The document examines the environmental health effects and air pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross River State, Nigeria. It analyzes data collected through questionnaires distributed to over 87,000 men across the state's 18 local government areas. The results show high levels of smoking, with the average number of cigarettes consumed per person per day ranging from 12 to 30. Over 900 patients were found to have smoking-related diseases like lung cancer, heart attacks, and respiratory illnesses. The study concludes that air pollution from cigarette smoking is a major contributor to health issues in Cross River State.
Developing World and Occupational Health ImpactsAI Publications
The environment is an integral part of human life the quality of which plays a critical role in human health. Occupational environment presents potential health hazards to workers employed in a variety of positions. This review adds to a growing body of evidence that PM is really harmful to health increasing overall mortality mostly deaths from cardiovascular disease as well as deaths from respiratory diseases.
Developing World and Occupational Health ImpactsAI Publications
The environment is an integral part of human life the quality of which plays a critical role in human health. Occupational environment presents potential health hazards to workers employed in a variety of positions. This review adds to a growing body of evidence that PM is really harmful to health increasing overall mortality mostly deaths from cardiovascular disease as well as deaths from respiratory diseases.
Air can be contaminated by a range of very different particles such as dust, pollen, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. Many of them can harm our health, especially very small particles that can enter deep into the lungs.
What is known about the different health effects of particles?
Assess and Forecast Air Pollution Using Environmental APIsAmbee
With the advancement of air pollution management and research since the 1960s, it has become more important for people to
understand the impact of pollen API and environmental API. The Ambee Pollen API makes it easy for customers to generate data
with just a few clicks.
FACTORS RELATED TO COHb CONTENT TOWARD PARKING OFFICER OF PLAZA X SURABAYAirjes
The aim of thisresearchwas to study the effect of riskfactorsincludesage,gender, workinglives, body position whileworking, smoking habit, blood type, nutrientstatus, level of Hb, to COHblevelsblood in parking officersat X Plaza Surabaya. This researchwas an analyticobservationalstudywhichconducted cross sectional, using simple randomsamplingtechnique. The sample for thisresearchused 30 people.Themeasurement of carbonmonoxide air concentration at parking plaza x conducted on three-point surroundingofficerswork area. COHbcorrelationwithage, workingperiod, Hb, were analyzed usedPearsoncorrelation.The correlationbetweengender, smoking habit and body position whileworking to blood COHBlevelused T sampleanalyzed. The correlationbetweenblood types and bloodCOHblevelwasanalyzedbyanalysis of variance / ANOVA.The Spearman test was used to analyzed thenutritionalstatus. The resultshowedthathighestcarbonmonoxidelevelsfound in motorcyclewhich 16.1 ppm. Ambient air quality standard based on PP No. 41 of 1999 is 10 ppm, if wecomparedwith the resultweconcludethatlevels of CO at parking motor has exceeded the threshold. Based on thisresearch, advised to provide more local exhaust or air conditioning system aroundworking places of parking officers to reduce CO levelwhichproduced by vehicle. Also, weoffer to management handling the parking officers to givevitamin C and vitamin E as antioxidantthatreducetoxic in their body and to give check up facility for health condition regularly
This is basically a protocol upon the basis of P.G Public Health presentation on behalf of the Health effects due to environmental pollution on population.
Presentation by Vlatka Matkovic at the OpenDataDay event 'Towards Clean Air with Open Data'. The event took place at BeCentral in Brussels on Saturday 3 March 2018.
Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenyaijtsrd
Industrialization, economic growth, urbanization and population growth have been responsible for air pollution in developing countries. The discharge of harmful chemicals and increased combustion of fossil fuels, affect both the physical environment and the public health. Air pollution effects are both acute and chronic on human health, ranging from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults. A study was conducted to assess the effect of sulfur dioxide on air quality at three sites in Athi River town, Kenya which included one non-industrial site. The air samples were collected by scrubbing them through appropriate trapping solutions and subsequently analyzed in the laboratory using colorimetric method. The meteorological parameters namely; temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction were also measured during the sampling exercise. The mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide at the various sampling sites during rainy season were: Shalom Hospital (602 -µg/m3); Vannilaz Restaurant (793 -µg/m3); Redeemed Gospel Church (861 -µg/m3) and Sabaki residential Estate (370 -µg/m3). The levels exceeded the guidelines recommended by WHO which has set a maximum of 500 -µg/m3, for 10 minutes exposure, however the levels at Sabaki residential Estate were low. Mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide during the dry season for Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant, Redeemed Gospel church and Sabaki residential Estate were 863, 875,862 and 664 -µg/m3 respectively. The elevated levels of SO2 was associated with heavy vehicular traffic and the various industrial activities mainly cement manufacturing plants. Sulphur dioxide may also be emitted from diesel-powered vehicles and coal burning in the industries. The study revealed that Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant and Redeemed Gospel Church were polluted with sulphur dioxide during the rainy season except Sabaki residential Estate but during the dry season all the sites were polluted with sulphur dioxide. Birgen J. | Wafula G. | Yusuf A. | Onyatta J."Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2320.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/2320/assessment-of-sulphur-dioxide-levels-in--selected-sites-in-athi-river-kenya/birgen-j
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Air can be contaminated by a range of very different particles such as dust, pollen, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. Many of them can harm our health, especially very small particles that can enter deep into the lungs.
