The aim of thisresearchwas to study the effect of riskfactorsincludesage,gender, workinglives, body position whileworking, smoking habit, blood type, nutrientstatus, level of Hb, to COHblevelsblood in parking officersat X Plaza Surabaya. This researchwas an analyticobservationalstudywhichconducted cross sectional, using simple randomsamplingtechnique. The sample for thisresearchused 30 people.Themeasurement of carbonmonoxide air concentration at parking plaza x conducted on three-point surroundingofficerswork area. COHbcorrelationwithage, workingperiod, Hb, were analyzed usedPearsoncorrelation.The correlationbetweengender, smoking habit and body position whileworking to blood COHBlevelused T sampleanalyzed. The correlationbetweenblood types and bloodCOHblevelwasanalyzedbyanalysis of variance / ANOVA.The Spearman test was used to analyzed thenutritionalstatus. The resultshowedthathighestcarbonmonoxidelevelsfound in motorcyclewhich 16.1 ppm. Ambient air quality standard based on PP No. 41 of 1999 is 10 ppm, if wecomparedwith the resultweconcludethatlevels of CO at parking motor has exceeded the threshold. Based on thisresearch, advised to provide more local exhaust or air conditioning system aroundworking places of parking officers to reduce CO levelwhichproduced by vehicle. Also, weoffer to management handling the parking officers to givevitamin C and vitamin E as antioxidantthatreducetoxic in their body and to give check up facility for health condition regularly
Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Ower...ijtsrd
The study, investigated the vehicular emissions on the ambient air quality of sections of Owerri municipal road by measuring the mean concentrations of CO, NO2, SO2, VOCs, NH3 and suspended particulate matter (PM7, PM10 and TSP) arising mainly from the activities of motor vehicles in the month of October, 2017. The sampled stations were Wetheral road, Okigwe road and Control Roundabout, which constitute one of the heaviest traffic congestion hotspots in the city. The sampling was carried out both in the morning and afternoon on four sampling stations and a control point and standard methods were adopted for field investigations. The levels of gaseous emissions from vehicular activities were sampled using a gas measuring meter of models BW Multi gas Monitor, Aeroqual Environmental gas Monitor and Aerocet 531 particle mass monitor for (H2S, CO, NH3, CH4), (NO2, SO2, VOCS) and (Suspended particulate matter ranging from PM1 "“ PM10 and TSP) respectively. The result of the study showed that with the exception of NH3 (3.889ppm) and CO (7.944ppm) other air pollutants NO2 (0.108ppm), SO2 (0.146ppm), VOCs(0.556ppm), PM7 (0.088mgmm3), PM10 (0.140mgmm3) and TSP (0.216mgmm3) measured exceeded the concentration values stipulated by Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv.), WHO (World Health Organization) and the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This could result to adverse environmental and health implications among the inhabitants. Regular air quality monitoring for better healthy living among residents of the study area is recommended. Dr. Umunnakwe Johnbosco Emeka | Dr. Aharanwa Bibian Chimezie"Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Owerri Road Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15745.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/15745/preliminary-studies-on-mean-levels-of-vehicular-emissions-at-sections-of-owerri-road-nigeria/dr-umunnakwe-johnbosco-emeka
Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Ower...ijtsrd
The study, investigated the vehicular emissions on the ambient air quality of sections of Owerri municipal road by measuring the mean concentrations of CO, NO2, SO2, VOCs, NH3 and suspended particulate matter (PM7, PM10 and TSP) arising mainly from the activities of motor vehicles in the month of October, 2017. The sampled stations were Wetheral road, Okigwe road and Control Roundabout, which constitute one of the heaviest traffic congestion hotspots in the city. The sampling was carried out both in the morning and afternoon on four sampling stations and a control point and standard methods were adopted for field investigations. The levels of gaseous emissions from vehicular activities were sampled using a gas measuring meter of models BW Multi gas Monitor, Aeroqual Environmental gas Monitor and Aerocet 531 particle mass monitor for (H2S, CO, NH3, CH4), (NO2, SO2, VOCS) and (Suspended particulate matter ranging from PM1 "“ PM10 and TSP) respectively. The result of the study showed that with the exception of NH3 (3.889ppm) and CO (7.944ppm) other air pollutants NO2 (0.108ppm), SO2 (0.146ppm), VOCs(0.556ppm), PM7 (0.088mgmm3), PM10 (0.140mgmm3) and TSP (0.216mgmm3) measured exceeded the concentration values stipulated by Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv.), WHO (World Health Organization) and the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This could result to adverse environmental and health implications among the inhabitants. Regular air quality monitoring for better healthy living among residents of the study area is recommended. Dr. Umunnakwe Johnbosco Emeka | Dr. Aharanwa Bibian Chimezie"Preliminary Studies on Mean Levels of Vehicular Emissions at Sections of Owerri Road Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15745.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/15745/preliminary-studies-on-mean-levels-of-vehicular-emissions-at-sections-of-owerri-road-nigeria/dr-umunnakwe-johnbosco-emeka
Presentation by Vlatka Matkovic at the OpenDataDay event 'Towards Clean Air with Open Data'. The event took place at BeCentral in Brussels on Saturday 3 March 2018.
Monitoring of Particulate Matter and Gaseous Pollutant in Aurangabad CityIOSRJMCE
Concentration of gaseous pollutant and particulate matter are the major cause of respiratory disease and deaths. The dust pollution is serious matter almost in all cities of Maharashtra. This paper deals with the results of ambient monitoring of Aurangabad city for particulate matter, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The sulphur dioxide concentration is measured by Modified West and Geake Method whereas nitrogen dioxide is measured by Modified Jacob and Hochheiser method. The results shows a very high concentration of particulate matter, however sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were within the permissible limits.
Health effects of NO2: do these differ from those associated with PM2.5 expos...IES / IAQM
In 2010, the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) published its advice on the health impacts of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution in the UK. Long term exposure to PM2.5 was estimated to contribute the equivalent of 29,000 premature deaths across the UK making it the foremost environmental challenge we face.
In March 2015, COMEAP published a statement recognising the strengthening of the evidence for associations of adverse health effects with ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2). At that point COMEAP concluded that “the evidence suggests that it would be sensible to regard NO2 as causing some of the health impact found to be associated with it in epidemiological studies. Nonetheless, it is possible that, to some extent, NO2 acts as a marker of the effects of other traffic-related pollutants” (COMEAP 2015a).
COMEAP’s extensive work on NO2 will be published before the end of 2017 and the report will necessarily cover the wide range of views across COMEAP on this pollutant. However, the one issue on which the committee is unanimous is that further research is required both on the toxicology and epidemiology of NO2 exposure, as well as on the use of multi-pollutant models to derive quantitative estimates of the effects of the pollutants being considered.
Air can be contaminated by a range of very different particles such as dust, pollen, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. Many of them can harm our health, especially very small particles that can enter deep into the lungs.
What is known about the different health effects of particles?
Toronto Air Quality Study - Toronto Environment OfficeJohn Helfrich
Toronto Public Health and Toronto Environment Office commissioned a study of Air Quality in the South Riverdale, Leslieville, Beaches communities. This report was published July 2011. The 5 most significant conclusions are reported in my blog at EastEndTorontoHomes.com
Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross...IOSR Journals
This study is aimed at assessing the cause of air pollution and Environmental health effect on people living in Cross River State using cigarette smokers as a case study. Data was gathered through a well designed and articulated oral and written questionnaires, direct and first-hand observation of the environment, and comprehensive interview sessions were carried out with community Heads (Royal Authorities where possible), patients and youths. A total of one hundred and seventeen thousand (117,000) questionnaires were randomly distributed evenly to men of about 20-75years old in all the Eighteen (18) Local Government Area in Cross River State. Eighty seven thousand, five hundred and thirty three (87,533) valid questionnaire were received back. Nine hundred (900) of the people reported that they do not smoke any cigarette. Table 1 shows the total number of people who smoke cigarette. Table 2a,b show the total number of patients with smoking related diseases. Most of these patients with smoking related diseases such as decrease in lung function, increase of heart attack, Respiratory diseases, cancer, asthma, and other health effects are having those disease conditions as a result of their smoking habits.
