Naga is one of the Dhatus described in Rasashastra Dhatuvarga. Due to its smell it is again classified in Putiloha.

2. Introduction
• Included in - Dhatuvarga
in Putiloha
• Used since long time.
• Mentioned in yajurveda, yadnyavalka samhita,
Caraka & susruta samhita.

4. Vernacular Names
• Hindi : Sisa
• Bengali : Sise
• Gujarati : Sisu
• Marathi : Sisam
• Telgu : Sisamu
• Parsi : Usrup, surb
• Latin : Plumbum
• English :Lead

5. Synonyms
Sisa, Kutila,
Ahi, Pannaga,
Phani, Kari,
Uraga, Bhujanga,
Jada, Shita,
Yavaneshta, Yogishta,
Kuvanga, Paripishta, Vadhra,
Naganamakam, Shishaka,
Kuranga, Sindurakarana,

6. Naga in Samhita period
• Charaka used Naga for external application in
Mandal Kushtha (C.C 7/88)
• Sushruta subsumed it in Trapvadi Gana.
• Dalhana explains Naga in Avasadana
Gana.

7. Mythological origin
• It is the essence of Vasuki Naga, which was
emitted by seeing the beautiful daughter of
Bhoginaga.
• In this beautiful girl represents ‘Fire’, eighter
volcanic or jungle fire.
• Due to the low melting point of Naga, the
metal is separeted from the snake like veins of
ores of lead.

8. Types of Naga
• Rasarnavakara has mentioned that Naga is of
only one type.
• Other Acharyas have mentioned two types viz
नागं च द्विविधं प्रोक्तं कु मारं समलं तथा।
कु मारं रसकार्येषु र्योजनीर्यं गुणाधधकम ्॥BRS
• Kumara – good for alchemic & therapeutic
• Samala- considered as inferior

9. Grahya Naga
सुगौरिं मृदु स्ननग्धं छेदने मललनोज्िलम्।
बहि:श्र्यामं द्रुतद्रािं सीसकं जात्र्यमादीशेत ्॥RT
• Guru (heavy)
• Snigdha , Mridu (soft)
• malinojjwalam (Presents a black and bright
sectional surface)
• Bahih Krishnam (blackish surface)
• Drutadrava (Melts quickly),
• Mahabharam (Weighs heavy),
• Putigandha (bad odour)

10. Agrahya Naga
बहि:शुक्लं भारिीनं रुक्षं छेदे च ननष्प्प्रभम ्।
समलं कठीनद्रािं सीसकं िेर्यमाहदशेत्॥RT
• Bahihshuklam (whitish outer surface),
• Bharahinam (light weighted),
• Ruksha,
• Nishprabham chhede (dull sectional surface),
• Samalam (with impurities),
• Kathinadravam (hard to melt).

11. Ores
• Metallic lead does occur in nature, but it is
rare.
• found in ore with zinc, silver and (most
abundantly) copper, and is extracted together
with these metals.
• main lead mineral is galena (PbS) contains
86.6% lead.
• Also cerussite (PbCO3) & anglesite (PbSO4).

12. Availability
• 0.0013% of earth’s crust is made up of Lead.
• It is obtained from 3 main countries-
• Australia, China and US.
• In India, lead is smelted from mines situated
at Udaipur, Bihar and Andhra Pradesha

13. • Flame Test of Naga: gives Dhumravarna flame
on strong heating.
• Graha Relation :related to Budha Graha.
• Loss when placed in Agni: 8% (र्या.सं.)

14. Ashuddha Naga seva dosha
सीसं ननिस्तत विमलां तु शरररशोभां।
कु ष्प्ठं ककलासकमलं जनर्येच्च नुनम ्॥
सस्तधन् प्रपीडर्यनत पक्षिधं प्रकु र्याात्।
गुल्मं प्रमेिमानाि श्िर्यथुश्च भगतदरम्॥
िस्ननमांद्र्य त्िंसशोथं बानिोननाश्चेष्प्ांतां तथा॥
शुलम ् क्षर्यादीकान् रोगान् जनर्येदविकल्पत:। RT
19/3-6

15. • Kushta, Gulma, Ruja, Meha, Pandu, Jwara,
Tridoshaprakopa; Roga, Mrityu;
• Udara; Kshaya, Kamala; Kilasa, Sandhishula,
Pakshavadha, Anaha, Amsashotha,
• Avabahuka, Shula; Moha; Kandu, Anilasada

16. Samanya shodhana

17. Vishesha-Shodhana
• लसतदुिारजांाकौततीिररद्राचूणाकं क्षक्षपेत्।
द्रुते नागेऽथ ननगुाण्ड्र्यास्त्रििारं ननक्षक्षपेद्रसे ।
नागः शुद्धो भिेदेिं मूछाानफोांाहद नाचरेत्।। RRS
Nirgundi mula
churna+
Renuka+
Haridra churna
added into
molten naga
Mixture
poured into
nirgundi patra
swarasa
Within 3 such
procedures
naga is
purified