What is known about the different health effects of particles?
Assess and Forecast Air Pollution Using Environmental APIsAmbee
With the advancement of air pollution management and research since the 1960s, it has become more important for people to
understand the impact of pollen API and environmental API. The Ambee Pollen API makes it easy for customers to generate data
with just a few clicks.
FACTORS RELATED TO COHb CONTENT TOWARD PARKING OFFICER OF PLAZA X SURABAYAirjes
The aim of thisresearchwas to study the effect of riskfactorsincludesage,gender, workinglives, body position whileworking, smoking habit, blood type, nutrientstatus, level of Hb, to COHblevelsblood in parking officersat X Plaza Surabaya. This researchwas an analyticobservationalstudywhichconducted cross sectional, using simple randomsamplingtechnique. The sample for thisresearchused 30 people.Themeasurement of carbonmonoxide air concentration at parking plaza x conducted on three-point surroundingofficerswork area. COHbcorrelationwithage, workingperiod, Hb, were analyzed usedPearsoncorrelation.The correlationbetweengender, smoking habit and body position whileworking to blood COHBlevelused T sampleanalyzed. The correlationbetweenblood types and bloodCOHblevelwasanalyzedbyanalysis of variance / ANOVA.The Spearman test was used to analyzed thenutritionalstatus. The resultshowedthathighestcarbonmonoxidelevelsfound in motorcyclewhich 16.1 ppm. Ambient air quality standard based on PP No. 41 of 1999 is 10 ppm, if wecomparedwith the resultweconcludethatlevels of CO at parking motor has exceeded the threshold. Based on thisresearch, advised to provide more local exhaust or air conditioning system aroundworking places of parking officers to reduce CO levelwhichproduced by vehicle. Also, weoffer to management handling the parking officers to givevitamin C and vitamin E as antioxidantthatreducetoxic in their body and to give check up facility for health condition regularly
This is basically a protocol upon the basis of P.G Public Health presentation on behalf of the Health effects due to environmental pollution on population.
Presentation by Vlatka Matkovic at the OpenDataDay event 'Towards Clean Air with Open Data'. The event took place at BeCentral in Brussels on Saturday 3 March 2018.
Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenyaijtsrd
Industrialization, economic growth, urbanization and population growth have been responsible for air pollution in developing countries. The discharge of harmful chemicals and increased combustion of fossil fuels, affect both the physical environment and the public health. Air pollution effects are both acute and chronic on human health, ranging from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults. A study was conducted to assess the effect of sulfur dioxide on air quality at three sites in Athi River town, Kenya which included one non-industrial site. The air samples were collected by scrubbing them through appropriate trapping solutions and subsequently analyzed in the laboratory using colorimetric method. The meteorological parameters namely; temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction were also measured during the sampling exercise. The mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide at the various sampling sites during rainy season were: Shalom Hospital (602 -µg/m3); Vannilaz Restaurant (793 -µg/m3); Redeemed Gospel Church (861 -µg/m3) and Sabaki residential Estate (370 -µg/m3). The levels exceeded the guidelines recommended by WHO which has set a maximum of 500 -µg/m3, for 10 minutes exposure, however the levels at Sabaki residential Estate were low. Mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide during the dry season for Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant, Redeemed Gospel church and Sabaki residential Estate were 863, 875,862 and 664 -µg/m3 respectively. The elevated levels of SO2 was associated with heavy vehicular traffic and the various industrial activities mainly cement manufacturing plants. Sulphur dioxide may also be emitted from diesel-powered vehicles and coal burning in the industries. The study revealed that Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant and Redeemed Gospel Church were polluted with sulphur dioxide during the rainy season except Sabaki residential Estate but during the dry season all the sites were polluted with sulphur dioxide. Birgen J. | Wafula G. | Yusuf A. | Onyatta J."Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2320.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/2320/assessment-of-sulphur-dioxide-levels-in--selected-sites-in-athi-river-kenya/birgen-j
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross...IOSR Journals
This study is aimed at assessing the cause of air pollution and Environmental health effect on people living in Cross River State using cigarette smokers as a case study. Data was gathered through a well designed and articulated oral and written questionnaires, direct and first-hand observation of the environment, and comprehensive interview sessions were carried out with community Heads (Royal Authorities where possible), patients and youths. A total of one hundred and seventeen thousand (117,000) questionnaires were randomly distributed evenly to men of about 20-75years old in all the Eighteen (18) Local Government Area in Cross River State. Eighty seven thousand, five hundred and thirty three (87,533) valid questionnaire were received back. Nine hundred (900) of the people reported that they do not smoke any cigarette. Table 1 shows the total number of people who smoke cigarette. Table 2a,b show the total number of patients with smoking related diseases. Most of these patients with smoking related diseases such as decrease in lung function, increase of heart attack, Respiratory diseases, cancer, asthma, and other health effects are having those disease conditions as a result of their smoking habits.