Presentation by Vlatka Matkovic at the OpenDataDay event 'Towards Clean Air with Open Data'. The event took place at BeCentral in Brussels on Saturday 3 March 2018.
Monitoring of Particulate Matter and Gaseous Pollutant in Aurangabad CityIOSRJMCE
Concentration of gaseous pollutant and particulate matter are the major cause of respiratory disease and deaths. The dust pollution is serious matter almost in all cities of Maharashtra. This paper deals with the results of ambient monitoring of Aurangabad city for particulate matter, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The sulphur dioxide concentration is measured by Modified West and Geake Method whereas nitrogen dioxide is measured by Modified Jacob and Hochheiser method. The results shows a very high concentration of particulate matter, however sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were within the permissible limits.
Health effects of NO2: do these differ from those associated with PM2.5 expos...IES / IAQM
In 2010, the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) published its advice on the health impacts of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution in the UK. Long term exposure to PM2.5 was estimated to contribute the equivalent of 29,000 premature deaths across the UK making it the foremost environmental challenge we face.
In March 2015, COMEAP published a statement recognising the strengthening of the evidence for associations of adverse health effects with ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2). At that point COMEAP concluded that “the evidence suggests that it would be sensible to regard NO2 as causing some of the health impact found to be associated with it in epidemiological studies. Nonetheless, it is possible that, to some extent, NO2 acts as a marker of the effects of other traffic-related pollutants” (COMEAP 2015a).
COMEAP’s extensive work on NO2 will be published before the end of 2017 and the report will necessarily cover the wide range of views across COMEAP on this pollutant. However, the one issue on which the committee is unanimous is that further research is required both on the toxicology and epidemiology of NO2 exposure, as well as on the use of multi-pollutant models to derive quantitative estimates of the effects of the pollutants being considered.
Air can be contaminated by a range of very different particles such as dust, pollen, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. Many of them can harm our health, especially very small particles that can enter deep into the lungs.
What is known about the different health effects of particles?
Toronto Air Quality Study - Toronto Environment OfficeJohn Helfrich
Toronto Public Health and Toronto Environment Office commissioned a study of Air Quality in the South Riverdale, Leslieville, Beaches communities. This report was published July 2011. The 5 most significant conclusions are reported in my blog at EastEndTorontoHomes.com
Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross...IOSR Journals
This study is aimed at assessing the cause of air pollution and Environmental health effect on people living in Cross River State using cigarette smokers as a case study. Data was gathered through a well designed and articulated oral and written questionnaires, direct and first-hand observation of the environment, and comprehensive interview sessions were carried out with community Heads (Royal Authorities where possible), patients and youths. A total of one hundred and seventeen thousand (117,000) questionnaires were randomly distributed evenly to men of about 20-75years old in all the Eighteen (18) Local Government Area in Cross River State. Eighty seven thousand, five hundred and thirty three (87,533) valid questionnaire were received back. Nine hundred (900) of the people reported that they do not smoke any cigarette. Table 1 shows the total number of people who smoke cigarette. Table 2a,b show the total number of patients with smoking related diseases. Most of these patients with smoking related diseases such as decrease in lung function, increase of heart attack, Respiratory diseases, cancer, asthma, and other health effects are having those disease conditions as a result of their smoking habits.
Case studies in improving urban air qualityngocjos
IGU study finds that the switch to natural gas helps mega-cities dramatically improve air quality and reduce emissions of GHG and air pollutants – enhancing and saving lives. On the sidelines of the COP21 negotiations in Paris the IGU has released a major study that highlights the interconnection that exists between reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reducing emissions of other air pollutants. It presents case studies of efforts in four cities — New York, Istanbul, Toronto, and Beijing — that have tackled or are tackling the issue of improving urban air quality and where gas has featured as the main contributor to their efforts. These cities can provide lessons for other cities seeking to reduce the potentially severe health consequences of urban air pollution.
Running head AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1.docxtoddr4
Running head: AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1
AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1
Air Pollution by Haze
Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Date
Abstract
Air pollution is a critical problem of the modern world, which has posed dangerous toxicological effects to the environment and human health. Haze is among the most significant pollutants of the new civilized world. Haze originates from various emissions; however, industrial processes and vehicular emissions contribute to significant factors that lead to the formation of haze. As documented by the World Health Organization, six principal air contaminants include ground-level ozone, lead, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, and Sulphur dioxide. Continuous exposure to factors that contribute to the formation of haze promote various toxicological effects on human life such as cardiovascular as well as respiratory ailments, irritation of the eyes, long term chronic ailments like cancer, and neuropsychiatric issues. Air pollution by haze is reported to be a major environmental threat in the progression and incidence of some health complications such as low birth weight, asthma, Alzheimer and Parkinson’ diseases, lung cancer, autism, fetal growth, psychological problems, and ventricular hypertrophy. In this research paper, major causes of pollution by haze are discussed, emission sources and subsequent effects on human wellbeing.
Air Pollution by Haze
The social and economic activities of densely populated areas release large volumes of fine particulate matters. While these fine particulate materials unendingly pile beyond the ability of atmospheric self-cleaning to eradicate it, the haze weather is created. Haze weather is usually a mixture of the effects of stable and static weather. Current scientific studies conducted mostly in western Europe and North America demonstrate that air pollution in urban areas as a result of haze is triggering numerous health issues from eye itching to death. Increase in the speed for urbanization and industrialization in major cities of the world has led to growth in the badness of urban air pollution. “Amounts of fine particles are usually in thousands of micrograms in cubic meter across many cities of the world that are going through modern industrialization” (Astrobum, Apr 30 2017). Grievous installments of air pollution have wrapped a better part of the world. By November 2015, for instance, in China, the cities located to the northern area of the country have recently experienced high levels of haze due to the rise in particulate matter. The particulate matter increased from 360 to 700 µg/m3 up to 28 times much above the levels recommended by the world health organization (WHO).
Exposure to particulate matter has often been linked with numerous health problems; however, issues related to mortality are undeniably the most important to address since they are also among the prevalently amenable issues to the assessment of the world. Most epidemiological da.
Developing World and Occupational Health ImpactsAI Publications
The environment is an integral part of human life the quality of which plays a critical role in human health. Occupational environment presents potential health hazards to workers employed in a variety of positions. This review adds to a growing body of evidence that PM is really harmful to health increasing overall mortality mostly deaths from cardiovascular disease as well as deaths from respiratory diseases.
Assess and Forecast Air Pollution Using Environmental APIsAmbee
With the advancement of air pollution management and research since the 1960s, it has become more important for people to
understand the impact of pollen API and environmental API. The Ambee Pollen API makes it easy for customers to generate data
with just a few clicks.
Tobacco smoke contains mutagenic chemicals that are in the “probably carcinogenic” or “possibly carcinogenic” categories. In addition to free radicals, cigarette smoke is also rich in combustion toxic gases that can reach a very high concentration and become involved in more radical formation. Tobacco smoke contains a mixture of chemicals, including a host of reactive oxygen species (ROS), among others, that can damage cellular and sub-cellular targets, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. A growing body of evidence supports a key role for smoking-induced ROS and the resulting oxidative stress in inflammation and carcinogenesis. Smoking is one of the causes of the incidence and mortality of cancer in the world. This study aimed to review the relationship between smoking and especially the use of cigarettes with common cancers of various organs of the body. In addition to free radicals, cigarette smoke is also rich in combustion toxic gases that can reach a very high concentration and become involved in more radical formation. Smoking increases the risk of cancers of the lungs, bladder, cervix, kidney, larynx (voice box), pharynx (upper throat), nose, mouth, oesophagus (foodpipe), pancreas, stomach, liver and some types of leukaemia. Within this review article we will focus on the correlation between smoking and oxidative stress and the role of smoking in increasing the risk of cancer.
Air pollution and it's effects on human healthDivyaBhargavi7
Air pollutions has many adverse effects on human . Many complication include respiratory and cardiovascular complications . So plant a tree try to reduce air pollution. Be a responsible citizen plant a tree save a life .
