Logical Fallacies Basics
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This document introduces logical fallacies and their types. It defines a logical fallacy as a flawed argument that can damage credibility. Fallacies are divided into categories including relevance, components, ambiguity, and omission. Examples are given such as bandwagon appeals, slippery slopes, stacking the deck, and division. The document encourages students to develop skills in identifying fallacies in writing and arguments. Class activities are suggested to find examples of fallacies in media and presentations.
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Fallacies
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2. It improves critical thinking skills. Understanding different types of fallacies makes you better equipped to carefully evaluate arguments and detect weaknesses.
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- Division fallacy: Concluding that parts of a whole must share the whole's characteristics. Critics assuming an actor will be great due to his family's movie background is given.
- Non sequitur: When premises have no logical connection to the conclusion, like an advertisement linking eyebrow dancing to chocolate.
- Red herring: Introducing an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the original issue.
9 Logical Fallacies
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1. Over-generalization - Drawing too broad a conclusion from limited facts
2. Arguing in circles - Repeating an argument without evidence instead of supporting it
3. Black and white thinking - Presenting issues as having only two alternatives when more exist
4. Red herring - Introducing irrelevant topics to divert attention from the original issue
5. Loaded questions - Questions that assume unproven facts or opinions
6. Statistical fallacies - Misusing statistics to misrepresent rather than describe
7. Faulty causal relationship - Assuming correlation implies causation
8. Misleading comparisons - Inappropriately comparing different people or situations
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Non sequitur
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This document defines logical fallacies and common types of fallacious arguments. It explains that an argument consists of premises and a conclusion, and fallacies occur when arguments fail in certain ways. Sixteen specific fallacies are described, including hasty generalization, slippery slope, appeal to authority, straw man, and equivocation. The document concludes with tips for preventing fallacious reasoning such as arguing against oneself and fairly characterizing opposing arguments.
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This document lists 15 examples of logical fallacies and asks the reader to identify each fallacy. The examples cover common fallacies such as red herring, hasty generalization, slippery slope, straw man, false dichotomy, appeal to pity, and appeal to false authority.
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The document discusses different types of fallacies, or flawed reasoning, in arguments. It describes formal/logical fallacies that violate rules of logic, such as fallacies of definition, division, and categorical syllogism. It also discusses informal/material fallacies arising from ambiguous language or faulty assumptions, including fallacies of equivocation, composition, and presumption. In total, it provides classifications and examples for over 20 different fallacies that can undermine the validity of an argument.
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The document discusses different types of fallacies, or flawed arguments. It begins by defining a fallacy as an argument that uses poor reasoning, whether or not the conclusion is true. Fallacies can be formal, stemming from logical flaws, or informal. The document then examines different types of formal and informal fallacies identified by Aristotle, Richard Whately, and others. It provides examples of intentional and unintentional fallacies, as well as deductive fallacies. Specific fallacies like appeal to pity, scare tactics, and two wrongs making a right are explored in more depth.
Common Fallacies In Advertising Powerpoint
This document defines common fallacies in advertising and provides examples of each. It discusses 9 different types of fallacies: ad hominem, appeal to emotions, false dilemma, appeal to the people, scare tactic, false cause, hasty generalization, red herring, and traditional wisdom. For each fallacy type, it explains what the fallacy is and provides a brief example. The document concludes by stating that readers will work in groups to identify which fallacies are used in different advertisements.
Logical fallacies in Advertisement
This anti-smoking ad portrays grim reaper figures representing smoking as they go about their daily activities, implying that smoking is akin to inviting death into one's life. The ad warns that smoking is not just self-harm but harms others through secondhand smoke. It encourages viewers to visit TobaccoFreeCA.com for more information on the dangers of smoking and secondhand smoke.
Fallacies
Here are a few reasons why learning about specific fallacies is valuable:
1. It helps you identify faulty reasoning. Being able to name a fallacy helps recognize when an argument uses flawed or deceptive logic.
2. It improves critical thinking skills. Understanding different types of fallacies makes you better equipped to carefully evaluate arguments and detect weaknesses.