Running head AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1.docxtoddr4
Running head: AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1
AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1
Air Pollution by Haze
Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Date
Abstract
Air pollution is a critical problem of the modern world, which has posed dangerous toxicological effects to the environment and human health. Haze is among the most significant pollutants of the new civilized world. Haze originates from various emissions; however, industrial processes and vehicular emissions contribute to significant factors that lead to the formation of haze. As documented by the World Health Organization, six principal air contaminants include ground-level ozone, lead, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, and Sulphur dioxide. Continuous exposure to factors that contribute to the formation of haze promote various toxicological effects on human life such as cardiovascular as well as respiratory ailments, irritation of the eyes, long term chronic ailments like cancer, and neuropsychiatric issues. Air pollution by haze is reported to be a major environmental threat in the progression and incidence of some health complications such as low birth weight, asthma, Alzheimer and Parkinson’ diseases, lung cancer, autism, fetal growth, psychological problems, and ventricular hypertrophy. In this research paper, major causes of pollution by haze are discussed, emission sources and subsequent effects on human wellbeing.
Air Pollution by Haze
The social and economic activities of densely populated areas release large volumes of fine particulate matters. While these fine particulate materials unendingly pile beyond the ability of atmospheric self-cleaning to eradicate it, the haze weather is created. Haze weather is usually a mixture of the effects of stable and static weather. Current scientific studies conducted mostly in western Europe and North America demonstrate that air pollution in urban areas as a result of haze is triggering numerous health issues from eye itching to death. Increase in the speed for urbanization and industrialization in major cities of the world has led to growth in the badness of urban air pollution. “Amounts of fine particles are usually in thousands of micrograms in cubic meter across many cities of the world that are going through modern industrialization” (Astrobum, Apr 30 2017). Grievous installments of air pollution have wrapped a better part of the world. By November 2015, for instance, in China, the cities located to the northern area of the country have recently experienced high levels of haze due to the rise in particulate matter. The particulate matter increased from 360 to 700 µg/m3 up to 28 times much above the levels recommended by the world health organization (WHO).
Exposure to particulate matter has often been linked with numerous health problems; however, issues related to mortality are undeniably the most important to address since they are also among the prevalently amenable issues to the assessment of the world. Most epidemiological da.
Case studies in improving urban air qualityngocjos
IGU study finds that the switch to natural gas helps mega-cities dramatically improve air quality and reduce emissions of GHG and air pollutants – enhancing and saving lives. On the sidelines of the COP21 negotiations in Paris the IGU has released a major study that highlights the interconnection that exists between reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reducing emissions of other air pollutants. It presents case studies of efforts in four cities — New York, Istanbul, Toronto, and Beijing — that have tackled or are tackling the issue of improving urban air quality and where gas has featured as the main contributor to their efforts. These cities can provide lessons for other cities seeking to reduce the potentially severe health consequences of urban air pollution.
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Ambient Air Quality and Noise Assessment in Eleme Communities, Rivers State, ...GIFT KIISI NKIN
NKIN GIFT KIISI
Problems caused by ambient air pollution on human and the environment can be averted by steadily and strictly monitoring of the concentrations of outdoor pollutants. Human activities have triggered changes in the earths atmosphere. In this research, 7(Seven) selected Eleme communities, 4(four) zones in each community and 28(Twenty eight) sampling points in all locations were assessed for the concentrations of CO, SO2 , NO2 , NO, CO2 , SPM, O2 , noise level and as well Meteorological parameters using methods recommended by ASTM for air pollutants measurement and meteorological parameters. Findings of this research showed that, measured level of CO (1.00 - 43.00 ppm) at Akpajo, Aleto and Onne zone "B" exceeded the stipulated limit by NAAQS. Measured level of SO2 (0.00 - 1.30 ppm) at zone "B" and "D" in all locations were above permissible limit except in Alode and Ogale in which the concentrations of SO2 were 0.00 ppm through out the zones. NO2 (0.00 - 3.10 ppm) and NO (0.00 - 1.05 ppm) concentrations in zone "B" in all the
sampling locations exceeded the permissible limit by NAAQS except in Alode and Ogale. Aleto and Ogale zone "D" were also above limits. SPM(0.01 - 4.83 ppm) Levels in all locations and zones exceeded the limit given by W.H.O except in Ogale residential area. Noise Level (40.20 - 102 dBA) at Alesa, Aleto, Akpajo and Ebubu zone "B" were as well above
limits. In order to address the risk connected with the identified pollutants in the study area, more endeavour should be conveyed to the use of renewable energy and as well, cleaner air initiatives should be embarked upon.