Gasping for Breath: A (bogus) analysis of the health effects from ozone pollu...Marcellus Drilling News
A piece of nonsense/garbage issued by two virulently anti-fossil fuel groups in Ohio that attempts to make a connection between oil and gas development (i.e. fracking) in Ohio and asthma attacks in children. It is completely bogus and a sham.
Air Pollution: A New Approach on Global WarmingIJLT EMAS
In a move to curb pollution from the coal- based
power sector. The Union Ministry of Environment ,Forest and
Climate change(MOEF&CC) had announced new emission
limits for power stations ,both existing and upcoming. The
enhanced pace of developmental activities after industrial
revolution i.e. 18th century and rapid urbanization have resulted
in stress on natural resources and quality of life. Pollution is now
a common place term that our ears are attuned to. We hear
about the various forms of pollution and read about it through
the mass media. Air pollution is one such form that refers to the
contamination of the air, irrespective of indoors or outside. A
physical, biological or chemical alteration to the air in the
atmosphere can be termed as pollution. Thus air pollutants are
substances emitted into the air from an anthropogenic, biogenic,
or geogenic source, that is either not part of natural atmosphere
or is present in higher concentrations than the natural
atmosphere, and may cause a short term or long term adverse
effect. It occurs when any harmful gases, dust, smoke enters into
the atmosphere and makes it difficult for plants, animals and
humans to survive as the air becomes dirty. A WHO report
released in May 2014 showed that most of Indian cities are death
traps due to very high air pollution levels. The urban air quality
database of WHO, covering 1600 cities across 91 countries
showed that Indian cities are among those with highest levels of
(Particulate Matter) PM 10 and PM 2.5 and less. Black carbon is
also a kind of particulate matter, responsible for global warming.
Cars are a very important part of this modern world because they give luxury and comfort. Even
though they are comfortable, some problems always keep arising on the safety side. After a lot of research they
rectified certain problems using air bags, auto parking, turbo charger, pedal shift…, etc.
And now we are going to discuss about one such problem that arises on the safety side. An unsuspected
accident occurs when people smash their fingers in between the car doors. Due to this kind of accident around
120,000 people are injured every year. But this was not taken as a very major safety concern for the customer.
To avoid this kind accident due to car doors, we are introducing “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”
with the help of “HYDRAULIC PISTON AND IR SENSORS”.
The major working process of the “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”is, when a person places his/her
hand or fingers in the gap between the door and the outer panel, at the time when the closing action of the door
takes place, the Sensors start to transmit the Infra Red Rays to the Receivers at the
other end, and so even if someone closes the door without anybody‟s knowledge the hydraulic piston will
automatically come out and stop the door from closing and prevent the person from the unsuspected accident
and minor injuries by the car door and ensure maximum safety to the customer.
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Analysis of Agile and Multi-Agent Based Process Scheduling Modelirjes
As an answer of long growing frustration of waterfall Software development life cycle concepts,
agile software development concept was evolved in 90’s. The most popular agile methodologies is the Extreme
Programming (XP). Most software companies nowadays aim to produce efficient, flexible and valuable
Software in short time period with minimal costs, and within unstable, changing environments. This complex
problem can be modeled as a multi-agent based system, where agents negotiate resources. Agents can be used to
represent projects and resources. Crucial for the multi-agent based system in project scheduling model, is the
availability of an effective algorithm for prioritizing and scheduling of task. To evaluate the models, simulations
were carried out with real life and several generated data sets. The developed model (Multi-agent based System)
provides an optimized and flexible agile process scheduling and reduces overheads in the software process as it
responds quickly to changing requirements without excessive work in project scheduling.
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
Possible limits of accuracy in measurement of fundamental physical constantsirjes
The measurement uncertainties of Fundamental Physical Constants should take into account all
possible and most influencing factors. One from them is the finiteness of the model that causes the existence of
a-priori error. The proposed formula for calculation of this error provides a comparison of its value with the
actual experimental measurement error that cannot be done an arbitrarily small. According to the suggested
approach, the error of the researched Fundamental Physical Constant, measured in conventional field studies,
will always be higher than the error caused by the finite number of dimensional recorded variables of physicalmathematical
models. Examples of practical application of the considered concept for measurement of fine
structure constant, speed of light and Newtonian constant of gravitation are discussed.
Performance Comparison of Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for Cogniti...irjes
With the rapid deployment of new wireless devices and applications, the last decade has witnessed a growing
demand for wireless radio spectrum. However, the policy of fixed spectrum assignment produces a bottleneck for more
efficient spectrum utilization, such that a great portion of the licensed spectrum is severely under-utilized. So the concept of
cognitive radio was introduced to address this issue.The inefficient usage of the limited spectrum necessitates the
development of dynamic spectrum access techniques, where users who have no spectrum licenses, also known as secondary
users, are allowed to use the temporarily unused licensed spectrum. For this purpose we have to know the presence or
absence of primary users for spectrum usage. So spectrums sensing is one of the major requirements of cognitive radio.Many
spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or absence of a licensed user. This paper evaluates
the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy and fading environments.The
performance of the energy detection technique will be evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves
over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels.
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames for Differe...irjes
In this paper, the conventional steel frames having triangular Pratt truss as a roofing system of 60 m
length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
10m and the EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level and pre-engineered steel frames of
same dimensions are analyzed and designed for wind zones (wind zone 2, wind zone 3, wind zone 4 and wind
zone 5) by using STAAD Pro V8i. The study deals with the comparative study of both conventional and preengineered
with respect to the amount of structural steel required, reduction in dead load of the structure.
Flip bifurcation and chaos control in discrete-time Prey-predator model irjes
The dynamics of discrete-time prey-predator model are investigated. The result indicates that the
model undergo a flip bifurcation which found by using center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory.
Numerical simulation not only illustrate our results, but also exhibit the complex dynamic behavior, such as the
periodic doubling in period-2, -4 -8, quasi- periodic orbits and chaotic set. Finally, the feedback control method
is used to stabilize chaotic orbits at an unstable interior point.
Energy Awareness and the Role of “Critical Mass” In Smart Citiesirjes
A Smart City could be depicted as a place, logical and physical, in which a crowd of heterogeneous
entities is related in time and space through different types of interactions. Any type of entity, whether it is a
device or a person, clustered in communities, becomes a source of context-based data.
Energy awareness is able to drive the process of bringing our society to limit energy waste and to optimize
usage of available resources, causing a strong environmental and social impact. Then, following social network
analysis methodologies related to the dynamics of complex systems, it is possible to find out, emergent and
sometimes hidden new habits of electricity usage. Through an initial Critical Mass, involving a multitude of
consumers, each related to more contexts, we evaluate the triggering and spreading of a collective attitude. To
this aim, in this paper, we propose a novel analytical model defining a new concept of critical mass, which
includes centrality measures both in a single layer and in a multilayer social network.
A Firefly Algorithm for Optimizing Spur Gear Parameters Under Non-Lubricated ...irjes
Firefly algorithm is one of the emerging evolutionary approaches for complex and non-linear
optimization problems. It is inspired by natural firefly‟s behavior such as movement of fireflies based on
brightness and by overcoming the constraints such as light absorption, obstacles, distance, etc. In this research,
firefly‟s movement had been simulated computationally to identify the best parameters for spur gear pair by
considering the design and manufacturing constraints. The proposed algorithm was tested with the traditional
design parameters and found the results are at par in less computational time by satisfying the constraints.
The Effect of Orientation of Vortex Generators on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction ...irjes
One of the main reasons for the aerodynamic drag in automotive vehicles is the flow separation
near the vehicle’s rear end. To delay this flow separation, vortex generators are used in recent vehicles. The
vortex generators are commonly used in aircrafts to prevent flow separation. Even though vortex generators
themselves create drag, but they also reduce drag by delaying flow separation at downstream. The overall effect
of vortex generators is more beneficial and proved by experimentation. The effect depends on the shape,size and
orientation of vortex generators. Hence optimized shape with proper orientation is essential for getting better
results.This paper presents the effect of vortex generators at different orientation to the flow field and the
mechanism by which these effects takes place.