18. Shodhana
सीसकं द्रािर्येल्लोिदिीगतं निच्छचूणोदके चाथ
ननिाापर्येत्।
पूिामागेन िै शेषकमााचरेत्सीसकं सत्िरंर्यानत शुद्धध
पराम ्॥RT
Melt
naga in
iron
spoon
Pour melted naga
in churnodaka
placed into
pithara yantra
Repeat
for 7
times

19. Shodhana
Type Media Repitition Ref.
Bhavana,
Dhalana
Gauriphala, Rajani,
Kshuraka, Kuberabija,
Tumbaru
7 times Rasarnava, A.K.
Dhalana Nirgundi rasa 7 RHT, RRS
Dhalana Nirgundi rasa, Haridra
churna
3 RPS, R chu, RRS,
Rasamrutam
Dhalana Tailadi, Arkaksira 7 R Chi.
Dhalana Nirgundi mula rasa,
churnodaka
7 RT

20. Marana
• द्रुते नागे क्षक्षपेत्सूतं शुद्धं कषालमतं शुभम ्।
घषानर्यत्िा क्षक्षपेत्क्षारमेकै कं हि पलं पलम्।।
अजुाननर्याक्षिृक्षनर्य मिाराजधगरेरवप ।
दाडडमनर्य मर्यूरनर्य क्षक्षप्तत्िा क्षारं पृथक् पृथक् ।।
एिं विंशनतरािाणण पचेत्तीव्रेण िस्ननना ।
विघट्ांर्यतृढं दोर्भर्याां लोिदर्वर्याा प्रर्यत्नतः ।। RRS
• 2 steps involved in preparation of naga
bhasma
Jarana
Marana

21. Marana(cont.)
• Jarana-
Melt naga
in iron pan
& add
equal amt
of bark
aswattha
in divided
quantity
Rubbed
with the
bottom of
iron spoon
When
complete
naga spent
into ashes,it
is collected
to middle of
pan
Covered
with
earthen
plate &
severe heat
is given till
it becomes
red hot
On cooling
powder is
washwd to
clear
alkinity.

22. • Marana-
Jarita naga
is added
with equal
amt of
Manahsila
Then
ground it
with
lemon
juice or
any other
sour liquid
Make
chakrkas
& close
into
sharava
samputa
Subject
this
sarava to
Puta
Process is
repeated
for 3
times

23. Marana•
Type Media Puta No. Colour Ref.
Jarana,
Puta
J- Aswattha,
Chincha
P-Shila, Jambira
- 60 - RRS, AK
P Trikshara,panchalav
ana,Jambira
Gajaputa - - Rasaratnakara
J, P J-Churna,
Parthadanda; P-
chitrakadrava
Laghu 6 - AK
J, P J- Agasti,Bhunaga,
Chincha, P-Tapya,
Vasakshara
- 21 Sindura AK
P Parada, Gandahka Laghu 3 Kajjalapra
bha
RT

24. Colour of Bhasma
• Black (Acc. to RT)
• Sindura varna (Acc. To AP)
• Paravataprabha (Acc. To yogaratnakara)

25. Naga Bhasma Guna
• Rasa: Tikta, Madhura
• Virya: Atyushna
• Guna: Snigdha, Dipana, Rasayana, Guru, Sara,
• Karma: Tridoshaghna, Chakshushya,
Medoghna, Viryadardhyakara,Ruchivardhaka,
Kamavardhaka, Lekhana

26. Rogoghnata
• कफरोगानशेषांश्च मूिरोगांश्च सिाशः ।
श्िासं कासं क्षर्यं पाण्डडुं श्िर्यथुं शीतकज्िरम ्।।
ग्रिणीमामदोषं च िस्ननमातद्र्यं सुदुजारम ्।
सिाानुदकदोषांश्च तत्तद्रोगानुपानतः ।। RRS
• Kapha roga, mutra roga,
• shwasa, kasa, pandu,
• Sotha, grahani, aamadosa, agnimandya

27. Rogoghnata
• Mandalakushtha, Gara, Krimi, Pipasa, Visha,
Hridroga, Pandu, Meha, Trishna,
• Amavata, Ruja, Sarvarogahara, Shula, Arsha,
Kushtha, Grahani, Gulma, Shosha,
• Vrana, Kshaya, Bhrama, Kasa, Shiroroga,
Netraroga, Shukradosha
• Pralapa, Daha, Raktapradara, Antrashotha,
Akshepa,

28. Dose
• 1/4th to 1 ratti (30mg- 125mg)

29. Heavy Metal Contents Permissible
Limits as per W.H.O & F.D.A
1. Lead (Pb) -10 ppm
2. Cadmium (Cd) 0.30 ppm
3. Arsenic (As) 10 ppm
4. Mercury (Hg.) 1 ppm