Ambient Air Quality and Noise Assessment in Eleme Communities, Rivers State, ...GIFT KIISI NKIN
Problems caused by ambient air pollution on human and the environment can be averted by steadily and strictly monitoring of the concentrations of outdoor pollutants. Human activities have triggered changes in the earths atmosphere. In this research, 7(Seven) selected Eleme communities, 4(four) zones in each community and 28(Twenty eight) sampling points in all locations were assessed for the concentrations of CO, SO2 , NO2 , NO, CO2 , SPM, O2 , noise level and as well Meteorological parameters using methods recommended by ASTM for air pollutants measurement and meteorological parameters. Findings of this research showed that, measured level of CO (1.00 - 43.00 ppm) at Akpajo, Aleto and Onne zone "B" exceeded the stipulated limit by NAAQS. Measured level of SO2 (0.00 - 1.30 ppm) at zone "B" and "D" in all locations were above permissible limit except in Alode and Ogale in which the concentrations of SO2 were 0.00 ppm through out the zones. NO2 (0.00 - 3.10 ppm) and NO (0.00 - 1.05 ppm) concentrations in zone "B" in all the sampling locations exceeded the permissible limit by NAAQS except in Alode and Ogale. Aleto and Ogale zone "D" were also above limits. SPM(0.01 - 4.83 ppm) Levels in all locations and zones exceeded the limit given by W.H.O except in Ogale residential area. Noise Level (40.20 - 102 dBA) at Alesa, Aleto, Akpajo and Ebubu zone "B" were as well above limits. In order to address the risk connected with the identified pollutants in the study area, more endeavour should be conveyed to the use of renewable energy and as well, cleaner air initiatives should be embarked upon.
Keywords: Ambient Air; Pollution; Assessment; Eleme communities; Rivers Sate; Nigeria
Introduction
Activities and processes which include urbanization, population explosion industrialization and as well as intensive agricultural activities and bush burning have caused colossal damage to our environment [1,2,3]. Increase in population of human beings is closely associated with increase in industrialization and urbanization thereby resulting to the
destruction of natural habitat and pollution of the biosphere more and more. Air pollution may be defined as any atmospheric condition in which certain substances are present in such concentrations that they can produce undesirable effects on Man and his environment [2]. These substances include gases which are Sulphur Oxides, Nitrogen Oxides, Carbon Monoxide, Hydrocarbons and as well, particulate matter which are Smoke, Dust, Fumes, Aerosols among others. Moreover, radioactive materials and many others are also considered as air pollutants. Most of these substances are naturally present in low concentrations in the atmosphere and are usually considered to be harmless[3]. considering the sources of these pollutants, quite a number of them enters the atmosphere as a result of anthropogenic activities( human activities). On the basis of physical states, there are two major groups of air pollutants.
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Health Effects and Burden of Air Pollution: in Global and Nepal's PerspectiveYadav Joshi
Air pollution is a serious public health issue in Nepal where a total of 33,000 deaths annually occur due to air pollution. The indoor, outdoor and transboundary forms of air pollution are major causes of a burden to public health. In Kathmandu valley, PAHCs are major threats mostly in children. Due to lack of available health and AAQ related database, it is difficult to establish the relationships on adverse health effects of air pollution in Nepal
The government must provide opportunities to environmental health researchers and academicians in research. South Asian countries must integrate to solve the air pollution-related health issues. As an environmental epidemiologist, I am eagerly looking forward to joining the researchers who are working in this area.
Related links:
http://kutniti.com/index.php/2015/09/20/air-pollution-a-migraine-for-south-asia/
http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-01-25/nepals-air-quality-is-worst-in-the-world-epi-report.html
https://danwatch.dk/en/undersoegelse/massive-pollution-at-carlsberg-brewery-in-nepal/
http://janatapostdaily.com/news-details/1046/2018-02-07
http://kutniti.com/index.php/2015/07/08/adverse-health-consequences-of-climate-change-south-asian-perspective/
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross River State, Nigeria
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 8, Issue 3 (Nov. – Dec. 2013), PP 87-94
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 87 | Page
Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette
smokers in Cross River State, Nigeria
Obi, E. O.1
, Osang, J. E.1
, Ewona, I. O.1
, Udoimuk A. B.2
Kamgba, F. A1
,
1. Department Of Physics, Cross River University Of Technology Calabar, Nigeria
2. .Department Of Physics University Of Calabar ,Calabar.