An Assessment of The Relationship Between The Availability of Financial Resou...irjes
The availability of financial resources is an important element in impacting the success of a planning
process for an effective physical planning. The extent to which however, they are articulated in the process
remained elusive both in scholarly and public discourse. The objective of this study wastherefore, to examine
the extent to which financial resources affect physical planning. In doing so, the study examinedwhether
financial resources were adequate or not to facilitate planning processes in Paidha. According to the study
findings,budget prioritization and ceilings are still a challenge in Paidha Town Council. This is partly due
limited level of knowledge of physical planning among the officials of Paidha Town Council. As a result, there
were no dedicated budget line for routine inspection of physical development plan compliance and enforcement
tools in Paidha. In conclusion, in addressing uncoordinated patterns of physical development that characterize
Uganda‟s urban centres, a critical starting point ought to be the analysis of physical planning process. The
research of this kind is not only significant to other emerging urban centres facing poor a road network,
mushrooming informal settlements and poor social services including poor pattern of residential and commercial
developments but also to all institutions that are involved in planning these towns. Knowing the extent of need
for financial influences in planning may assist local authorities to take the processes of planning seriously which
will help enhance the sustainable development of emerging urban centres including Paidha.
The Choice of Antenatal Care and Delivery Place in Surabaya (Based on Prefere...irjes
- Person's desire to do a pregnancy examination is determined by the service place that suits the tastes
and facilities owned by it. Until now, the utilization of antenatal care by pregnant women is still low (Mardiana,
2014). The purpose of the study is to analyze factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care and delivery place
in Surabaya city based on the preferences and choice theory.
Type of survey research is cross sectional approach, the population is mothers who have children aged 1-
12 months in Surabaya. The large sample of 250 mothers who have children aged 1-12 months in 2013 is taken
by simple random sampling technique. Variables of the research are the preference elements and steps, choice
elements and steps, utilization of antenatal care and delivery place. Data were collected through questionnaires
and secondary data were then analyzed with descriptive statistics in the form of a frequency distribution, shown
by the schematic diagram.
The result showed that the preference elements and steps showed almost half (42.9%) desire to give birth
in a health care because of information got from someone else, while the choice element and step shows the
bulk (57.1%) of the criteria of delivery place chosen is a safe, comfortable and cheap delivery place, the labor
place which is the main choice most (57.1%) is cheap, comfortable, close.
Conclusion of the research based on the preferences and choice theory can be found three (3) new
theories, they are preferences become choice, preferences do not become choice, choice is preceded by
preferences
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
FACTORS RELATED TO COHb CONTENT TOWARD PARKING OFFICER OF PLAZA X SURABAYA
1. International Refereed Journal ofEngineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) XXXX-XXXX, (Print) XXXX-XXXX
Volume X, Issue X (XXXXX 2014), PP.
www.irjes.org 1 | Page
FACTORS RELATED TO COHb CONTENT
TOWARD PARKING OFFICER OF PLAZA X SURABAYA
rizkyrahadiank3@gmail.com
Rizky Rahadian Wicaksono1, Iva Widyanti2, Ratna Fajariani3, Sulistyani4,
Tjipto Soewandi5, Linda Dewanti
1,2
(Faculty of Health Science, Darussalam University, Ponorogo, Indonesia)
3,4,5,6
(Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia)
Abstract :-The aim of thisresearchwas to study the effect of riskfactorsincludesage,gender, workinglives, body
position whileworking, smoking habit, blood type, nutrientstatus, level of Hb, to COHblevelsblood in parking
officersat X Plaza Surabaya. This researchwas an analyticobservationalstudywhichconducted cross sectional,
using simple randomsamplingtechnique. The sample for thisresearchused 30 people.Themeasurement of
carbonmonoxide airconcentration at parking plaza x conducted on three-point surroundingofficerswork area.
COHbcorrelationwithage, workingperiod, Hb, were analyzed usedPearsoncorrelation.The
correlationbetweengender, smoking habit and body position whileworking to blood COHBlevelused T
sampleanalyzed. The correlationbetweenblood types and bloodCOHblevelwasanalyzedbyanalysis of variance
/ ANOVA.The Spearman test was used to analyzed thenutritionalstatus. The
resultshowedthathighestcarbonmonoxidelevelsfound in motorcyclewhich 16.1 ppm. Ambient air quality
standard based on PP No. 41 of 1999 is 10 ppm, if wecomparedwith the resultweconcludethatlevels of CO at
parking motor has exceeded the threshold. Based on thisresearch, advised to provide more local exhaust or air
conditioning system aroundworking places of parking officers to reduce CO levelwhichproduced by vehicle.
Also, weoffer to management handling the parking officers to givevitamin C and vitamin E as
antioxidantthatreducetoxic in their body and to give check up facility for health condition regularly.
Keywords: - Carbon monoxide levels, COHb levels, Parking Attendants
I. INTRODUCTION
Air as an important component of life environment needs to be maintained and provide a quality
controlling therefore it provide capacity for organisms living carrying to live optimally. Air is an environment
media that is a human basic need to get serious attention. It is also the Indonesia policy of health development
2010 which air pollution control program is one of the flagship programs (Ministry of Health, 2008).
Air pollution as a threat to children's health and the environment is a risk factor for acute respiratory
disease or chronic. Smoke of Cigarette pollutants on the environment and outdoor certain known as risk factors
for acute respiratory infections, indoor air pollution from organic fuel is a major contributor to disease. One of
the content of air pollutants are carbon monoxide (CO), which in the air present in very small amoun ts, only
about 0.1 ppm. In urban areas with heavy traffic CO gas concentration between 10-15 ppm. It has long been
known that CO gas in large quantities or low can cause health problems while even cause death. Carbon
monoxide in the environment can be formed naturally, but the main source of human activity. Carbon monoxide
derived from nature, including from the sea, metal oxidation in the atmosphere, mountains, forest fires and
natural electrical storm. Artificial sources of CO include motor vehicles, especially those using gasoline.
Based on estimates, the amount of CO from artificial sources is estimated that nearly 60 million tons per
year. Half of this amount comes from a motor vehicle that uses gasoline and third trap is derived fromstationary
sources such as coal and oil combustion of industrial and domestic waste incineration. In the WHO report
(1992) revealed at least 90% of CO in urban air comes from vehicle emissions. In addition, smoke of cigarette
also contains CO, so that the smoker can expose himself from smoke of cigarette being inhaled. Sources of CO
from the room (indoor) including from household kitchen stove and furnace room.
In some studies, it found that a fairly high level of CO in the sedan vehicles and buses. CO levels in
urban areas varies considerably depending on the density of motor vehicles using gasoline and generally found
the maximum of CO levels that coincide with the peak hours in the morning and evening. Besides the weather,
variations in the levels of CO are also influenced by the topography of the road and the surrounding buildings.
Exposure CO from the ambient air can be reflected in the form of levels of carboxy-hemoglobin (HbCO) in the
blood formed very slowly because it takes 4-12 hours to achieve a balance between the levels of CO in the air
and HbCO in the blood.
2. International Refereed Journal ofEngineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) XXXX-XXXX, (Print) XXXX-XXXX
Volume X, Issue X (XXXXX 2014), PP.
www.irjes.org 2 | Page
Therefore, the levels of CO in the environment are likely to be expressed as average levels within 8 hours
of exposure. CO data are expressed in average every 8 hours of measurement all day (8 hours moving average
concentration) is better than the CO data expressed in an average of 3 times the measurement period of 8 hours
daily. The calculation will be approaching an overview of the human body's response to CO poisoning to the air
(Siswanto, 2009).
Carbon monoxide is sourced by the room (indoor) mainly derived fromspace heaters that use fossil fuels
and cooking stoves. Levels will be higher when the room is operated, inadequate ventilation. But generally
exposure, from indoor levels is lower than the levels of CO results of exposure to smoke of cigarette. Some
individuals may also be exposed to CO because of the work environment. Community groups most exposed to
CO including traffic police, car repair shop workers, officers metal industry, industrial gasoline, chemical and
gas industry of firefighters. CO exposure of the working environment as mentioned above required some
attention (Siswanto, 1994).