3. It enhances communication. Knowing fallacies allows you to avoid using flawed reasoning yourself and clearly explain issues in arguments to others.
4. It benefits decision making. Fallacies can distort facts and mislead conclusions. Recognizing them helps make well-informed judgments and prevent bad decisions.
5. It cultivates intellectual humility. Learning our own tendencies towards
Fallacies
This document defines and provides examples of various types of logical fallacies. It discusses fallacies of definition such as defining a term too widely or narrowly. It also covers formal fallacies related to syllogisms, including four term, ambiguous middle, fallacy of accident, and composition/division. Other fallacies discussed include equivocation, irrelevant conclusion, begging the question, and various ways of evading the issue through attacks on character or appeals to emotion.
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This document defines and discusses different types of arguments and logical fallacies. It begins by defining deductive and inductive arguments, and explaining how to identify them based on language used. Common types of deductive and inductive arguments are then outlined. The document also discusses the concepts of validity, soundness, and strength as they relate to arguments. Finally, it provides detailed descriptions and examples of many common logical fallacies, categorizing them as fallacies of relevance, weak induction, ambiguity, analogy, or formal fallacies.
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This document defines and provides examples of various logical fallacies:
- Two wrongs make a right fallacy: Justifying a wrong action by pointing to another similar wrong action. Zidane headbutting an opponent who insulted his sister is given as an example.
- Division fallacy: Concluding that parts of a whole must share the whole's characteristics. Critics assuming an actor will be great due to his family's movie background is given.
- Non sequitur: When premises have no logical connection to the conclusion, like an advertisement linking eyebrow dancing to chocolate.
- Red herring: Introducing an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the original issue.
9 Logical Fallacies
The document outlines 9 common logical fallacies:
1. Over-generalization - Drawing too broad a conclusion from limited facts
2. Arguing in circles - Repeating an argument without evidence instead of supporting it
3. Black and white thinking - Presenting issues as having only two alternatives when more exist
4. Red herring - Introducing irrelevant topics to divert attention from the original issue
5. Loaded questions - Questions that assume unproven facts or opinions
6. Statistical fallacies - Misusing statistics to misrepresent rather than describe
7. Faulty causal relationship - Assuming correlation implies causation
8. Misleading comparisons - Inappropriately comparing different people or situations
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Common fallacies in_advertising_powerpoint
This document defines common fallacies in advertising and provides examples of each. It discusses 9 different types of fallacies: ad hominem, appeal to emotions, false dilemma, appeal to the people, scare tactic, false cause, hasty generalization, red herring, and traditional wisdom. For each fallacy it gives a definition and example to illustrate how it can be used incorrectly in arguments and advertisements to manipulate people. The document suggests that fallacies are prevalent in many advertisements and aims to help people identify and understand common logical fallacies.
Student example analysis complete
The document analyzes techniques used in several student films. It discusses the use of red herrings, concealed images of characters, jump cuts, point of view shots, lighting, sound effects, mysteries around the identity of killers, and other techniques to build suspense, tension, and keep audiences confused about what is happening. Multiple films employ techniques like never revealing the killer's identity, limited dialogue, timers adding a sense of urgency, and flashbacks to enhance the thriller and mysterious elements of the stories.
Evaluation question 2
The document discusses how the media product represents various social groups through the use of stereotypes in its opening scene. The first killing adheres closely to stereotypes by having a mysterious male killer and a scared female victim. However, the second killing challenges stereotypes by having an upper-class male killer and a lower-class teenage female victim. By starting with stereotypes and then challenging them, the film keeps the audience engaged by surprising them while still maintaining understandability. The killers are also portrayed as working as a team, while the victims are isolated, further playing with stereotypes. The film is set in Suffolk, and represents it as both isolated and dangerous, challenging stereotypes of it being a safe rural area.
Dennis stevens response
This document critiques presentations that use "red herrings" to argue for agile over traditional project management approaches. It asserts that many criticisms of traditional approaches actually represent examples of bad project management practices, not limitations of the approach. The document recommends focusing on established processes for areas like problem detection, continuous improvement, and lessons learned rather than presented conjectures. It concludes that for agile to be taken seriously by business leaders, it needs to demonstrate how it improves established processes and show value in quantifiable business terms rather than anecdotal experiences.