Abstract: This study is aimed at assessing the cause of air pollution and Environmental health effect on
people living in Cross River State using cigarette smokers as a case study. Data was gathered through a well
designed and articulated oral and written questionnaires, direct and first-hand observation of the environment,
and comprehensive interview sessions were carried out with community Heads (Royal Authorities where
possible), patients and youths. A total of one hundred and seventeen thousand (117,000) questionnaires were
randomly distributed evenly to men of about 20-75years old in all the Eighteen (18) Local Government Area in
Cross River State. Eighty seven thousand, five hundred and thirty three (87,533) valid questionnaire were
received back. Nine hundred (900) of the people reported that they do not smoke any cigarette. Table 1 shows
the total number of people who smoke cigarette. Table 2a,b show the total number of patients with smoking
related diseases. Most of these patients with smoking related diseases such as decrease in lung function,
increase of heart attack, Respiratory diseases, cancer, asthma, and other health effects are having those disease
conditions as a result of their smoking habits.
Keyword: Cross River State, Cigarette smokers,Air Pollution, and Environmental health effect.
I. Introduction
Air is one of the major components that man needs to survive. Therefore the quality of air we breathe has a
greater contribution to the comfort of man’s existence on earth. And as such, the source of air and its
composition are very important in this study. It does not matter who you are, where you live or the state of your
health, the quality of air you breathe each day affects you. (Osang et al 2013). A lot of chemicals and gases are
generated in smoking cigerette. Precautionary measures against inhalation of those chemicals and gases are
generally poor or non-existent owing to lack of resources by the management of the industries and ignorance in
the part of the public (Robert D. Bullard 2002, Osang et al 2013 ). Ever since people first gathered, there has
been pollution. Pollution usually refers to the presence of substances that are either present in the environment
where it doesn’t belong or at levels greater than it should be.(Osang et al 2013). Air pollution is caused by any
undesirable substance, which enters the atmosphere. Air pollution is a major problem in modern society. Even
though air pollution is usually a greater problem in cities, pollutants contaminate air anywhere everywhere
(Osang et al 2013) . These substances include various gases and tiny particles, or particulates that can harm
human health and damage the environment (Obi et al 2008, Ewona et al 2012). The major hazardous pollutants
in urban cities are carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, particulate matter and smog which is
contributed greatly by cigarette smokers. They may be gases, liquids, or solids. Many pollutants are given off
into the air as a result of human behavior (Osang et al 2013). Pollution occurs in different levels: personal,
national, and global. Air pollution is mainly composed of gas and particulate matter (PM) (Obi et al 2009). The
main gases that contaminate the air are ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and carbon
monoxide (CO). PM can be classed according to size: PM of less than 10 micrometers (PM10) and PM of less
than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5). The smaller particles can penetrate deep into the lungs damage to the ozone layer
is primarily caused by the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Ozone is a form of Oxygen found in the earth’s
upper atmosphere. The thin layer of ozone molecules in the atmosphere absorb some of the sun’s ultraviolet
(UV) rays before it reaches the earth’s surface, making life on earth possible. The depletion of ozone is causing
higher levels of UV radiation on earth, endangering both plants and animals (Obi et al 2008, Ekpenyong et al.
2013, Osang et al 2013).
Every year, there are 50 million cases of occupational respiratory diseases caused by inhalation of toxic
dust and chemicals, which are allergenic and carcinogenic agents. (Urom et al 2004). According to the World
Health Organization (WHO), about one-third of Africa’s disease burden is attributable to environmental
hazards. The major contributing risk factors to environmental disease burden in the continent are traditional
environmental health hazards such as air pollution (Onyemaechi et al, 2009). The global estimate made by the
United Nations Environment Programme shows that 1.1 billion people breathe unhealthy air. This increases
daily deaths and hospital admissions throughout the world, because of its wide range of effects on human
2. Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross River State, Nigeria
www.iosrjournals.org 88 | Page
health, especially related to the cardiopulmonary system. It is also estimated that, urban air pollution is
responsible for approximately 800 000 deaths and 4.6 million loss of lives each year around the globe.
(Ekpenyong et al. 2013). Outdoor air pollution, in particular has emerged as an issue in the last few decades,
particularly in Africa’s Urban Centers because of increased rates of urbanization and industrialization. Sources
of indoor and outdoor air pollution include pesticides used in the home and cigarette smoking. An important
contributor to air pollution in Africa’s Cities is emissions of different sources (Onyemaechi et al, 2009).