The motor vehicles emit harmful substances that can have a negative impact, both on human health and
lead to the environment, such as lead (Pb), suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), nitrogen oxides (NOx),
Hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and photochemical oxidants (Ox). Motor vehicles accounted for
nearly 100 percent of lead, 13-14 percent of suspended particular matter (SPM), 71-89 percent of hydrocarbons,
NOx and nearly 34-73 percent of the entire carbon monoxide into the air (Yasin, 2006).
The most important biological characteristics of CO are its ability to bind to hemoglobin, the pigment of
red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. These properties result in the formation
carboxyhemoglobin that 200 times more stable than oxyhemoglobin (HbO2). Slow decomposition
COHbimpede the work of the pigment molecules relatively in the function of cells carry out oxygen throughout
the body. These conditions can be serious or even fatal as it can cause poisoning (Siswanto, 2009).
In addition, muscle metabolism and function of the intra-cellular enzymes can also be disturbed by the
presence of the stable CO bond. Impact of CO poisoning is very dangerous for people who already suffer from
disorders of the heart muscle or severe peripheral blood circulation. The impact of CO is vary depends on the
person's health status at the time of exposure. In some people who are obese can tolerate exposure to CO levels
of COHb in the blood reaches 40% in a short time. But a person suffering from heart disease or lung will
become more severe if HbCO levels in the blood by 5-10%. Effect of CO high levels on the central nervous
system and cardiovascular system has been widely known. But the response from the community bodied
exposure to low levels of CO and in the long term, still little known. For example, the performance of the duty
officer, who should have the ability to detect small changes in the environment that occurred at the time that can
not be predicted in advance and require a high and constant vigilance, may be interrupted hampered in HbCO
levels that are below 10% and even up to 5 % (this is roughly equivalent to the levels of CO in the air, each for
80 and 35 mg / m3) This effect is too visible in smokers, because chances are accustomed exposed to the same
levels of smoke of cigarette (Siswanto, 1994).
COHb (carboxyhemoglobin) have higher stability compared with HBO2 (oxyhemoglobin). Affinity
between Hb and CO is 250 times more powerful than oxygen. Therefore with such ratios, low levels of CO can
be dangerous due to the formation of COHb which reduces blood oxygen transport capacity. Possible of acute
exposure will damage to the function of the brain or nervous systemand cardiac hypoxia, because these organs
lack of oxygen which in turn can lead to death (Budiyono, 2009).
Several studies conducted on a number of volunteers who perform strenuous exercise (study to see
maximal oxygen uptake) showed that lost consciousness at COHb levels of 50% with a lighter training, lost
consciousness in COHb 70% for 5-60 minutes. The disturbance is not felt in COHb 33%, but the heart rate
increases rapidly and disproportionately. Studies in a longer period of time to workers who work for 4 hours
with 5-6% COHb levels showed a similar effect on heart rate. The results of the above studies indicate that at
least for the non-smokers, there was a linear relationship between COHb and decreasing the maximum capacity
of oxygen (Siswanto, 1994).
The effect of CO on the cardiovascular system is quite evident observed although at a lower level.
Patients with heart disease and lung disease are among the most sensitive to exposure to CO. Can be kn own as
smoking and increased risk of coronary heart disease showed that CO might have had a role in triggering the
onset of the disease (heavy smokers often contain high levels of HbCO to 15%). lack evidence to suggest that
carbon monoxide causes heart disease or lung, but it is clear that the CO was able to disrupt the transport of
oxygen throughout the body that can have serious repercussions on a person who has suffered from heart disease
or lung. Epidemiological studies of morbidity and mortality from heart disease and levels of CO in the air are
divided by region, is very difficult to interpret. However chest pain during physical movement, evident will arise
3. International Refereed Journal ofEngineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) XXXX-XXXX, (Print) XXXX-XXXX
Volume X, Issue X (XXXXX 2014), PP.
www.irjes.org 3 | Page
in patients exposed to CO at levels of 60 mg / m3, which resulted in approximately around 5% of HbCO levels
(Siswanto, 1994).
Plaza as a crowded place with most visitors and parking workers have the habit of smoking, therefore, it
has greater risk of exposure to CO. workplace location in an enclosed space plus exposure to CO can cause
occupational diseases. ABO blood group are grouped into this grouping based on the presence or antigens
absence on the surface of the red blood cells (erythrocytes) absence, the antigen can be carbohydrates, proteins,
glycoproteins, or glycolipids. Carbon monoxide can be produced in small quantities from the catabolism of
hemoglobin and other pigments that contain haem and levels of "Endogenous carboxyhaemoglobin" (COHb) in
the blood (Siswanto 2009). Based on the above background, the researchers want to determine the factors
associated with age, years of smoking, blood type, hemoglobin, body position when working on COHb at the
plaza x Surabaya parking attendant.
II. MATERIALSANDMETHODS
This study is an observational analytic study with cross sectionalapproach. The populations of this study
are the entire plaza x South Surabaya parking attendant as many as 45 people. Data were processed using the
Pearson correlation test (COHb to analyze the relationship with age, years of service, Hb), free samples of t test
(to distinguish gender, body position at work, smoking), ANOVA (different test on blood type variable) and
Spearman correlation to analyze the nutritional status.
III. RESULT
III.1. Respondents of characteristik
Tabel3.1.Respondents of characteristic
Variabel Kategori total %
Gender Laki-laki 22 73,3
Perempuan 8 26,7
Age ≤40 Tahun 27 90,0
>40 Tahun 3 10,0
Working Period ≤ 1 Tahun 12 40,0
> 1 Tahun 18 60,0
Body position at work Berdiri 18 60,0
Duduk 12 40,0
Blood Type O 11 36,7
A 5 16,7
B 12 40,0
AB 2 6,7
HB catagori* Anemia 6 20,0
Tidak anemia 24 80,0
Smoking Habits Ya 18 60,0
Tidak 12 40,0
IMB categori Kurus 2 6,7
Normal 19 63,3
Gemuk 9 30,0
*Anemia Categori (Labkesda) for men : 13 gr/dl.dan Wanita : 12 gr/dl
III.2. Exposure to CO in the blood at workplace
Tabel 3.2. CO levels in the invironment based on the workplace
Workplace
location
11 Mei 2013
Hours
(WIB)
CO Levels in
environment
.(ppm)Mean ±
Simpanganbaku
12 Mei
2013
Hours
(WIB)
CO Levels in
environment
(ppm)Mean ±
Simpanganbaku
Total Mean±
simpanganbaku
UG( Motor) 11.05 15,3 ± 0,58 12.05 17,0± 1,00 16,1±0,88
LG 11.15 6,0 ± 1,00 12.20 3,67± 0,58 4,8±1,23
P1 11.35 6,0 ± 1,00 12.35 3,33± 0,58 4,6±1,47
P2 11.50 1,3± 0,58 12.50 2,33± 0,58 1,8±0,55
NAB based (WHO) indoor CO levels is 9 ppm for 8 hours / day
4. International Refereed Journal ofEngineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) XXXX-XXXX, (Print) XXXX-XXXX
Volume X, Issue X (XXXXX 2014), PP.
www.irjes.org 4 | Page
Description: UG: Motorcycle Parking is located on the ground floor vents only at the entrance and exit
LG : Car parking base on located above to the parking of motor and there is the entrance to plaza
P1 : 1st floor of Car parking with no air circulation
P2 :2nd Floor of Car Parking with natural air circulation
Table 3.2 shows the average CO levels in the environment around the plaza parking location x of 8.7 ± 6.4
ppm, with the highest levels in parts of the motor is 16.1 ppm, while in the LG, P1, P2 respectively by 4 , 8; 4.6;
1.8 ppm. The levels of CO in the parking motor has exceeded the threshold (CO levels were allowed to trade in
the space according to (WHO, 1994) is 9 ppm and the ambient air quality standard (Regulation No. 41 of 1999)
which is 10 ppm).
