This document lists 15 examples of logical fallacies and asks the reader to identify each fallacy. The examples cover common fallacies such as red herring, hasty generalization, slippery slope, straw man, false dichotomy, appeal to pity, and appeal to false authority.
Intro to the philosophy of the human person _ ch 2-2 dialectic method of phi...Ariel Gilbuena
This lesson aims to: define and explain the dialectic method of philosophizing,
compare the dialectic and Socratic methods of philosophizing;
distinguish an opinion from truth by analyzing the given situations, and
justify the validity of the statement "The dialectic method leads to wisdom and truth.”
Intro to the philosophy of the human person _ ch 2-2 dialectic method of phi...Ariel Gilbuena
This lesson aims to: define and explain the dialectic method of philosophizing,
compare the dialectic and Socratic methods of philosophizing;
distinguish an opinion from truth by analyzing the given situations, and
justify the validity of the statement "The dialectic method leads to wisdom and truth.”
Intro to the philosophy of the human person Chapter 1 the process of doing ...Ariel Gilbuena
This is my first lesson presentation in Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. If you like to watch my other presentation visit https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCltDbhOXh6r9FyYE52rWzCQ/playlists?shelf_id=18&view_as=subscriber&sort=dd&view=50
Intro to the philosophy of the human person ch 2-1 socratic method of philo...Ariel Gilbuena
Chapter 2 is about method of philosophizing. In this lesson the focus is on Socratic method. Do you want more related presentation? Visit our channel. Here is the link https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCltDbhOXh6r9FyYE52rWzCQ/playlists?shelf_id=18&view_as=subscriber&sort=dd&view=50
Intro to the philosophy of the human person Chapter 1 the process of doing ...Ariel Gilbuena
This is my first lesson presentation in Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. If you like to watch my other presentation visit https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCltDbhOXh6r9FyYE52rWzCQ/playlists?shelf_id=18&view_as=subscriber&sort=dd&view=50
Intro to the philosophy of the human person ch 2-1 socratic method of philo...Ariel Gilbuena
Chapter 2 is about method of philosophizing. In this lesson the focus is on Socratic method. Do you want more related presentation? Visit our channel. Here is the link https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCltDbhOXh6r9FyYE52rWzCQ/playlists?shelf_id=18&view_as=subscriber&sort=dd&view=50
PHIL 105-010January 26th, 2016Informal Fallacies.docxrandymartin91030
PHIL 105-010
January 26th, 2016
Informal Fallacies
Please Note
The examples of fallacies are given in italics.
The explanations are in plain text.
You are welcome to go online to look for more examples.
You will be tested on these fallacies.
There is a practice quiz at the end.
Informal Fallacies
Informal Fallacies are errors in informal or casual reasoning.
They are often committed in casual conversation.
But you can also find them in the media.
People are often unaware that they are committing an informal fallacy.
Committing an informal fallacy often reveals what our reality and value assumptions are.
#1 Fallacy of Composition
When the attribute of an individual or part of something is attributed to the whole or group.
The cells in my body are round; therefore my body is round.
False. The attribute of a cell (roundness) cannot be attributed to what those cells make up, i.e., the body.
The cup holder in my car is made of plastic; therefore, my car is made of plastic.
#2 Fallacy of Division
The opposite of the fallacy of composition.
The idea that an attribute of the whole can be applied to the individual parts of that whole.
Drexel is an old university; therefore, all the professors are old.
False. The attribute of the whole (Drexel is old) cannot be applied to what makes up Drexel (for example, the professors).
The earth is round; therefore, all earthlings are round.
#3 Circular Reasoning
When the conclusion you arrive at is actually already present in your premises (the ideas you believe support your conclusion).
It appears as if you are repeating yourself.
There’s only survival of the fittest because only the fittest survive.
What the Bible says is true because the Bible is true (or because the Bible says so).
#4 Loaded Question
When you ask someone a question to which there is no good answer and the other person cannot extricate themselves
Have you stopped beating your wife yet?
If you says yes, you are still beating your wife.
If you say no, it means you admit to once beating your wife.
There is no way to win.
Are you stoned or stupid?
These are usually rhetorical questions.