Non sequitur
Non sequitur refers to a statement that does not logically follow from a previous statement. Examples include claiming that buying a cell phone will make people love you, ordering someone to obey because they are your spouse, and concluding that cows can jump over the moon based on the facts that cows graze and see the moon at night.
Week 7 faulty reasoning - teacher version
This document discusses different types of fallacies, or flaws in reasoning, that can undermine arguments. It outlines two main categories of fallacies: fallacies of relevance, where the premises are irrelevant to the conclusion; and fallacies of insufficient evidence, where the premises do not provide enough support. Specific fallacies of relevance discussed include appealing to a claim's origin (genetic fallacy), attacking the person making the claim rather than the claim itself (ad hominem), rejecting an argument because the person fails to practice what they preach (tu quoique), comparing an action to another wrong action to justify it (two wrongs make a right), assuming a claim is true because many people believe it (appeal to popularity), assuming
Logical Fallacies
The document discusses 5 common logical fallacies: name-calling, either/or, hasty generalization, cause and effect, and loaded language. It provides examples of each fallacy and how they appear in news stories and political rhetoric. The purpose is to help identify and avoid using flawed reasoning techniques in arguments and conclusions.
Skepticism at work - Logical Fallacies. ASQ Buffalo
http://asqbuffalo.org
We should only believe things for which there is adequate evidence. But what evidence is adequate? We decide based on our experiences, beliefs, judgments, and reasoning. However, we often commit logical fallacies (errors in reasoning). When this happens either sound evidence is rejected or questionable evidence is accepted while leaving us feeling that we have made the right decision. Recognizing these errors can help us avoid making wrong decisions and promote data based decision making.
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The document discusses different types of logical fallacies, providing examples of each. It begins by defining a fallacy as a defect in reasoning according to Louis Vaughn's book The Power of Critical Thinking. Common fallacies discussed include the genetic fallacy, ad hominem, and appeal to tradition. Examples are given for each. The document also discusses how fallacies are used frequently in everyday arguments and discussions to influence opinions.
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Appeal to the People (Bandwagon) - Claiming that something is true just because many people
believe it is. Example: Everybody buys this product, so it must be the best one.
Faulty Appeal to Authority - Using research without naming the source, such as, "Many researchers
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this mole was cancerous. He said “No” so I do not need to get it checked out.
Proof by Lack of Evidence (Burden of Proof) - Asserting something is true just because there is no
evidence it's false. Example: UFO’s exist because no one has ever been able to prove they don’t.
Innuendo – Making a claim without actually making the claim. Example:
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large home.
Fake Dilemma (Black and White) – Presenting two alternative states as the only possibilities, when in
fact there are more. Example: "You are either for the U.S. or against the U.S." doesn't allow for neutral
countries.
Naturalistic Fallacy (Appeal to Nature) - Making the argument because something is “natural”, it is
therefore valid, good or the way it’s supposed to be. Example: This product uses all natural ingredients
therefore it’s the only one on the market you should buy.
Circular Reasoning (Begging the Question) – Using the statement to prove the conclusion and the
conclusion to prove the statement. Example: The word of Zorbo the Great is flawless and perfect. We know this
because it says so in The Great and Infallible Book of Zorbo's Best and Most Truest Things that are Definitely True and
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Overgeneralization – Asserting something is an entire class of things when it may not be true for all
members of the class. Example: Beth is a Psychology student and shy is shy, therefore all psychology
students are shy.
False Analogy (Slippery Slope) – Making a false or misleading analogy. Example: Colin Closet asserts
that if we allow same-sex couples to marry, then the next thing we know we'll be allowing people to marry their
parents, their cars and even monkeys.
Jumping to Conclusions – Drawing conclusions with little evidence. Example: My son is crying, you
must have taken his toy.
Being Unrealistic – Using only information in an unrealistic manner. Example: The candidates just all
graduated from college… therefore they should not take a job for less than 6 figures.
Verbal Fallacies (Ambiguity) – Accenting, omitting, or misusing certain words to influence or mislead
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As with all writing, be sure to include citations if you use information from any source to avoid plagiarism.
