This document summarizes the concept of marana in Ayurveda. It discusses the etymology and historical background of marana from the Vedic period through the medieval era. It describes the processes involved in marana including shodhana, bhavana, chakrikarana, samputikarana, and puta. It discusses the objectives and types of puta. Finally, it covers bhasma pariksha and the properties imparted by different ingredients used in marana.

2. A CONCEPT ON MARANA
By
Dr.Nimisha.S
2nd yr P.G scholar
Dept.of Rasa Shastra

3.  Mri – to kill/to die
 Marayati – act of killing
 Marana – vadha /process of killing1

4.  VEDIC PERIOD-evidence of therapeutic use
of metals. Atharva veda has mentioned the
use of swarna for internal use
 SAMHITA PERIOD
 Use of Ayaskriti
 Charaka has mentioned use of tamra churna
incase of garavisha for hridyavishodana
 Use of swarna churna will give instant result

5.  7th
to 14th century – Rasarnava has described
Marana of different metals and minerals and
various equipments like musha and puta.

6.  qÉÉrrÉïiÉå CÌiÉ qÉÉUhÉ ||
 vÉÉåÍkÉiÉÉlÉç sÉÉåWûkÉÉiuÉÉÌS
ÌuÉqÉkÉï xuÉUxÉÉÌSÍpÉÈ |
AÎalÉxÉqrÉÉåaÉiÉÉå pÉxqÉÏMüUhÉÇ
qÉÉUhÉÇ xqÉÚiÉqÉç ||6

7. In Amarakosha – 30
 Avasana-death/end
 Alamba –tearing off/killing
 Nirharata-killing
 Parivarjana-killing/leaving
 Pramapana-killing
 Ujjasana-killing
 Unmandana-throwing off/killing7

8.  Reduction in particle size
 Transformation into suitable compound
form
 To make the material non irritant to G.I
 To increase the potency and quality of the
drug
 Conversion into absorbable,adaptable,and
assimilable form
 To make material suitable for therapeutic
uses

9. PURVA KARMA
3 PRADHANA KARMA
PASHCAT KARMA

10.  Collection of grahya drugs
 Shodhana
 Bhavana
 Chakrikarana
 Samputikarana
[Note: jarana is intermediate step for
putilohas
Danyabhraka – abhraka]

11.  EÌ®¹ãUÉæwÉkÉãÈ xÉÉ®ïÇ Ì¢ürÉiÉå
mÉåwÉhÉÉÌSMüqÉç |
qÉsÉÌuÉÍNiÉrÉå rÉiiÉÑ vÉÉåkÉlÉÇ
iÉÌSWûÉåcrÉiÉå ||8
When a substance is subjected to trituration with
specified plant or animal resources with the help
of ‘peshani’ so as to remove impurities, it is known
as shodhana
Objectives
 To remove physical and chemical impurities
 To make metallic substances suitable for marana

12.  rÉccÉÔÍhÉïiÉxrÉ kÉÉiuÉÉSåSìïuÉÈ
xÉÇmÉåwrÉ vÉÉåwÉhÉqÉç
pÉÉuÉlÉÇ iÉlqÉiÉÇ ÌuÉ¥ÉæpÉÉïuÉlÉ cÉ
ÌlÉaÉkrÉiÉå 9||
A liquid is added to the powder and is triturated till
all the liquid portion is absorbed. This procedure is
known as bhavana.

13. 
Carried out for 7 days
 Quantity of liquid-Powder should just
become wet
 If done with kwatha -1/8th 10

14. xÉÑpÉÉÌuÉiÉÇ ÌWû AsmÉqÉÌmÉ SìurÉÇ xrÉÉiÉç
oÉWÒûMüqÉïMÚiÉç ||
 A less potent drug can be converted into
more potent
Objectives
•Particle size becomes smaller after each bhavana
•Shodita material and bhavana dravyas come in close
contact to make a homogenous mixture
•Acts as a binding material for the coming chakrika
stage

15.  Chakrika and golaka
Objectives
 Facilitates drying process so that the
duration will be less
 Can adjust higher amount of materials in a
limited space of saravas
 Helps to spread homogenous heat to each
particle
 Enhances the surface area of materials to
allow maximum heat transfer during puta

16. Types
 Sarava
 Eranda patra – in abhraka
It should be
 Should be inert
 Not so thick or thin
 Heat stable
 Good conductor of heat