Empirical evidences have shown that these inhaled substances have strong pulmonary and systemic
inflammatory potential and can cause irritation and allergy in the lungs and air passages of individuals who are
exposed to them for a long time( Osang et al 2013). Some epidemiologic studies have been conducted to
evaluate the health effects (particularly respiratory effects) of indoor and outdoor air pollution exposure on
African populations. According to the authors, “the studies provide some evidence of associations with a range
of serious and common health problems (Onyemaechi et al, 2009). However, the type of disease developed
may depend on the size of the particles or what is inhaled and where it ends up in the airways or lungs. In some
cases, larger particles tend to end up trapped in the nose or larger airways. Small particles on the order of 10
micrometers (PM10) or less (PM2.5 and UFPs) can penetrate the deepest part of the lungs such as bronchioles or
alveoli. Sometimes, they get dissolved and absorbed into the blood stream, eliciting greater biological effects.
The composition, concentration and associated toxicity of specific ambient air pollutants as well as the duration
and frequency of exposure will determine the adverse health effects and the clinical respiratory manifestations.
For example, ambient air pollutants with predominant particulate matter, ozone (O3) and NO2 have been shown
to exacerbate airway oxidative stress, bronchial reactivity, respiratory viral infection and reduced airway ciliary
activity. Also, particulate matters can facilitate the development of lung cancer and increase mortality (Osang et
al 2013, Ekpenyong et al. 2013).
The spectrum and severity of adverse respiratory health effects of the inhaled pollutants may vary from
subclinical effects to premature mortality, depending on the degree of exposure by various occupations,
environmental factors, sociodemographics and population sensitivities. Lung diseases following occupational
exposure among Nigerians have been extensively studied. (Osang et al 2013, Ewona et al 2011 ).
Nigeria is one of the highest emitter of greenhouse gases in Africa. Carbon dioxide emissions in Niger Delta
Area are among the highest in the world. (Ewona 2011). Outdoor ambient air pollution is a major threat to
human health in most West African big Cities including Nigeria and other parts of the world. It reduces the life
expectancy of people who are constantly exposed to it. According to Ewona et al (2012), referring to IPPC
(1992), the major cause of climate change is the release of greenhouse gases. Some of these gases especially C02
and oxides of Nitrogen are dissolved in rain water and fall back as acid rain which will in turn pollute the air
(Ekpenyong et al. 2013, Osang et al 2013, Ewona et al 2012)
In Nigeria, various studies have indicated a high level of ambient air pollution in most urban cities
especially the Niger Delta region, of which the Cross River State, is an integral part. A typical air quality
assessment of this region shows that the levels of volatile oxides of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and total
particulate matter exceed the existing Federal Agency Standards. Common sources of air pollution in this area
include: cigarette smoking, bush burning, automobile emissions, generators emission, pipeline explosion,
industrial emissions and gas flaring (Ekpenyong et al. 2013, Ewona et al 2012).
Health effects of tobacco
The health effects of Smoking are the circumstances, mechanisms, and factors of tobacco consumption
on human health. Epidemiological research has been focused primarily on cigarette tobacco smoking(World
Health Organization (2008)) which has been studied more extensively than any other form of consumption.
Tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally. The use of Tobacco leads to most
common diseases affecting the heart, liver and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks,
strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (including emphysema and chronic bronchitis), and
cancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, and pancreatic cancer). It also causes
peripheral vascular disease and hypertension (Robert Bullard 2013). The effects depend on the number of years
that a person smokes and on how much the person smokes. Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking
cigarettes higher in tar increases the risk of these diseases. Also, environmental tobacco smoke, or secondhand
smoke, has been shown to cause adverse health effects in people of all ages . Cigarettes sold in underdeveloped
countries tend to have higher tar content, and are less likely to be filtered, potentially increasing vulnerability to
tobacco-related disease in these regions (Fowles 2003).
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004 and
100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century. Similarly, the United States Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in
developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide." Several countries including Nigeria
3. Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross River State, Nigeria
www.iosrjournals.org 89 | Page
have taken measures to control the consumption of tobacco with usage and sales restrictions as well as warning
messages printed on packaging (Nichter 1991).
Smoke contains several carcinogenic pyrolytic products that bind to DNA and cause many genetic
mutations. There are 45 known or suspected chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke (Vanio 1987). Tobacco
also contains nicotine, which is a highly addictive psychoactive drug. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes
physical and psychological dependency. Tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant
smokers, and it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the fetus such as premature births and
low birth weight and increases by 1.4 to 3 times the chance for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). The
result of scientific studies done in neonatal rats seems to indicate that exposure to cigarette smoke in the womb
may reduce the fetal brain's ability to recognize hypoxic conditions, thus increasing the chance of accidental
asphyxiation. Incidence of impotence is approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-
smokers, and is a key factor causing erectile dysfunction (ED) (Fowles 2003).
