Here are a few reasons why learning about specific fallacies is valuable: 1. It helps you identify faulty reasoning. Being able to name a fallacy helps recognize when an argument uses flawed or deceptive logic. 2. It improves critical thinking skills. Understanding different types of fallacies makes you better equipped to carefully evaluate arguments and detect weaknesses. 3. It enhances communication. Knowing fallacies allows you to avoid using flawed reasoning yourself and clearly explain issues in arguments to others. 4. It benefits decision making. Fallacies can distort facts and mislead conclusions. Recognizing them helps make well-informed judgments and prevent bad decisions. 5. It cultivates intellectual humility. Learning our own tendencies towards

4. FALLACIES

5. FALLACIES
What are fallacies?
false statements or
arguments

6. FALLACIES
Dicto Simpliciter
an argument based on an
unqualified generalization
1.Exercise is good. Therefore,
everybody should exercise.
2.The things you learn in school
don’t have anything to do with
life.

7. FALLACIES
Dicto Simpliciter
an argument based on an
unqualified generalization
FORMULA
= starts with a statement that is
true for some cases but not all
= applied to all cases

8. FALLACIES
Hasty Generalization
a conclusion reached with too
few instances as support
1.You can’t speak French. He can’t
speak French. No one can speak
French.
2.We’ve had five good dates. We’re
well-matched.

9. FALLACIES
Hasty Generalization
a conclusion reached with too
few instances as support
FORMULA
= starts with the statement of at
least two cases
= proceeds with the cases being
applied to other cases

10. FALLACIES
Post Hoc
faulty cause-and-effect
relationship
1.It rains every time Bill
comes. Bill causes the
rain.

11. FALLACIES
Post Hoc
faulty cause-and-effect
relationship
FORMULA
= event 1 takes place before event
2
= event 1 is said to cause event 2

12. FALLACIES
Contradictory Premises
premises of an argument that
contradict each other
1.God can do everything, so He can
make a stone so heavy He can’t lift
it.
irresistible force:
immovable object

13. FALLACIES
Contradictory Premises
premises of an argument that
contradict each other
FORMULA
= two truths are given; the truths
are true on different levels
= the two truths are made to
contradict

14. FALLACIES
Ad Misericordiam
an appeal to emotions rather
than reason
1.A man’s qualifications for a job
are his unfortunate
circumstances.
2.You are the whole world to me,
the moon and the stars…

15. FALLACIES
Ad Misericordiam
an appeal to emotions rather
than reason
FORMULA
= an emotional situation is
given
= the listener is swayed to lose

16. FALLACIES
False Analogy
comparisons between two
completely different things
1.Students should be allowed to look
at books because professionals are.
2.Dating is like a cake; you don’t have
to eat a whole cake to know it’s
good.

17. FALLACIES
False Analogy
comparisons between two
completely different things
FORMULA
= the situation in one case is given
= the situation is likened or
applied to a completely different
case

18. FALLACIES
Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
• there is a factual error in the
statement
1.Radium would not be discovered if
Madame Curie had not been
careless. If not for this, radium
wouldn’t have been discovered.
2.You wouldn’t learn about fallacies
if not for me. Be thankful to me.

19. FALLACIES
Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
• there is a factual error in the
statement
FORMULA
= an untrue statement is given
= a conclusion, either true or
untrue, is made based on the
false statement

20. FALLACIES
Poisoning the Well
unfair judgment
1.My opponent is a notorious
liar. You can’t believe him.
2.You can’t go out with Petey
Bellows who is a liar, a
cheat, and a rat.

21. FALLACIES
Poisoning the Well
unfair judgment
FORMULA
= something negative is
attributed
= another negative trait is
unjustifiably attributed based

22. FALLACIES

23. Every time I pray the rosary the night
before cards are given, I don’t get a
grade lower than 88. I’ll always pray
the rosary, so I will always get 2nd
honors.
A.Post Hoc
B.Ad Misericordiam
C.Contradictory Premises
D.Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
E.No Fallacy

24. Every time I pray the rosary the night
before cards are given, I don’t get a
grade lower than 88. I’ll always pray
the rosary, so I will always get 2nd
honors.
A.Post Hoc
B.Ad Misericordiam
C.Contradictory Premises
D.Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
E.No Fallacy

25. I’ve had to change phones twice this year
because my Nokia phones keep conking
out. When I buy another phone, I’ll make
sure that it won’t be a Nokia because
Nokia phones are of poor quality.
A.No Fallacy
B.False Analogy
C.Ad Misericordiam
D.Dicto Simpliciter
E.Hasty Generalization