17. Objectives
 To apply uniform and standard heat

18. PUTA
 UxÉÌS SìurÉmÉÉMüÉlÉÉÇ
mÉëqÉÉhÉ¥ÉÉmÉlÉÇ mÉÑOûqÉç
lÉå¹Éã lrÉÔlÉÉÍkÉMüÈ mÉÉMüÈ xÉÑmÉÉMüÇ
ÌWûiÉqÉÉæwÉkÉqÉç ||
 It is the process in which the degree of heat which
is necessary for paka of Rasa, uparasa,maharasa or
metals. The degree of heat is neither less nor more
than necessary because the medicines which are
prepared by using proper required application of
heat is considered as hitha11

19. 1. Acc.to source
agni puta
3 eg:lohabhasma
surya/roudra puta
eg.pravala bhasma
chandra puta
2.acc.to apparatus & materials
3 govara eg:rasa marana
bhanda eg:haratala marana
gouripashana marana
valuka eg:haratala marana

20. xuÉhÉïÂmrÉuÉkÉå ¥ÉårÉÇ mÉÑOûÇ
MÑüYMÑüOûÉÌSMüqÉç |
iÉÉqÉëå MüɸÉÌShÉÉqÉç uÉÎlWûsÉÉæWåû
aÉeÉmÉÑOûÉÌlÉ cÉ |
cÉÉpÉëå qÉWûÉmÉÑOûÇ SkrÉÉiÉç lÉÉaÉç
 Swarna and rajata bhasma - kukkutaputa
uÉlbaÉå ÌWû MüÉæYMÑüOûqÉç || 13
 Tamra bhasma - kashtadiagni
 Loha bhasma - gaja puta
 Abhraka bhasma - maha puta
 Naga and vanga bhasma - kukkuta puta

21.  sÉÉåWûSåUmÉÑlÉpÉÉïuÉÉ
 aÉÑhÉÍkÉYrÉ iÉiÉÉåaÉëiÉÉ
 AlÉÑmxÉÑ qÉeeÉlÉÇ
 UåZÉÉmÉÑhÉïiÉÉ mÉÑOûiÉÉå pÉuÉåiÉç
 mÉÑOûÉSè aÉëÉwhÉÉã sÉbÉÑiuÉÇ
 vÉÏbÉëurÉÉÎmiÉ¶É SÏmÉlÉqÉç
 eÉÉËUiÉÉSÌmÉ xÉÑiÉålSì
sÉÉåWûÉlÉÉqÉÍkÉMüÉå aÉÑhÉÉ 12

22.  rÉjÉÉvqÉÌlÉ ÌuÉvÉåw²ÎlWûÈ
xrÉmÉÑOûrÉÉåaÉiÉÈ|
cÉÔhÉïiuÉÉÍkÉ aÉÑhÉÉÅÅuÉÉÎmiÉxiÉjÉÉ
sÉÉåWåûwÉÑ ÌlÉͶÉiÉqÉç 12 ||
The heat applied from outside of samputa through
puta,the fuel will slowly enter into the material kept
in sarava and convert into powder form
 mÉÑOûÉiÉç SÉåwÉÌuÉlÉÉvÉÈ xrÉÉiÉç
mÉÑOûSåWûÉå aÉÑhÉÉæSrÉÈ |
ÍqÉërÉiÉå ÌWû mÉÑOûÉ sÉÉåWû iÉxqÉÉiÉç
mÉÑOûqÉç xÉqÉÉcÉUåiÉç ||

23.  Bhasma pariksha

24. Varitara- qÉÚiÉÇ iÉUÌiÉ rÉiiÉÉårÉå sÉÉåWûÇ
uÉÉËUiÉUÇ ÌWû iÉiÉç ||
If the bhasma floats over the water surface that is known
as varitara
It is to study the lightness and fineness of bhasma
Here the particles of bhasma attain so much fine and
light that they cannot break the surface tension of
stagnant water
Rekhapurna- AÇaÉѸiÉeÉïlÉÏxmÉÚ¹Ç
rÉiiÉÉåSìåZÉliÉUå ÌuÉvÉåiÉç
qÉÑiÉsÉÉåWûÇ iÉSÒ̬¹Ç
UåZÉmÉÑhÉïÍpÉkÉÉlÉiÉÈ||
If the bhasma is rubbed between thumb and index finger