It is always necessary to give the author credit. In addition, please make sure to include a reference page. If you need assistance, please use the APA Quick Reference Guide in the Course Home Page or visit the Kaplan University Writing Center.
The viewpoint and purpose of this assignment should be clearly established and sustained and should follow the conventions of Standard American English (correct grammar, punctuation, etc.). Your writing should be well ordered, logical and unified, as well as original and insightful. Your work should display superior content, organization, style, and mechanics. More details can be found in the GEL-1.1 Universal Writing Rubric.
Your paper should include:
Title Page
Main body of the paper (3-5 pages)
Reference page
Correct APA formatting for in-paper cites
You should follow these formatting guidelines in your paper
.
Unit Lesson Key Terms 1. Capitalism 2. Communism 3..docx
Unit Lesson
Key Terms
1. Capitalism
2. Communism
3. Democracy
4. Egocentric-blindness
5. Egocentric-hypocrisy
6. Egocentric-memory
7. Egocentric-myopia
8. Egocentric oversimplification
9. Egocentric righteousness
10. Egocentric-submission
11. Oligarchy
12. Patriotism
13. Plutocracy
14. Socialism
15. Terrorism
Informal Logical Fallacies
An integral portion of critical thinking is learning about informal logical fallacies that vitiate many
arguments and ideas that surround us. A logical fallacy is a mistake in reasoning that invalidates the
claims that someone else is making. Fallacious reasoning is false reasoning. It often mimics logical
argumentation in subtle ways. Certain varieties of fallacious reasoning are so prevalent that they have
been given names. Many of the informal logical fallacies have Latin names because many of them were
identified during the medieval period. Learning these names is merely the beginning of understanding
how to recognize them and combat them in your personal life. It takes hours of work and experience in
order to recognize these fallacies off the cuff. Hopefully, this lecture will give students initial insight into
some of these fallacies. There are many online resources for fallacies that students can go to for more
in-depth analysis, examples, and descriptions of some of the less common fallacies. Our discussion will
focus on those fallacies that are most common in the hope that this analysis will allow students to
understand the foundations of the most common forms of fallacious reasoning.
Scapegoating
In the Old Testament (Leviticus 16), the high priest of Israel would symbolically lay the sins of the whole
nation of Israel on the head of a goat and this goat would then be cast off into the wilderness. This goat
would carry the sins of the people of Israel off to a place far away from those who actually committed
the sins. Scapegoating is laying blame for a problem in society on the heads of a specific group of
people. The scapegoater blames everything on a specific group for no logical reason. This group often
has few connections to those problems. However, those who scapegoat care little for logical thinking in
relation to problems. Groups that have been scapegoated in the United States include minorities,
women, illegal immigrants, gay people, Christians, Muslims, political leaders, etc (insert group here). It is
easy to blame a group of people for the problems in a society. However, unless there are sound reasons
to believe that those problems are caused by that group, then one is merely scapegoating.
Argumentum Ad Baculum (Scare Tactics)
Scare tactics involve playing on another’s fear in order to get that person to do something or believe
something to be true. Students often confuse this fallacy with appeal to emotion (to come later).
However, when someone uses scare tactics, you are appealing only to one emotion: fear. This form of ...
Eng112.Jan13
The document summarizes the agenda and assignments for an English literature class. It includes discussions on WordPress blogs, critical reading techniques, and the short story "Me Talk Pretty One Day" by David Sedaris. It also outlines the requirements for Inquiry #1, which involves blogging and writing an essay applying concepts from "Mother Tongue" by Amy Tan to understand how language shapes identity. Students are asked to critically read Tan's piece and post a blog entry analyzing themes of language and identity within the story.
Logical Fallacies 18-05-2020.pptx
This document discusses logical fallacies and how to identify them. It begins by defining logical fallacies as common errors in reasoning that undermine the logic of an argument. It then explains key fallacies such as ad hominem, non sequitur, and slippery slope. The document provides examples of each fallacy type and emphasizes the importance of recognizing fallacies in order to craft strong arguments and evaluate counterarguments. It concludes with guidance on identifying fallacies in one's own writing.
