role in agriculture as they can
promote plant growth, enhance nutrient availability
in soil, and protect crops from pests and diseases.
• In food production, certain microorganisms are
used in fermentation processes for the production
of various food and beverage products.

26. • Biotechnology and Bioprocessing: Microorganisms
have been extensively utilized in biotechnological
applications
• . They are employed in the production of enzymes,
antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic proteins.
• Microbes are also used in bioremediation processes
to clean up environmental pollutants

27. • Industrial Processes: Many industrial processes rely
on microorganisms.
• For example, in the production of biofuels,
microorganisms are used to convert biomass into
bioethanol or biodiesel.
• Microorganisms are also involved in the production
of various chemicals, such as organic acids and
solvents

28. • Environmental and Waste Management:
Microorganisms play a vital role in the cycling of
nutrients in ecosystems, decomposition of organic
matter, and maintenance of environmental
balance.
• They are utilized in wastewater treatment plants
for the breakdown of organic pollutants and the
removal of contaminants

29. • Pharmaceuticals and Medicine: Microorganisms
have been the source of numerous antibiotics,
antiviral drugs, and other therapeutic agents used
in medicine.
• They are also used in the production of vaccines
and probiotics