25. Apunarbhava-aÉÑQû aÉÑleÉÉxÉÑZÉxmÉvÉïqÉkuÉÉerÉåÈ
xÉWû rÉÉåÎeÉiÉqÉç
lÉÉrÉÉÌiÉ mÉë¢ÑüÌiÉ
kqÉÉlÉÉSèmÉÑlÉpÉïuÉqÉÑcrÉiÉå||
If the bhasma is mixed with mitra panchakas and if it doesn’t
regain its original form after heating
Uttama-iÉxrÉÉåmÉËU aÉÑÂ SìurÉÇ kÉÉlrÉÇ
cÉÉåmÉlÉrÉÉåS èkÉëÑuÉqÉç
WûÇxÉuÉiiÉÏrÉïiÉå uÉÉËUhrÉÑiiÉqÉÇ
mÉËUMüÐÎiiÉïiÉqÉç ||
Bhasma is slowly placed on the water and it floats,if it doesn’t
sink even after placing the grain but floats like swan then such
bhasma is called uttama
Niruttha- UÉæmrÉåhÉ xÉWû xÉÇrÉÑ£üÇ kqÉÉiÉÇ
UÉæmrÉåhÉ lÉÉå sÉaÉåiÉç
iÉSÉ ÌlÉÂijÉÇ ÍqÉirÉÑ£üÇ sÉÉåWûÇ

26. Amla pariksha – if turns to blue bhasma is
not prepared properly
tamra,swarnamakshika,tuttha bhasma
Nirdhuma-Haratala bhasma
Niswadu-
Nischandra
Avaami- should not produce nausea etc wen
kept on the tongue

27.  Swarna bhasma - gairika/champa
pushpa
 Rajata bhasma - krishna
 Kamsya bhasma - dhusara
 Naga bhasma - kapota
 Tikshna loha bhasma - jambu phala
 Abhraka bhasma - ishtika 15

28. sÉÉåWûÉlÉÉÇ qÉÉUhÉçÉå¸Ç xÉuÉåïwÉÉÇ
UxÉpÉxqÉlÉÉÇ |
qÉÔÍsÉÍpÉqÉkrÉçïqÉÇ mÉëÉWÒûÈ MüÌlɸÇ
aÉlkÉMüÉÌSÍpÉÈ |
AËUsÉÉåWåûlÉ sÉÉåWûxrÉ qÉÉUhÉÇ
SÒaÉÑïhÉmÉëSqÉ ||16
 Parada-agni sahanatva property17
 induction of Yogavahi,rasayana properities
 Gives immediate relief and prevents old age 18
 If its not prepared with parada it will produce ill effects by
forming worms in abdomen
 Mixes with metals and minerals disintegrate their atoms and
helps in making atoms into a fine state of subdivision

29.  Vegetable drugs-madyama
 Here the acid and alkaline contents will
also help in the disintegration of atoms
 But in this case the bhasma is liable to
contain the residue of vegetable drugs
after subjecting to puta
 In this type the organic material of
vegetable drugs is burnt leaving the
inorganic material which is mixed with
bhasma

30.  Sulphur and its compounds- kanishta
 In this though there is a chance of
evaporation of sulphur and other substances
like arsenic etc. Some portions which are
necessary to form a compound will be
present in bhasma and likely to change the
property of finished compounds.

31.  Arilohas-durgunaprada
 opposite metal
 Chances of adulteration
 This metallic substance will remain with it in
compound or free state after puta.Thus the
proportion of original metallic compound will
be greater.

32.  iÉÉsÉålÉ uÉaÉÇ SUSålÉ iÉϤÉhÉqÉç, lÉÉaÉålÉ
WåûqÉÇ ÍvÉsÉrÉÉ cÉ lÉÉaÉqÉç |
aÉlkÉMüvÉqÉlÉÉ cÉæuÉ ÌlÉWûÎliÉ vÉÑsoÉqÉç,
iÉÉUlcÉ qÉÉͤÉMü UxÉålÉ WûlrÉÉiÉ || 19
 Vanga - haratala
 Loha - darada
 Swarna - naga
 Naga - manashila
 Tamra - gandhaka
 Rajata - swarna makshika

33. DRUG PROCESS
Pravala Sthapana With nimbu
swarasa and keep
in sunlight for 21
days
With stanya and
Bhavana
keep in takra
Red hot and dip in
Pravala,mani Nirvapa kumari ,tanduliyaka
and stanya for 7
mukta
times

34. Vimala Bharjana Triturate in
triphala kwatha
for 3 times and
fry in go gritha
vajra Nirvapa Heated and
dipped in
kulatha kwatha
containing hingu
and saindhava

35.  Lightness
 Softness
 Smoothness
 More assimilable form
 More potent form
 Enhances the property of substances
 Lesser dose
 Rapid spreading in body and rapid relief