4BIOL 3251 Writing Assignment 2 – Introduction and Hypothesis .docx
4
BIOL 3251 Writing Assignment 2 – Introduction and Hypothesis
The entirety of the assignment is to help you construct polished and professional text for the introduction and hypothesis (red rectange] that you can use for your poster. You will get feedback from peers and your instructor. All parts of this assignment should be uploaded to the Writing Assignment 2 Dropbox on D2L.
Initial Draft
· This should be about 1 typed page, not including Literature Cited or any figures (diagrams or graphs).
· Your initial draft is due at Sunday June 15 at 9:00PM . Submit it to 2 places:
D2L dropbox for writing assignment 2
and
Discussion – Poster Introductions You will have to post your intro before you can review other’s.
· A rubric for this assignment is available on the Dropbox folder and the Grades section.
1. Begin by taking out a sheet of paper and brainstorming for 90 seconds. Scribble down everything you can think of about the gene, topic, treatment you’ve chosen – write down everything you can think of!!!
If you are struggling for ideas, in your initial NCBI search for your gene of interest, under the results by database, you may have seen “OMIM” This is the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database, and may link your gene of interest to human disease or conditions.
2. Now take a look at your brainstorm. Use circles or highlighter colors to group the words/concepts into broad groups. What broad concept or topic group could you use to get other people (your audience) interested in your topic? Begin with a 2-3 sentences about that broader topic or concept.
This section, and those that follow, also need references for any facts or concepts that are not common knowledge. If you have to look it up, it needs a reference. If a paper can be referenced in a journal, use that. Only use web addresses when there is no other source. Make sure you use “in text” citations AND a Literature Cited section according to the CSE style (name-year). Remember, you can visit the Writing Center for help on style and/or writing!
Example of “In text” citation for an introductory document:
F. psychrophilum is a pathogenic organism responsible for causing severe diseases in Oncorhynchus mykiss, rainbow trout (Rochat et al. 2017). This pathogen causes detrimental effects, including skin and muscle degeneration, to rainbow trout populations (Henriksen et al. 2014).
Literature Cited
Henriksen MMM, Madsen L, Dalsgaard I. 2013. Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on Immersion Challenge of Rainbow Trout Fry with Flavobacterium psychrophilum. PLoS ONE 8(4):35-42.
Rochat T, Fujiwara-Nagata E, Calvez S, Dalsgaard I, Madsen L, Calteau A, Lunazzi A, Nicolas P, Wiklund T, Bernardet J-F, et al. 2017. Genomic Characterization of Flavobacterium psychrophilum Serotypes and Development of a Multiplex PCR-Based Serotyping Scheme. Frontiers in Microbiology 8(2):236-238.
3. Use the next 4-5 sentences to bring in some relevant, but more scientific facts and details that y.
4BIOL 3251 Writing Assignment 2 – Introduction and Hypothesis .docx
The document provides guidance for students on drafting an introduction and hypothesis for a biology writing assignment. It includes tips for brainstorming topics, incorporating relevant scientific facts, leading into a specific research question, and ending with a clear hypothesis statement. Students are instructed to write an initial 1-page draft, submit it for peer review, and then provide a rebuttal letter addressing peer feedback along with a revised draft. The document emphasizes avoiding plagiarism and properly citing sources.
Hedging
The document discusses hedging, or cautious language, as a key feature of academic writing. It explains that hedging is useful when commenting on other researchers' work or discussing different studies, as it is difficult to be certain of all the evidence. It provides examples of hedging language and compares stronger and weaker claims. The document emphasizes that hedging allows for more precise writing while reflecting the writer's stance on the evidence, and too much hedging could undermine confidence, so a balance is important.
CHBEA Logical Fallacy.pptx
This document defines and provides examples of logical fallacies. It explains that a logical fallacy is an error in reasoning where the premises of an argument do not support its conclusion. There are two main types of fallacies: formal fallacies, which involve errors in the structure or form of the deductive argument, and informal fallacies, which involve mistakes in everyday language use like making assumptions or generalizations not supported by the evidence. Examples of each type of fallacy are given to illustrate invalid reasoning patterns.