II. Materials and method
STUDY AREA:
Calabar Metropolis is the capital of Cross River State, which is one of Nigeria’s coastal State, located in
the south-south region of the county, bordered by the Republic of Cameroon in the East and Nigeria state of
Benue (North), Ebonyi and Abia (West) and Akwa Ibom (south-west ). It occupies a total land area of 10,156
square kilometers, lying between latitude 40
280
and 60
550
North of the equator and longitude 70
50
and 90
280
East
of Greenwich meridian (Osang et al 2013).
Data source
Data was gathered through well designed and articulated oral and written questionnaires, direct and first-
hand observation of the environment, and comprehensive interview sessions with community Heads (Royal
Authorities where possible), patients and youth. A total number of one hundred and seventeen thousand
(117,000) questionnaires were randomly distributed evenly to only men of about 15-75years old in all the
Eighteen (18) Local Government Areas in Cross River State as design in table 1 below. The questionnaires are
administered through the help of all the Paramount Rullers, Clan Heads, Chiefs and Community Executives in
all the 18 Local Government Areas. Eighty eight thousand,nine hundred and one (88,901) questionnaires were
recovered and four hundred and sixty eight (468) were not valid for analyses. Eighty seven thousand, five
hundred and thirty three (87,533) of valid questionnaire were recorded. Nine hundred (900) numbers of people
do not smoke any of the cigarette, and as such were not recorded. While one thousand five hundred smokers
were interviewed in each Local Government Area. Table 2a,b shows the total number of patience with smoking
related disease. Descriptive analyses using simple bar chart and pie chart indicating Local Government Area ,
No of smokers, Minimum Quantity of Cigarette consumed per person per day, Maximum. Quantity of Cigarette
consumed per person per day, Total Quantity of Cigarette consummed per person per day, Average Quantity of
Cigarette consummed per person per day were carried out.
III. Results
S/N
Local
Government
Area
No of
smokers
Min. Qty of
Cigarette consumed
per person daily
Max. Qty of
Cigarette consumed
per person daily
Total Quantity of
Cigarette per
person daily
Average
Quantity of
Cigarette per
person daily
1 Akpabuyo 5,111 2 48 50 25
2 Akamkpa 4,900 1 43 44 12
3 Odukpani 4,513 1 27 28 14
4 Biase 4,614 1 31 32 16
5 Ikom 4,738 1 29 30 15
6 Yarkulr 4,811 1 27 28 14
7 Obubra 4,621 2 26 28 14
8 Boki 4,824 1 43 40 20
9 Ogoja 4,715 1 43 44 22
10 Calabar- South 6,116 2 58 60 30
11 Etung 4,613 2 38 40 20
12 Bekwara 4,656 1 37 38 19
13 Bakassi 4,920 2 50 52 26
14
Calabar
Municipality 6,071 3 55 58 29
15 Obanliku 4,481 1 39 40 20
16 Obudu 4,857 2 32 34 17
4. Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross River State, Nigeria
www.iosrjournals.org 90 | Page
TABLE 1: STATISTICS OF SMOKERS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA.
Fig. 1: Descriptive Pie Chart Of Smookers Per Local Government Area In Cross River State, Nigeria.
Fig. 2: descriptive comparable bar chart of Average Quantity of Cigarette consumed per person daily in some
L.G.A. in C.R.S.
17 Yala 4,112 2 40 42 21
18 Abi 4,860 2 42 44 20
5. Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross River State, Nigeria
www.iosrjournals.org 91 | Page
S/N Local Government Area
DIESASES TOTAL NO. OF
PEOPLE INTERVIEW
TOTAL NO. OF
PATIENT
1 Akpabuyo
Lung cancers 1500 49
Heart attack 1500 35
Strokes 1500 20
Mental disorder 1500 30
asthma 1500 12
2 Akamkpa
Lung cancers 1500 46
Heart attack 1500 34
Strokes 1500 33
Mental disorder 1500 30
asthma 1500 24
3 Odukpani
Lung cancers 1500 45
Heart attack 1500 32
Strokes 1500 26
Mental disorder 1500 23
asthma 1500 21
4 Biase
Lung cancers 1500 40
Heart attack 1500 38
Strokes 1500 25
Mental disorder 1500 23
asthma 1500 20
5 Ikom
Lung cancers 1500 40
Heart attack 1500 38
Strokes 1500 26
Mental disorder 1500 26
asthma 1500 20
6 Yarkulr
Lung cancers 1500 41
Heart attack 1500 36
Strokes 1500 20
Mental disorder 1500 20
asthma 1500 22
7 Obubra
Lung cancers 1500 44
Heart attack 1500 35
Strokes 1500 30
Mental disorder 1500 20
asthma 1500 21
8 Boki
Lung cancers 1500 43
Heart attack 1500 32
Strokes 1500 25
Mental disorder 1500 21
asthma 1500 19
9 Ogoja
Lung cancers 1500 42
Heart attack 1500 30
Strokes 1500 25
Mental disorder 1500 20
asthma 1500 15
Table 2a: total no. of patient with smoking related diseases (Akpabuyo to Ogoja)
Fig. 3a: descriptive comparable bar chart of total no. of patient with smoking related diseases(Akpabuyo to