#5 Naturalistic Fallacy
That because something is the case in nature it ought to be the case, usually among humans.
This is taking a reality assumption and converting it into a value assumption.
Swans are monogamous; therefore, humans should be monogamous.
Bonobos are promiscuous; therefore, humans should be promiscuous.
Fish swim; therefore, humans should swim.
#6 cum hoc ergo propter hoc
Also known as “correlation = causation”
However, correlation does not equal causation
Children who wear big shoes also have good handwriting. Therefore, wearing big shoes causes good handwriting.
No, wearing big shoes does NOT cause good handwriting. These things are merely correlated.
This is how superstitions can start.
Because I wore those red socks, I hit the home run. Those are my lucky red socks.
#7 Fallacy of Accident.
1. As part of his work for NASA, Dr. Murdock was asked to findsandibabcock
1
. As part of his work for NASA, Dr. Murdock was asked to find out what percentage of people in the continental united States saw Haley’s Comet when it was last visible. He randomly selected three major cities, Seattle, Cleveland, and Boston, and polled 1000 randomly selected people from these cities. He finds that fewer than 5% of the people he interviewed saw the comet, so he concludes that fewer than 5% of people in the continental United States saw the comet. Discuss whether Murdock is using a generalization or an analogy, name the sample and the target, and discuss whether there are any fallacies present in the argument (if so, why; if not, why not?).
2. In 1935, in order to get newspapers to subscribe to his weekly polls, George Gallup promised he would predict the winner of the 1936 presidential election. He actually guaranteed the newspapers that were subscribing to his poll that if he was wrong, he would refund all their money. And that was just part of the bet. Gallup also guaranteed that he would predict the percentages more accurately than the leading poll of the day, conducted by the Literary Digest magazine. The Literary Digest poll had picked the winner in every presidential election since 1916. The Digest poll was conducted on a vast scale. A staff of several thousand workers stuffed ballots into envelopes, in some years as many as 20 million of them. The ballots were mailed to names polled from automobile registration lists and telephone directories. The assumption was that the more people you interview, of course you’re going to get closer to the truth. But the method George Gallup relied on was called quota sampling. The idea was to canvass groups of people who were representative of the electorate. Gallup sent out hundreds of interviewers across the country, each of whom was given quotas for different types of respondents; so many middle-class urban women, so many lower-class rural men, and so on. Gallup’s team conducted some 3,000 interviews, but nowhere near the 10 million polled that year by the Literary Digest. Who is going to correctly predict the winner of the 1936 presidential election, the Literary Digest or George Gallup? Explain your answer by discussing the methodology of each pollster, and by using the terminology provided to you in chapter 10.
3. As Bob is driving on an exit off the freeway, he comes to a stop light and sees a homeless man asking people for spare change. “See, he’s a perfect example of why we shouldn’t be giving welfare benefits to the homeless,” Bob mutters to his wife. “He’s too lazy to get a job, but he’s healthy enough to beg people for their hard-earned money all day long.” What are the sample and the target in Bob’s argument? Are there any inductive fallacies present in Bob’s reasoning? If so, explain why. If not, explain why not.
4. The National Rifle Association’s website conducted a poll of gun owners in America, asking whether the respondents are opposed to gun-control laws. 2000 ...
The Black Balloon Essay. The review on The Black Balloon Essay Example Topic...Gina Sage
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As part of his work for NASA, Dr. Murdock was asked to find out wh.docxwildmandelorse
As part of his work for NASA, Dr. Murdock was asked to find out what percentage of people in the continental united States saw Haley's Comet when it was last visible. He randomly selected three major cities, Seattle, Cleveland, and Boston, and polled 1000 randomly selected people from these cities. He finds that fewer than 5% of the people he interviewed saw the comet, so he concludes that fewer than 5% of people in the continental United States saw the comet. Discuss whether Murdock is using a generalization or an analogy, name the sample and the target, and discuss whether there are any fallacies present in the argument (if so, why; if not, why not?).