26. I’ve had to change phones twice this year
because my Nokia phones keep conking
out. When I buy another phone, I’ll make
sure that it won’t be a Nokia because
Nokia phones are of poor quality.
A.No Fallacy
B.False Analogy
C.Ad Misericordiam
D.Dicto Simpliciter
E.Hasty Generalization

27. The suspect should be set free
because his wife just died, and
there is no one left to take care of
his three-year-old kid.
A.False Analogy
B.Ad Misericordiam
C.Poisoning the Well
D.Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
E.No Fallacy

28. The suspect should be set free
because his wife just died, and
there is no one left to take care of
his three-year-old kid.
A.False Analogy
B.Ad Misericordiam
C.Poisoning the Well
D.Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
E.No Fallacy

29. Science has proven that energy is never
created nor destroyed, but simply
transformed from one form to another.
Therefore, the government is wrong to
say we’re wasting energy each day.
A.False Analogy
B.No Fallacy
C.Ad Misericordiam
D.Poisoning the Well
E.Contradictory Premises

30. Science has proven that energy is never
created nor destroyed, but simply
transformed from one form to another.
Therefore, the government is wrong to
say we’re wasting energy each day.
A.False Analogy
B.No Fallacy
C.Ad Misericordiam
D.Poisoning the Well
E.Contradictory Premises

31. I am 17. During the interaction, I found
out that more than half of the Povedans
on their junior year are 16. From then on,
I started believing that majority of the
Povedans in that batch are younger.
A.Ad Misericordiam
B.Post Hoc
C.No Fallacy
D.Hasty Generalization
E.Hypothesis Contrary to Fact

32. I am 17. During the interaction, I found
out that more than half of the Povedans
on their junior year are 16. From then on,
I started believing that majority of the
Povedans in that batch are younger.
A.Ad Misericordiam
B.Post Hoc
C.No Fallacy
D.Hasty Generalization
E.Hypothesis Contrary to Fact

33. Water, no matter how filthy, is made to
undergo filtration to be used again.
Therefore, the leftover food for
segregation should be reheated and
resold to conserve precious resources.
A.Post Hoc
B.False Analogy
C.Dicto Simpliciter
D.Ad Misericordiam
E.No Fallacy

34. Water, no matter how filthy, is made to
undergo filtration to be used again.
Therefore, the leftover food for
segregation should be reheated and
resold to conserve precious resources.
A.Post Hoc
B.False Analogy
C.Dicto Simpliciter
D.Ad Misericordiam
E.No Fallacy

35. The student’s claim that he did not
cheat in the exams should not be
believed because nothing truthful
has ever come out of that student’s
mouth.
A.No Fallacy
B.Post Hoc
C.False Analogy
D.Dicto Simpliciter
E.Poisoning the Well

36. The student’s claim that he did not
cheat in the exams should not be
believed because nothing truthful
has ever come out of that student’s
mouth.
A.No Fallacy
B.Post Hoc
C.False Analogy
D.Dicto Simpliciter
E.Poisoning the Well

37. Philippine education is poor.
Therefore, Xaverians receive low
quality education.
A.Post Hoc
B.False Analogy
C.Dicto Simpliciter
D.No Fallacy
E.Hypothesis Contrary to Fact

38. Philippine education is poor.
Therefore, Xaverians receive low
quality education.
A.Post Hoc
B.False Analogy
C.Dicto Simpliciter
D.No Fallacy
E.Hypothesis Contrary to Fact

39. Xavier School is strictly for
students with some Chinese blood.
Therefore, Filipinos are not at all
welcome in Xavier School.
A.Post Hoc
B.False Analogy
C.Dicto Simpliciter
D.No Fallacy
E.Hypothesis Contrary to Fact

40. Xavier School is strictly for
students with some Chinese blood.
Therefore, Filipinos are not at all
welcome in Xavier School.
A.Post Hoc
B.False Analogy
C.Dicto Simpliciter
D.No Fallacy
E.Hypothesis Contrary to Fact

41. All men have a Y chromosome.
Therefore, if I encounter a male,
he has a Y chromosome.
A.Ad Misericordiam
B.Poisoning the Well
C.Contradictory Premises
D.No Fallacy
E.Hypothesis Contrary to Fact

42. All men have a Y chromosome.
Therefore, if I encounter a male,
he has a Y chromosome.
A.Ad Misericordiam
B.Poisoning the Well
C.Contradictory Premises
D.No Fallacy
E.Hypothesis Contrary to Fact

43. FALLACIES
What is the value in
learning the fallacies?
Isn’t it enough to know
if something is a fallacy
or not?