This document provides an overview of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and recent advances in combating it. It discusses the classification and mechanisms of drug resistance. The global scenario of increasing AMR is presented, along with the situation in Nepal. Recent strategies discussed include leveraging the role of the human microbiome, developing vaccines against resistant pathogens, interrupting bacterial conjugation through bioconjugation techniques, and interfering with quorum sensing pathways. The document also reviews Nepal's national policy and action plan related to AMR containment. Prevention strategies are proposed for individuals, policymakers, and health professionals.
Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health problem caused by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics. The document discusses the various mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance, including intrinsic, acquired, and gene transfer-related resistance. It emphasizes the need for prudent antibiotic use to slow resistance, such as only using antibiotics when necessary, completing full treatment courses, and developing new drug classes. All healthcare providers, including physicians, pharmacists and microbiologists, must work together using treatment guidelines to optimize antibiotic prescribing and containment of resistance.
This document discusses multiple drug resistance (MDR) in bacteria. It begins by defining drug resistance and how bacteria can develop resistance through natural mechanisms or by acquiring resistance over time when exposed to antibiotics. The key points are:
- Bacteria can become resistant through mutations or gene transfer that make antibiotics unable to bind or enable the bacteria to destroy or pump out antibiotics.
- Multiple drug resistance (MDR) occurs when bacteria resist many different drug classes through various mechanisms like altered cell walls or target sites.
- Common MDR bacteria include MRSA, VRE, and ESBL-producing gram-negative bacteria.
- MDR-TB is also discussed, which is TB resistant to at least is
Antimicrobial resistance, Dr Soumya Dey and Dr Tapas BaikarTapas Baikar
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It defines AMR and discusses the types (natural vs acquired), mechanisms (mutation, gene transfer), and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Types of acquired resistance include mutation (single or multi-step) and gene transfer (conjugation, transformation, transduction). Common resistance mechanisms include drug tolerance, destruction, and impermeability. Examples are given of resistance mechanisms for antimalarial, antiretroviral, and antitubercular drugs. The global prevalence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and trends in AMR for various pathogens like E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus in India are summarized. Interventions to address AMR include
Relative or complete lack of effect of antimicrobial agent against a previously susceptible microbe/pathogen.
It is an evolutionary principal that organism adopt genetically to change in their environment.
since the doubling time of bacteria can be as short as 20 mnt, there may be many generations in even a few hours, providing ample opportunity for evolutionary adaptation.
The phenomenon of resistance imposes serious constraints on the options available for the treatment of many bacterial infections.
The resistance to chemotherapeutic agents can also develop in protozoa, in multicellular parasites and in population of malignant cells.
Today there are different strains of S. aureus resistant to almost every form of antibiotic in use.
This document discusses multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant organisms (MDROs and XDRs). It defines antibiotic resistance and how bacteria can become resistant through improper antibiotic usage and transmission of resistance genes. Common MDROs include MRSA, VRE, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. XDR tuberculosis is described as being resistant to nearly all drug classes. Treatment of MDROs and XDRs is difficult as few drug options remain effective. The prevention of further resistance development requires appropriate antibiotic prescribing and hygiene practices to limit transmission.
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and strategies to address it. It notes that antibiotic overuse has led to many resistant infections worldwide. To combat this, the WHO advocates a coordinated, multi-sector response including prudent antibiotic use, infection control, surveillance, and new drug development. Key strategies to reduce resistant infections in healthcare facilities include antibiotic stewardship programs, hand hygiene, isolation precautions, and developing treatment guidelines based on local resistance patterns.
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) arises from inadequate or incomplete treatment that allows bacteria to develop resistance to multiple drugs. MDR-TB bacteria resist key first-line drugs like isoniazid and rifampin and require lengthy treatment with second-line drugs. The development of drug resistance threatens global TB control and highlights the need for improved diagnostics, treatment monitoring, and antibiotic stewardship to limit resistance.
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and recent advances in combating it. It discusses the classification and mechanisms of drug resistance. The global scenario of increasing AMR is presented, along with the situation in Nepal. Recent strategies discussed include leveraging the role of the human microbiome, developing vaccines against resistant pathogens, interrupting bacterial conjugation through bioconjugation techniques, and interfering with quorum sensing pathways. The document also reviews Nepal's national policy and action plan related to AMR containment. Prevention strategies are proposed for individuals, policymakers, and health professionals.
Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health problem caused by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics. The document discusses the various mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance, including intrinsic, acquired, and gene transfer-related resistance. It emphasizes the need for prudent antibiotic use to slow resistance, such as only using antibiotics when necessary, completing full treatment courses, and developing new drug classes. All healthcare providers, including physicians, pharmacists and microbiologists, must work together using treatment guidelines to optimize antibiotic prescribing and containment of resistance.
This document discusses multiple drug resistance (MDR) in bacteria. It begins by defining drug resistance and how bacteria can develop resistance through natural mechanisms or by acquiring resistance over time when exposed to antibiotics. The key points are:
- Bacteria can become resistant through mutations or gene transfer that make antibiotics unable to bind or enable the bacteria to destroy or pump out antibiotics.
- Multiple drug resistance (MDR) occurs when bacteria resist many different drug classes through various mechanisms like altered cell walls or target sites.