III.3. CO Levels in blood
Tabel 3.3. the average level of CO in the blood before and after work
Value (p) Significant Anova : (p) : 0,038 (p) : 0,022 (p) : 0,001
Table 3.3 shows the levels of CO in the blood (COHb) workers measured before working was 8.7 ± 1.8%,
with the highest levels found in workers who were in the parking of motor (UG) is 9.7 ± 1.3%. COHb levels
before working is measured to determine the total previous exposure including levels of CO are produced in the
body as a result of catabolism of hemoglobin (Endogenous COHb). Reference COHb in non-smokers is 0.5-
0.8%. When compared with a reference to smokers (3-10%), the worker COHb levels exceed the limit of
tolerance. Having finished work COHb levels of workers to 9.0 ± 1.9%, an increase of 0.3%.COHbCOHb
before and after the work is measured to determine the acute effects of CO exposure when the research
environment (COHb after) taking into account previous exposure (COHb before) so that the increase in COHb
can be considered as the result of environmental exposure to CO when the study course.
III.4. Relationship between CO in the environment with COHb
Tabel 3.4.Relationship between CO in the environment with COHb
Description : corelation signifikan p : < 0,05
Table 3.4 is known that there is a significant correlation between the levels of CO environment with COHb
levels before, after working and COHb difference (p = 0.017; p = 0.015; p <0.001). It shows that the increase in
COHb is a result of exposure to CO workplace.
III.5. Relationship between gender with COHb Levels
Tabel 3.5. Comparison COHb test resultsbefore and after working based on gender
Workplace Total
COHb
Before
Mean SD
COHb
After
Mean SD
COHb
difference
Mean SD
Motor 12 9,654 1,255 10,053 1,369 0,398 0,189
LG 6 8,995 1,513 9,242 1,536 0,247 0,148
P1 6 7,568 1,433 7,728 1,471 0,160 0,103
P2 6 7,728 2,339 7,825 2,407 0,097 0,090
Total 30 8,720 1,773 8,980 1,891 0,260 0,190
Variable corelation COHbbefore COHbAfter differenceCOHb
CO Levels in the
environment
Spearman’s rho rs 0,433 0,441 0,683
P 0,017* 0,015* 0,000*
Gender
Total
COHb
before
Mean SD
COHb
After
Mean SD
COHb
difference
Mean SD
Laki-laki 22 9,420 1,276 9,725 1,378 0,305 0,192
Perempuan 8 6,795 1,538 6,931 1,608 0,136 0,125
Total 30 8,720 1,773 8,980 1,891 0,260 0,190
5. International Refereed Journal ofEngineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) XXXX-XXXX, (Print) XXXX-XXXX
Volume X, Issue X (XXXXX 2014), PP.
www.irjes.org 5 | Page
Nilai (p) Signifikanuji t 2 sampelbebas: (p) : 0,000* (p) : 0,000* (p) : 0,029*
Based on Table 3.5 it can be seen COHb levels before working, after working and COHb difference in
men is higher than in women (2 independent samples t test; p <0.001; p <0.001; p = 0.029). There is a
relationship between the sexes with COHb levels.
III.6. Relationship between age with COHb Levels
Tabel 3.6. Corelation between age with COHb before , after and difference working
Variable Corelation
COHb
before
COHb
after
Difference
COHb
age (th) Pearson r 0,135 0,118 -0,080
p 0,478* 0,534* 0,673*
jml 30 30 30
tabel 3.6 There is a not signiicant between age with COHb levels (p>0,05).
III.7. Relationship between working period with COHb Levels
Tabel 3.7. Corelation between working period with COHb levels before, after and different working
Variable Corelation
COHb
before
COHb
after
Difference
COHb
Working period Spearman’s rho rs 0,053 0,041 0,227
p 0,781* 0,829* 0,227*
n 30 30 30
Tabel 3.7 There is not significant correlation between working period with COHb Levels before,after and
difference working (p>0,05).
III.8. Relationship between HB Levels with COHb Levels
Tabel 3.8. Correlation between Hb levels with COHb Levels before,after and difference working
Tabel 3.8 There is significant correlation between Hb Levels with COHb Levels in blood (p<0,001; p<0,001;
p=0.014).
III.9. Relationship between body position at work with COHb Levels
Tabel 5.9. corelation between COHb levels before and after based on body position at work
Value (p) Significantt test 2 ind sample: (p) : 0,720 (p) : 0,722 (p) : 0,849
Variable corelation COHb
before
COHb
After
differenceCOHb
Hb levels Pearson r 0,640 0,644 0,443
p 0,000* 0,000* 0,014*
n 30 30 30
Body Position
at work
total
COHb
before
Mean SD
COHb
after
Mean SD
COHb
diference
Mean SD
Berdiri 18 8,817 2,027 9,083 2,138 0,266 0,193
Duduk 12 8,574 1,379 8,826 1,526 0,252 0,194
Total 30 8,720 1,773 8,980 1,891 0,260 0,190
6. International Refereed Journal ofEngineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) XXXX-XXXX, (Print) XXXX-XXXX
Volume X, Issue X (XXXXX 2014), PP.
www.irjes.org 6 | Page
Tabel 3.9 There is a significant between COHb levels with body position at work (p>0,05).
III.10. Corelation between Hubungan antara kebiasaan merokok dengan kadar COHb
Tabel 3.10. difference between COHb levels with smoking habits
value (p) Significantt test 2 indp sample(p) : 0,002 (p) : 0,001* (p) : 0,035*
Tabel 3.10 There is a significant COHb levels smoker showedhigh levels COHb before, after and
difference working compared with non smoker (p=0,002; p=0,001; p=0,035).
III.11. relationship between blood type with COHb levels
Tabel 3.11. comparasi test COHb levels before and after working based on bood type
Tabel 3.11 comparasi test showed that there was no difference COHb levels workerwith type blood
(p>0,05)
III.12. Relationship between with Indeks MassBody (IMB) with COHb levels
Tabel 3.12. test result COHb levelsbefore and after working based on IMB categori
Value (p) SignificantAnova: (p) : 0,321 (p) : 0,282 (p) : 0,190
Tabel 3.12 statistical test Anova showed that no difference COHb levels between IMB (p>0,05).
III.13. Result factors associated with COHb levels
Smoking
habits
total
COHb
before
Mean SD
COHb
after
Mean SD
COHb
difference
Mean SD
Ya 18 9,503 1,331 9,822 1,426 0,319 0,198
Tidak 12 7,545 1,744 7,717 1,842 0,172 0,143
Total 30 8,720 1,773 8,980 1,891 0,260 0,190
Blood Type total
COHb
before
Mean SD
COHb
after
Mean SD
COHb
difference
Mean SD
A 5 9,334 1,750 9,578 1,734 0,244 0,048
B 12 8,404 1,719 8,623 1,863 0,219 0,202
AB 2 7,455 1,747 7,590 1,895 0,135 0,148
O 11 9,015 1,901 9,350 2,033 0,335 0,214
Total 30 8,720 1,773 8,980 1,891 0,260 0,190
IMB Categori total
COHb
before
Mean SD
COHb
after
Mean SD
COHb
difference
Mean SD
Thin 2 10,090 1,032 10,465 0,870 0,375 0,163
Normal 19 8,384 1,979 8,596 2,106 0,212 0,179
Fat 9 9,124 1,237 9,460 1,321 0,336 0,201
Total 30 8,720 1,773 8,980 1,891 0,260 0,190
7. International Refereed Journal ofEngineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) XXXX-XXXX, (Print) XXXX-XXXX
Volume X, Issue X (XXXXX 2014), PP.
www.irjes.org 7 | Page
Tabel 5.13. Summary of test COHB levels before, after and difference working
N
O
Variable
Independen Statistical Test
COHb
before
working
COHbafter
working
diffrence
COHb
1 Co Levels Spearman corelation 0,017* 0,017* 0,000*
2 Gender T test 2 Indp sample 0,000* 0,000* 0,029*
3 Age Pearson corelation 0,478 0,534 0,673
4 Work Period Spearman corelation 0,781 0,829 0,227
5 Hb Levels Pearson corelation 0,000* 0,000* 0,014*
6 Body Position at work t test 2 indp sample 0,720 0,722 0,849
7 Smoking habits t test 2 indp sample 0,002* 0,001* 0,035*
8 Type blood Anova 0,533 0,510 0,273
9 IMB Anova 0,321 0,282 0,190
Keterangan: * there is corelation
Independent samples of t2 test states that COHb levels were not significantly different between anemia
and normal workers (p = 0.77 for COHb before working; p = 0.76 for COHb after working; p = 0.73 for
difference COHb). In addition there is a difference between COHb levels before working groups of male who
do not smoke (8.8 ± 1.0%) compared with famale who do not to smoke COHb levels (6.7 ± 1.6%).After
working, COHb both groups continued to show the difference that COHb levels higher male than female.