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In 1935, in order to get newspapers to subscribe to his weekly polls, George Gallup promised he would predict the winner of the 1936 presidential election. He actually guaranteed the newspapers that were subscribing to his poll that if he was wrong, he would refund all their money. And that was just part of the bet. Gallup also guaranteed that he would predict the percentages more accurately than the leading poll of the day, conducted by the Literary Digest magazine. The Literary Digest poll had picked the winner in every presidential election since 1916. The Digest poll was conducted on a vast scale. A staff of several thousand workers stuffed ballots into envelopes, in some years as many as 20 million of them. The ballots were mailed to names polled from automobile registration lists and telephone directories. The assumption was that the more people you interview, of course you're going to get closer to the truth. But the method George Gallup relied on was called quota sampling. The idea was to canvass groups of people who were representative of the electorate. Gallup sent out hundreds of interviewers across the country, each of whom was given quotas for different types of respondents; so many middle-class urban women, so many lower-class rural men, and so on. Gallup's team conducted some 3,000 interviews, but nowhere near the 10 million polled that year by the Literary Digest. Who is going to correctly predict the winner of the 1936 presidential election, the Literary Digest or George Gallup? Explain your answer by discussing the methodology of each pollster, and by using the terminology provided to you in chapter 10.
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As Bob is driving on an exit off the freeway, he comes to a stop light and sees a homeless man asking people for spare change. “See, he’s a perfect example of why we shouldn’t be giving welfare benefits to the homeless,” Bob mutters to his wife. “He’s too lazy to get a job, but he’s healthy enough to beg people for their hard-earned money all day long.” What are the sample and the target in Bob’s argument? Are there any inductive fallacies present in Bob’s r.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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2. Can you name this Fallacy? 1) It is ridiculous to have spent thousands of dollars to rescue those two whales trapped in the Arctic ice. Why look at all the people trapped in jobs they don’t like. RED HERRING
3. Can you name this Fallacy? 2) Plagiarism is deceitful because it is dishonest. BEGGING THE QUESTION
4. Can you name this Fallacy? 3) Water fluoridation affects the brain. Citywide, student’s test scores began to drop five months after fluoridation began. POST HOC ERGO PROCTOR HOC
5. Can you name this Fallacy? 4) I know three redheads who have terrible tempers, and since Annabel has red hair, I’ll bet she has a terrible temper too. HASTY GENERALIZATION
6. Can you name this Fallacy? 5) Supreme Court Justice Byron White was an All-American football player while in college, so how can you say that athletes are dumb? HASTY GENERALIZATION
7. Can you name this Fallacy? 6) Why should we put people on trial when we know they are guilty? BEGGING THE QUESTION
8. Can you name this Fallacy? 7) You support capital punishment just because you want an “eye for an eye,” but I have several good reasons to believe that capital punishment is fundamentally wrong… STRAW MAN
9. Can you name this Fallacy? 8) The meteorologist predicted the wrong amount of rain for May. Obviously the meteorologist is unreliable. HASTY GENERALIZATION
10. Can you name this Fallacy? 9) You know Jane Fonda’s exercise video’s must be worth the money. Look at the great shape she’s in. POST HOC (false cause)
11. Can you name this Fallacy? 10) We have to stop the tuition increase! The next thing you know, they'll be charging $40,000 a semester! SLIPPERY SLOPE
12. Can you name this Fallacy? 11) The book Investing for Dummies really helped me understand my finances better. The book Chess for Dummies was written by the same author, was published by the same press, and costs about the same amount, so it would probably help me understand my finances as well. WEAK ANALOGY
13. Can you name this Fallacy? 12) Look, you are going to have to make up your mind. Either you decide that you can afford this stereo, or you decide you are going to do without music for a while. FALSE DICHOTOMY (Dilemma)
14. Can you name this Fallacy? 13) I'm positive that my work will meet your requirements. I really need the job since my grandmother is sick. APPEAL TO PITY
15. Can you name this Fallacy? 14) Crimes of theft and robbery have been increasing at an alarming rate lately. The conclusion is obvious, we must reinstate the death penalty immediately. MISSING THE POINT
16. Can you name this Fallacy? 15) I'm not a doctor, but I play one on the hit series "Bimbos and Studmuffins in the OR." You can take it from me that when you need a fast acting, effective and safe pain killer there is nothing better than MorphiDope 2000. That is my considered medical opinion. APPEAL TO FALSE AUTHORITY