Ash psy 302 week 1 exercise ethics in writing
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Ash psy 302 week 1 exercise ethics in writing
ash psy 302 week 1 discussion 1 career possibilities new,psy 302 week 1 discussion 2 career possibilities new,psy 302 week 1 exercise ethics in writing new,ash psy 302 week 1,psy 302 week 1,ash psy 302 week 1 tutorial,ash psy 302 week 1 assignment,ash psy 302 week 1 help
D17-EWRT 211
This document provides an agenda and instructions for an in-class essay assignment. Students will write a 5 paragraph essay identifying and explaining both a marginalization and privilege they have experienced personally. They will use specific examples from their own lives and discuss how they have responded to these experiences. The introduction will define marginalization and privilege and state the writer's thesis. Body paragraphs will provide examples of marginalization, privilege, and how the writer has responded. A conclusion will discuss insights gained and future actions. Homework involves outlining topics and examples for the essay.
For this assignment, I want you to take any four of the Logical Fall.docx
For this assignment, I want you to take any four of the Logical Fallacies from the list under "Midterm Quiz Materials" and explain how you have heard those fallacies used in real life. You may have used them yourself, heard a friend or family member use them, heard them used in class, or even on television or in a speech. Just explain to us what the circumstances were and what they said that you feel fits that particular Logical Fallacy. Do that for four different Fallacies from the list by 11:59 p.m. on Thursday, Feb. 22. Also, make one good comment on at least one other student's submission. You are welcome to comment on as many as you like, but I will only require one.
--
Logical Fallacies are statements that might sound reasonable or superficially true but are actually flawed or dishonest. When readers detect them, these logical fallacies backfire by making the audience think the writer is (a) unintelligent or (b) deceptive. It is important to avoid them in your own arguments, and it is also important to be able to spot them in others' arguments so a false line of reasoning won't fool you. Think of this as intellectual kung-fu: the vital art of self-defense in a debate..
Ad Hominem
, literally, "argument toward the man." Also called "Poisoning the Well": Attacking or praising the people who make an argument, rather than discussing the argument itself. This practice is fallacious because the personal character of an individual is logically irrelevant to the truth or falseness of the argument itself. The statement "2+2=4" is true regardless if it is stated by criminals, congressmen, or pastors. There are two subcategories:
(1) Abusive: To argue that proposals, assertions, or arguments must be false or dangerous because they originate with atheists, Christians, Muslims, communists, capitalists, the John Birch Society, Catholics, anti-Catholics, racists, anti-racists, feminists, misogynists (or any other group) is fallacious. This persuasion comes from irrational psychological transference rather than from an appeal to evidence or logic concerning the issue at hand. This is similar to the genetic fallacy, and only an anti-intellectual would argue otherwise.
(2) Circumstantial: To argue that an opponent should accept or reject an argument because of circumstances in his or her life. If one's adversary is a clergyman, suggesting that he should accept a particular argument because not to do so would be incompatible with the scriptures is such a fallacy. To argue that, because the reader is a Republican or Democrat, she must vote for a specific measure is likewise a circumstantial fallacy. The opponent's special circumstances have no control over the truth or untruth of a specific contention. The speaker or writer must find additional evidence beyond that to make a strong case. This is also similar to the genetic fallacy in some ways. If you are a college student who wants to learn rational thought, you simpl ...
1 Kaplan University College of Arts and Sciences .docx
1
Kaplan University College of Arts and Sciences
CE340 Unit 9 Assignment
Unit 9 Assignment: Case Study
Please read the following case study to learn more about Molly:
Molly is a kindergarten-age student with autism and significant expressive and receptive
language deficits. She is primarily echolalic and seldom uses her language spontaneously to
communicate with peers and teachers. She has a difficult time following directions and
transitioning from one activity to the next. Molly is very fearful of social situations and often
avoids social interactions. Molly spends the vast majority of her time on the playground alone
with little peer interaction. Molly engages in stereotypical behaviors such as hand flapping,
vocalizations, and eye gazing. She has been noted to slap herself in the head and has
recently begun slapping parents and teachers. Molly is noted to have a short attention span,
poor motor coordination, difficulty tying her shoes and managing snaps and buttons, and
sensory seeking needs.