Ogoja)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Lungcancers
Mentaldisorder
Heartattack
asthma
Strokes
Lungcancers
Mentaldisorder
Heartattack
asthma
Strokes
Lungcancers
Mentaldisorder
Heartattack
asthma
Strokes
AkpabuyoAkamkpaOdukpaniBiaseIkomYarkulrObubraBokiOgoja
TOTAL NO. OF PATIENTS
TOTAL NO. OF PATIENT
6. Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross River State, Nigeria
www.iosrjournals.org 92 | Page
table 2b: total no. of patient with smoking related diseases
Fig. 3b: descriptive comparable bar chart of total no. of patient with smoking related diseases(Calabar-South to Abi)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Lungcancers
Heartattack
asthma
Strokes
Lungcancers
Heartattack
asthma
Strokes
Lungcancers
Heartattack
asthma
Strokes
Calabar- SouthEtungBekwaraBakassiCalabar MunicipalityObanlikuObuduYala Abi
TOTAL NO. OF PATIENTS
TOTAL NO. OF PATIENT
S/N Local Government Area
DIESASES TOTAL NO. OF
PEOPLE INTERVIEW
TOTAL NO. OF
PATIENT
10 Calabar- South
Lung cancers 1500 65
Heart attack 1500 50
Strokes 1500 43
Mental disorder 1500 37
asthma 1500 34
11 Etung
Lung cancers 1500 45
Heart attack 1500 30
Strokes 1500 28
Mental disorder 1500 22
asthma 1500 20
12 Bekwara
Lung cancers 1500 41
Heart attack 1500 36
Strokes 1500 30
Mental disorder 1500 28
asthma 1500 15
13 Bakassi
Lung cancers 1500 46
Heart attack 1500 41
Strokes 1500 30
Mental disorder 1500 32
asthma 1500 29
14 Calabar Municipality
Lung cancers 1500 50
Heart attack 1500 42
Strokes 1500 30
Mental disorder 1500 30
asthma 1500 28
15 Obanliku
Lung cancers 1500 30
Heart attack 1500 24
Strokes 1500 16
Mental disorder 1500 13
asthma 1500 12
16 Obudu
Lung cancers 1500 40
Heart attack 1500 30
Strokes 1500 18
Mental disorder 1500 20
asthma 1500 10
17 Yala
Lung cancers 1500 29
Heart attack 1500 16
Strokes 1500 15
Mental disorder 1500 12
asthma 1500 11
18 Abi
Lung cancers 1500 40
Heart attack 1500 27
Strokes 1500 22
Mental disorder 1500 15
asthma 1500 10
7. Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross River State, Nigeria
www.iosrjournals.org 93 | Page
IV. Discussion of Result
Based on the results of the valid questionnaires gotten, it was discovered that, the people smoked the
following cigarettes: Pall Mall, Oris Slims Light, Dorchester International, Benson and Hedges, Rothmans
Kingsize and St. Moritz. Tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally. The use of Tobacco
leads mostly to diseases affecting the heart, liver and lungs. Smoking is a major risk factor for heart attacks,
strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (including emphysema and chronic bronchitis), and
cancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, and pancreatic cancer). It also causes
peripheral vascular disease and hypertension. The effects depend on the number of years that a person smokes
and on how much the person smokes. Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in tar
increases the risk of these diseases. Also, environmental tobacco smoke, or secondhand smoke, has been shown
to cause adverse health effects in people of all ages
A high number of people smoke Pall Mall, because it is more affortable (cheap). Calabar South appears
the highest in the smoking rate due to their high level of exposure and availability of jobs. Table 1, fig.1 and
fig.2 recorded Yala Local Government Area has the least number of smokers perhaps due to its remote location
and poor economic state of the community.
V. Conclusions
Cigarette smoking like conventional air pollution has also been linked to Decreases of lung function,
increase of heart attacks, Respiratory diseases, cancer, asthma, and other health effects. Pollution also create
odour and smog, diminishing the protective ozone layer and its contributions. In summary, the findings of these
study provide additional evidence and strength to the existing literature on the adverse Environmental health
effects, climate change and ambient air pollution, faced by people living in Cross River State and similar cities
elsewhere. From The results of this investigation and considering the high level of cigerate related diseases, it is
recommended that the Government bans smoking in publice places, ban the advertisement of any knid of
cigerate and enforce punishment to offenders. The Government is also expected to enact and enforce the clean
indoor air act, which restricks smooking to indoors, conduct site specific assessment of health risks from air
pollutants emittes by smokers.
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