30. Aamayika prayoga (RT)
No. Anupana Rogahnata
1. 1 ratti with turmeric, amalaki & honey Prevents prameha
2. With decoction of Asoka Cures menorrhagia
3. 1ratti With 4 ratti nagakesara Relieves Raktarsas
4. With decoction of Atmagupta, Bala &
Mamsi
Cures Vrikka sotah & aakshepa
5. With rasa-sindura & tamra bhasma Cures Sarvanga kampanabdha
pakshavadha (paralysis caused by
parkinsonism)

31. Antidote to effect of ill processed
Naga bhasma
• बृित् रसराज सुंदर
• Use swarna bhasma with aamalaki (goose
berry) & sugar for 3 days.
• रसतरंधगणी
• Take pure gandhaka for few days as a antidote
for ill processed naga bhasma

32. Specific preparations
• आतिषेशाततक रस माणणक्र्य रस
• मिानीलकण्डठ रस र्योगेश्िर रस
• कु लिधू रस रत्नगभा पोट्ट्ली
• कु ष्प्ठरुद्रेश्िर रस राजतालेश्िर रस
• क्षर्यके सरी रस राजराजेतद्र रस
• नृपनतिल्लभ रस कतदपा सुतदर रस
• कालानल रस त्रििंग भनम

33. Modern Review
• Symbol : Pb
• Atomic No. : 82
• Atomic wt. : 207.2
• Phase : solid
• Melting point : 327.46°C
• Boiling point : 1749°C
• Luster : dull

34. • Sp gr. - 11.2
• Streak -black
• Elasticity-ductile, very soft,
highly malleable

35. Absorption
• mainly absorbed through GI tract &
respiratory tract.
• GI absorption of lead varies with age;
• adults absorb approximately 10 % of the
ingested lead,
• while absorption in children is up
to 40 %.

36. factors interfere with absorption
• Pb2+ and Ca2+ may compete for a common
transport mechanism.
• Iron deficiency enhances intestinal absorption
of lead.
• Absorption of inhaled lead varies with form
(vapor versus particle) as well as with
concentration.
• Approximately 90 % of inhaled lead particles
from ambient air are absorbed.

37. Distribution
• Once lead is absorbed, about 99 % of that in
the blood stream binds to hemoglobin in
erythrocyte.
• Only 1 % to 3 % of the circulating blood lead is
in the serum available to the tissues.
• distributed initially in soft tissues,
particularly tubular epithelium of kidney
& in liver.

38. • In time, lead is redistributed & deposited in
bone,teeth, & hair.
• About 95% of the body burden of the metal
eventually is found in bone.
• Only small quantities of inorganic lead
accumulate in the brain with most of that in
gray matter & the basal ganglia.

39. • The deposition of lead in bone closely
resembles that of calcium, but it is deposited
as tertiary lead phosphate.
• Lead in the bone salts does not contribute to
toxicity.
• Can be detected in X ray examination.

40. Excretion
Mainly excreted through
-Bile secretions
-Urine
-Breast milk
-Sweat
• Half-life of lead in blood is 1 to 2 months and a
steady state is achieved in about 6months.
• Half-life in bone estimated to be 20 to 30 yrs.

41. Acute Toxicity Symptoms
• Astringency, thirst, and a metallic taste,
• Nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting,
• Stools may be black from lead sulphide, and
there may be diarrhea or constipation,
• Shock, pain, muscle weakness,
• Hemolytic crisis followed by severe anemia
and hemoglobinuria, Kidney damage with
oliguria,
• Death may occur in 1 or 2 days

42. Chronic toxicity symptoms
• Anorexia, malaise, Muscle discomfort,
headache
• vertigo, ataxia, headache,
• insomnia, restlessness, and irritability.
• premature aging
• lead palsy, is a manifestation of advanced
subacute poisoning.
• Muscle weakness and easy fatigue occur long
before actual paralysis.

43. Diagnosis of poisoning
• History of exposure
• symptoms
• Blood lead testing -
For children -under 5μg/dL acceptable.
For adults -under 25 μg/dL is acceptable

44. Research work
• Pharmaceutical standardisation of naga
bhasma done at Jamnaagar.
conclusion- laghuputa with 50 cow dunk is
enough for marana of 1 kg naga at initial stages
-bhasma is found in lead sulphide form
-particle size of bhasma is 57.4 -120μm

45. Research work
• Synthesis, Characterization and
Histopathological Study of naga bhasma done
at BHU
-lead in nano-crystalline (~60 nm) lead sulfide
form (Pb2+)
-Naga bhasma prepared was found to be totally
safe in histopathology study on rats at a dose
of 6 mg/100 g/day