Based on the above case study of Molly, you are going to write a 3-5 page informative essay
that analyzes how Molly’s communication, behavior, social skills, cognitive skills, and sensory
motor skills can be addressed in the classroom. This essay should include specific examples of
strategies, key professionals, services and environmental supports that would be beneficial for
Molly given her identified individual needs. Be sure to include the type of setting/environment
that would be most appropriate for Molly and be sure to address all five areas of need
(communication, behavior, social, cognitive, sensory-motor).
As with all writing, be sure to include citations if you use information from any source to avoid
plagiarism. It is always necessary to give the author credit. In addition, please make sure to
include a reference page. If you need assistance, please use the APA Quick Reference Guide
in the Course Home Page or visit the Kaplan University Writing Center.
The viewpoint and purpose of this assignment should be clearly established and sustained and
should follow the conventions of Standard American English (correct grammar, punctuation,
etc.). Your writing should be well ordered, logical and unified, as well as original and insightful.
Your work should display superior content, organization, style, and mechanics. More details
can be found in the GEL-1.1 Universal Writing Rubric.
Your paper should include:
Title Page
Main body of the paper (3-5 pages)
Reference page
Correct APA formatting for in-paper cites
You should follow these formatting guidelines in your paper:
CE340 Unit 9 Assignment
2
Use standard margins: 1’ on all sides
Use standard 12-point font size, Arial or Times New Roman
Use standard double-spacing
Be sure your text is left justified
Submitting Your Assignment
Put your assignment in a Word document. Save it in a ...
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Logical Fallacies Basics
- 1. Logical Fallacies Introduction and Activities
- 2. What is a logical fallacy? A fallacy is an error of reasoning. These are flawed statements that often sound true Logical fallacies are often used to strengthen an argument, but if the reader detects them the argument can backfire, and damage the writer’s credibility
- 3. Origins The word “fallacy” may derive from the Latin word fallere meaning, “to deceive, to trip, to lead into error or to trick.” The word may also derive from the Greek phelos, meaning “deceitful.”
- 4. Why study logical fallacies? It is important to develop logical fallacy detection skills in your own writing, as well as others’. Think of this as “intellectual kung-fu: the art of intellectual self defense.” (Logical Fallacies Handlist)
- 5. Types of Logical Fallacies The following slides will briefly explain various categories under which logical fallacies can be divided. Each slide contains one example from that category; please keep in mind there are many kinds of fallacies in each category. For a comprehensive list see the following website: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/general/gl_fallacies.html
- 6. Types of Logical Fallacies Fallacies of Relevance - These fallacies appeal to evidence or examples that are irrelevant to the argument at hand. - “Bandwagon Approach” - “It must be cool because everyone is doing it…”
- 7. Types of Logical Fallacies Component Fallacies - Component fallacies are errors in the process of reasoning. - “Slippery Slope” “If you don’t stop smoking cigarettes, then you are going to start shooting heroin.” - “Marijuana is the gateway drug.”
- 8. Types of Logical Fallacies Fallacies of Ambiguity - These errors occur with ambiguous (unclear) words or phrases. - Division: what is true of the whole, or the group, must be true of the parts, or the members - “I have so much homework to do, I won’t even try to get started.”
- 9. Types of Logical Fallacies Fallacies of Omission - Material is simply left out - “Stacking the Deck” - “It’s impossible to write a bad essay when there are such fantastic instructors in this department!”
- 10. More Fallacies Read Chapter 6 in The Well-Crafted Argument pg 175-182 On your own, visit the link below to explore the vast universe of logical fallacies! http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/general/gl_fallacies.html !
- 11. Classroom Activities (Using a printout of the Owl fallacy list) Logical fallacy roundup: in groups, search websites, newspapers, advertisements, etc. to find arguments that may contain logical fallacies. Present these to the class. Find two logical fallacies to share with the class
- 12. In conclusion, always be on the lookout for faulty reasoning! If you read this PowerPoint and completed some of the activities, you are a genius! Congratulations!