IV. DISCUSSION
1. relationship of Gender with COHb levels plaza x Surabaya parking officers.
The results showed levels of COHb before working, after working and COHb difference in men is
higher than in women (2 independent samples t test; p <0.001; p <0.001; p = 0.029), made possible as a
result of exposure to CO working environment plus history of Smoking thus affecting the ability of the
lungs and vital oxygen needs someone that affect the levels of COHb, is directly proportional to the results.
Rachmawati (2013) analyzed the effects of air emissions on a limestone processing centers for pulmonary
function impairment and community workers in the karas Village, District of Sedan, Rembang regency, the
results of research shows the influence of the working environment of air to pulmonary function
impairment in the community center in the village of limestone processing parameters in Karas village fo r
dust and gases of CO, NO2 and SO2 while it is not affected to the pulmonary function impairment.
2. Relationship of Age with COHb levels plaza x Surabaya parking officer.
There is no relationship between age and COHb levels (p> 0.05) 0.673. Age as one individual
susceptibility factors, theoretically age is directly proportional to the levels of COHb in the blood, due to the
elastic properties of the lung did not change at the age of 7-39 years, but the tendency to decrease after age
40 years. This needs to be taken into account researchers CO levels because the older, someone will be
increasingly vulnerable to exposure to CO, so that his/her COHb levels will be higher (Siswanto, 2008).
3. relationship of employment period with COHb levels of plaza x Surabaya parking workers
There is no relationship between tenure with COHb levels before, after working and COHb difference
(p> 0.05). Theoretically working life is directly proportional to the levels of COHb in the blood, (According
to the ILO (1983), which repeated exposure to moderate levels may lead to adaptation. The mechanism of
adaptation is similar to the mechanism of the high tolerance to hypoxia. So this tenure of workers still ranges
from less than 3 years may have not undergone a process of adaptation. Theoretically working life is directly
proportional to the levels of COHb in the blood, it is possible occurrence of physical readiness .
4. Relationship of Hb (hemoglobin) to COHb levels of plaza x Surabaya Parking workers
There is a relationship between Hb level of workers with COHb levels in the blood (p <0.001; p
<0.001; p = 0.014). Hb In theoretically is directly proportional to the levels of COHb in the blood due to
carbon monoxides (CO) can shift the oxygen bound to hemoglobin and hemoglobin bind s into
carboxyhemoglobin. This is due to the affinity of carbon monoxide to hemoglobin 240 times stronger than
the affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin. CO tends to bind with hemoglobin in the long term (Slamet, 1996).
Carboxyhemoglobin are not capable of carrying oxygen to tissue oxygen supply is interrupted (Moya et al.,
1985). So if found much Hb in the blood then, CO binding ability is greater.
5. relationship of body position while working toward COHb levels of plaza x Surabaya Parking workers
8. International Refereed Journal ofEngineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) XXXX-XXXX, (Print) XXXX-XXXX
Volume X, Issue X (XXXXX 2014), PP.
www.irjes.org 8 | Page
There is no difference of COHb levels between workers who do the job standing with sitting (p> 0.05).
This is because the density of CO is lighter than air vapor density = 0.97 (Siswanto, 1994). With a specific
gravity lighter than air, the flue of CO gas out of the exhaust, then, exhaust gas as a source of CO, CO
density is not too different fromthe density of air, the height of the sitting and standing workers get the same
exposure to CO.
6. Relationship of Smoking Habit with COHb levels of plaza x Surabaya Parking workers
Since each puff of smoke of cigarette contains as many as 700-800 ppm CO (Siswanto, 1994). The
results of two independent samples t-test showed that smokers with higher COHb levels of 0.3% was
significantly better COHb, compared with non-smokers workers of 0.1%, so there is a relationship COHb
levels to smoking. If in a room there are people who smoke, will cause the concentration of CO in the room
rises. People who smoke will emit smoke containing CO gas with a high concentration. High concentration
of CO gas in regards smoke causes blood COHb content of the smoke so increased. This situation is
certainly very harmful to the health of smoker. Smoker in a long time (heavy smokers) his COHb
concentrations in the blood of about 6.9%. This causes a heavy smoker easily get heart problem. People who
do not smoke but are in the same room with people who smoke have the same risk with people who smoke,
because unwitting people who do not smoke are breathing air contaminated with smoke, thereby increasing
levels of COHb in the blood anyway (Chaeruddin2006 ).
Smoke of cigarette contains about 4.000 chemicals were divided into two components, namely the gas
phase (gas component) and particulate phase (solid components or particles) (Golding, 1995). The most
important component is solid tar is carcinogenic materials and nicotine, the addictive substance dependence
or addiction causes (Aditama, 2001), while the most dangerous carbon monoxide gas component among
others because it is a cause of cardiovascular disease as a result of induced hypoxemia (Golding, 1995).
7. relationship of Blood type toward COHb levels of plaza x Surabaya Parking workers
There is No difference between COHb levels to workers with A blood group, B, AB, O (p> 0.05) either
COHb levels before, after and difference COHb. According Rhesus Isoimmunization: Increased hemolysis
during early 716-712 (1994) Blood type is the result of blood grouping based on the presence or absence of
antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (erythrocytes). Erythrocytes is the main part of the
blood cells. Each cubic mm of blood in an adult male containing approximately 5 million red blood cells and
in an adult female is approximately 4 million red blood cells, there are different types of protein and
carbohydrates on the surface of red blood cell membrane. Each red blood cell contains 200 million
hemoglobin molecules. Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein that contains iron compounds hemin. CO binds
reversibly to hemoglobin in circulating erythrocytes to form COHb although other heme protein degradation
also contributes to endogenous CO and bilirubin production, these sources accounted for less than 25%..
8. Relationship nutritional status (BMI) with COHb levels plaza parking officer x Surabaya
There is no difference between workers with COHb levels of body mass index (BMI) underweight,
normal and overweight, both COHb before and after or COHb difference (p> 0.05). Keeping with complete
nutrition needs of the body, which consumes four of five perfectly healthy, because of the levels of COHb
influenced nutrient intake in the body such as iron, copper, pyridoxine and others. Nutrition is a factor that
affects the CO absorption by the body. The state of malnutrition will increase the levels of COHb in the
blood Supariasa, (2002).
V. CONCLUSION
Based on the resultsof the discussion canbe obtainedasfollows:
1. 73% of parking workers in plaza x Surabaya and the majority of male and aged less than 40 years.
Workers at the site used to working in a standing position (60%). Most workers in the habit of smoking
(60%) and the majority of workers are in the category of BMI normal (63.3%). Most respondents have
blood type O and B, and most of them suffer anemia (20%).
2. The average CO levels in the environment around the plaza parking location x of 8.7 ± 6.4 ppm, with
the highest levels of the motor section is 16.1 ppm, while in the LG, P1, P2 respectively by 4.8 , 4.6 the
levels of CO in the parking motor has exceeded the threshold (9 ppm).
3. COHb levels were not significantly different between normal and anemic workers
4. There is a difference between COHb levels in male workers do not smoke (8.8 ± 1.0%) compared with
women not to smoke COHb levels (6.7 ± 1.6%).
5. Gender, smoking, hemoglobin level, and levels of CO environmental factor associated with COHb
levels in plaza x Surabaya Parking workers.
VI. SUGGESTION
9. International Refereed Journal ofEngineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) XXXX-XXXX, (Print) XXXX-XXXX
Volume X, Issue X (XXXXX 2014), PP.
www.irjes.org 9 | Page
There were suggestions that can recommend to the company, readers, andrespondents on this study as follows:
1. To Management plaza x perform additional local exhaust particularly at the motor park for dilution CO
from vehicle exhaust and smoke of cigarette.
2. The existence of an appeal to the parking workers from smoking.
3. Need for rolling plaza x parking attendant and administration of vitamin C and E as an antioxidant
4. It should be regular health checks at least once a year of plaza x workers
5. It Need for monitoring, supervising and periodic evaluation of the concentration of
CO in park plaza x Surabaya air.
REFERENCES
[1] Anies, (2006). Simpul-simpulBiomonitoring: Manajemenlingkungan, Jakarta EGC.
[2] Arikunto, S.,(2006). ProsedurPenelitian. RinekaCipta.Jakarta, Hal. 130.
[3] BadanStandarNasional.,(2005). SNI 19-0232-2005 :NilaiAmbang Batas (NAB) ZatBiologicals. Twelfth
Edition. Merck & Co.,Inc. New Jersey. 1996. p. 296
[4] Bokonjic, (1963). EkologidanKesehatan II, CerminDuniaKedokteran. Jakarta.
[5] Budiyono,A.(2009). Waspadai CO DitempatParkirTertutup .http://newspaper pikiran Carbon Monoxide.
(Sitasi 2 Juli 2010).
[6] Depkes.RI.(2008).Parameter PencemaranUdaraTerhadapKesehatan http // www. depkes
.go.id/download/udara. pdf. (sitasi 2 Februari 2013)
[7] Ekasatya N, 1991 PencegahandanPenanggulanganPencemaranLingkungan. Jakarta.FKUI
[8] Fardiaz, Srikandi., (1992). Polusi Air danudara. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, hal 94-102
[9] FKM Unair., (2013). PanduanPenulisanUsulanPenelitiandanTesis. Program Magister FKM Unair
Surabaya.
[10] Ganong, W.F.,(1990). Fisiologiskedokteran, Edisi10th.ed.,AlihBahasa, Adjie Dharma Jakarta : EGC
PenerbitBukuKedokteran.
[11] Guyton, Arthur.C.1993. FisiologiManusiadanMekanismeTerhadapPenyakit EGC.
[12] H.J. Mukono,(1992), PencemaranudaradanPengaruhnyaterhadapgangguansaluranpernafasan. Surabaya :
Airlangga University Press, hal 18-19
[13] H.J. Mukono,(2010), Prinsipdasarkesehatanlingkungan. Airlangga university Press : Surabaya.
[14] Haanen. C. Kunst. Va. Jm. Wagener. DjThBurhouts J. PengantarIlmuPenyakit.
[15] Handayani, M..(2004). Keracunan yang disebabkan Gas KarbonMonoksida. Info POM
[16] HarianKompas. MadudanRacunBensinBertimbal. 7 November 1996.
[17] Jamal, Sarjaini.(1992). PengaruhRokokTerhadapKesehatan. MajalahCerminDuniaFarmasi, No.11.
[18] Joseph M, Patula (1989). The Object of Environmental Ethics, dalam EnvironmentalkesehatanPekerja.
PPS HiperkesMedis. FakultasKedokteranAirlanggaUniversity Press : Surabaya.
[19] Kimia di udaraTempatKerja.Jakarta: BadanStandardisasiNasional, hal.1lingkunganHidup, Seminar
NasionalMetodeAnalisa Kimia, Bandung.
[20] Marji. 1999. Penggunaansaluran Gas BuanguntukmereduksiKarbonMonoksida. Edisi 12. Jakarta EGC.
[21] Nita..(2007). MerokokPasifBisaLebihBebahaya Dari PadaMerokokAktif. http://www.majalah-
farmacia.com.(sitasi 09 maret 2010)
[22] Nomi, Toshitaka. 2009. MembacaKaraktekMelaluiGolonganDarah. Gramedia: Jakarta
[23] Occupational Safety and Heatlh Organization, (2002) Carbon Monoxyde Poisoning, U.S. Departement of
Labor, available from : http://www.osha.gov
[24] Oke zone,(2007). KeracunanKarbonmonoksida. http://www.google.co.id. (Sitasi15 Juni 2013 )
[25] Pearce, Evelyn. (2000). AnatomidanFisiologiuntukParamedis. PT GramediaPustakaUtama. Jakarta
[26] Prabu.,(2008). KarbonMonoksida (CO). http :/www.Putraprabu.wordpress. com .(sitasi 14 Februari 2010)
[27] Pudjiastuti, L.,Rendra,S.,Santoso,H.,(1998). KualitasUdaraRuang.Jakarta:
DirektoratJenderalpendidikanTinggidepartemenPendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, hal 19.
[28] Sadikin, M. 2002. BiokimiaDarah. WidyaMedika. Jakarta. p. 12-24
[29] Saeni (1989), Kimia Lingkungan, PAU-IPB Bogor.
[30] Saputra, YokyEdi., (2009). KarbonmonoksidadanDampaknyaTerhadapKesehatan. http://www.chem-is-
try.org. (sitasi 05 maret 2010).
[31] Siswanto, A, (1990), KarbonMonoksida. HiperkesdanKeselamatanKerjaJawaTimur, hal 383-441
[32] Siswanto, A, (1991), ToksikologiIndustri,
BalaiHiperkesdanKeselamatanKerjaJawaTimurDepartemenTenagaKerja, hal 12-14
[33] Suardi, Rudi.,(2007). SistemManajemenKesehatandanKeselamatanKerja. Jakarta : PPM, hal 79 – 80
10. International Refereed Journal ofEngineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) XXXX-XXXX, (Print) XXXX-XXXX
Volume X, Issue X (XXXXX 2014), PP.
www.irjes.org 10 | Page
[34] Suharjo, Saputro, ( 2003 ). RokokvsKesehatanPublikRefleksiHariKesehatanSedunia 7 April. Republika
Online. http://www.Yahoo.com
[35] Suma’mur P.K, (1984), Hygiene Perusahaan danKesehatanKerja ,GunungAgung, Jakarta.
[36] Suma’mur, PK (2009). Higiene Perusahaan danKesehatanKerja (Hiperkes). Jakarta :SagungSeto,hal 192,
198.
[37] SuratEdaranMenteriTenagaKerjadanTransmigrasi No. 01 Tahun 1997. NilaiAmbang Batas
KarbonMonoksida, Jakarta
[38] Susanto, (2008). Artikel Risk Assessment danUpayaPengembanganJasaKonsultasi di
BidangManajemenRisiko. Fraud Audit Task Force (FTAF). BPKB Capacity Building Project.
[39] SuyonoJokodan Caroline Wijaya (1986). Early Detection Of Occupational Disease. WHO : Geneva).
[40] Triana, Eka, (2008 ).StudiKomparasi Kadar KarbonMonoksida (CO) di
Udarapadatempatkedatangandanpemberangkatan Bus di terminal bus Giwangan Yogyakarta.
KaryaTulisIlmiah. Program Studi Diploma III KesehatanLingkungan. Purwokerto.
[41] Tugaswati, Tri, A (2009).Emisi Gas BuangKendaraanBermotordanDampaknyaTerhadapKesehatan,
http://www.kpbb.org/download (situasi 17 Februari2010 ).
[42] Wicaksana, A, dkk (2002). DampakKeracunan Gas KarbonMonoksidaBagiKesehatanpekerja. PPS
HiperkesMedis. FakultasKedokteranUniversitas Indonesia. Jakarta. CerminDuniaKedokteran No. 136
[43] Wijetillekedankarunaratne, (1995). PrediksiKonsentrasiCOHb yang
terikatdalamdarahdilihatdarijenispekerjaannya. Jakarta. EGC.
[44] Wisaksono, W dkk (1981), PerananAnalisa Kimia DalamMenunjangMasalahKesehatan.Jakarta : ITB, hal
148.
[45] World Health Organization, (1979). Enviromental Health Criteria13, Carbon Monoxide, Genewa : 35 –
43.
[46] World Health Organization, (1999). Enviromental Health Criteria 213, Carbon Monoxide (Second
Edition), Genewa : 30 – 43
[47] Yasin, U, 2006). UdaraBersihSemakinMahal, http://www.yayasan-lembak .blogspot.com. (situasi 16 April
2010)