- Common MDR bacteria include MRSA, VRE, and ESBL-producing gram-negative bacteria.
- MDR-TB is also discussed, which is TB resistant to at least is
Antimicrobial resistance, Dr Soumya Dey and Dr Tapas BaikarTapas Baikar
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It defines AMR and discusses the types (natural vs acquired), mechanisms (mutation, gene transfer), and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Types of acquired resistance include mutation (single or multi-step) and gene transfer (conjugation, transformation, transduction). Common resistance mechanisms include drug tolerance, destruction, and impermeability. Examples are given of resistance mechanisms for antimalarial, antiretroviral, and antitubercular drugs. The global prevalence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and trends in AMR for various pathogens like E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus in India are summarized. Interventions to address AMR include
Relative or complete lack of effect of antimicrobial agent against a previously susceptible microbe/pathogen.
It is an evolutionary principal that organism adopt genetically to change in their environment.
since the doubling time of bacteria can be as short as 20 mnt, there may be many generations in even a few hours, providing ample opportunity for evolutionary adaptation.
The phenomenon of resistance imposes serious constraints on the options available for the treatment of many bacterial infections.
The resistance to chemotherapeutic agents can also develop in protozoa, in multicellular parasites and in population of malignant cells.
Today there are different strains of S. aureus resistant to almost every form of antibiotic in use.
This document discusses multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant organisms (MDROs and XDRs). It defines antibiotic resistance and how bacteria can become resistant through improper antibiotic usage and transmission of resistance genes. Common MDROs include MRSA, VRE, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. XDR tuberculosis is described as being resistant to nearly all drug classes. Treatment of MDROs and XDRs is difficult as few drug options remain effective. The prevention of further resistance development requires appropriate antibiotic prescribing and hygiene practices to limit transmission.
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and strategies to address it. It notes that antibiotic overuse has led to many resistant infections worldwide. To combat this, the WHO advocates a coordinated, multi-sector response including prudent antibiotic use, infection control, surveillance, and new drug development. Key strategies to reduce resistant infections in healthcare facilities include antibiotic stewardship programs, hand hygiene, isolation precautions, and developing treatment guidelines based on local resistance patterns.
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) arises from inadequate or incomplete treatment that allows bacteria to develop resistance to multiple drugs. MDR-TB bacteria resist key first-line drugs like isoniazid and rifampin and require lengthy treatment with second-line drugs. The development of drug resistance threatens global TB control and highlights the need for improved diagnostics, treatment monitoring, and antibiotic stewardship to limit resistance.
Management of antibiotic resistance uploadAnimesh Gupta
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and its management. It defines antibiotic resistance as when microorganisms become resistant to drugs that previously treated infections from them. It outlines various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms and lists priority resistant bacteria. It also discusses superbugs and different strategies to manage antibiotic resistance like prudent antibiotic use, infection control, developing new drugs, and reducing agricultural overuse of antibiotics.
This document discusses mechanisms of multi-drug resistance in bacteria and cancer cells. It describes how organisms can develop resistance through mutation, gene transfer, decreased membrane permeability, and efflux pumps that remove drugs from cells. Specifically, it explains that bacteria resist antibiotics via enzymatic degradation, altered target sites, and increased efflux. Cancer cells similarly resist chemotherapy through efflux pumps like P-glycoprotein and MDR proteins that transport drugs out of cells. The key mechanisms of multi-drug resistance shared by bacteria and cancer are efflux pumps and enzymatic deactivation of drugs.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance. It begins by defining antibiotic resistance and explaining that it is a natural phenomenon accelerated by antibiotic use, allowing resistant bacterial strains to survive and multiply. It then outlines various mechanisms of resistance, including enzymatic modification of antibiotics, decreased bacterial membrane permeability, efflux pumps that remove antibiotics, alterations of antibiotic targets or cell wall precursors, overproduction of targets, and bypassing antibiotic inhibition. The document also discusses how resistance spreads between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer and provides several examples of multidrug-resistant pathogens. It emphasizes the importance of addressing antibiotic resistance due to increased mortality, costs, and few treatment options.
Multi drug resistance molecular pathogenesisAlagar Suresh
The document discusses multi-drug resistance and antibiotic resistance. It provides background on the history of antibiotics and resistance. It then covers the major topics of how antibacterial resistance develops through various mechanisms like mutations, plasmids, efflux pumps, and inactivating enzymes. The document also discusses the Indian scenario of rising drug resistance and the growing problem of NDM-1 enzyme production. It concludes by outlining some strategies to address resistance like developing new antibiotics, prudent antibiotic use, and alternative approaches like phage therapy and quorum sensing inhibition.
The document discusses antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. It begins by defining antimicrobial resistance as the ability of microorganisms to resist antimicrobial agents that they were previously susceptible to. The two main types are acquired resistance, which occurs when bacteria gain resistance genes, and intrinsic resistance, which refers to innate resistance in certain bacterial species. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobials is identified as the primary driver in the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. The mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance are explored, such as decreasing drug permeability, active drug efflux, and enzymatic inactivation or modification of drug targets. Methods for laboratory testing of bacterial resistance are also summarized.
One of the most pressing global health issues is the problem of resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial resistance contributes to the uncontrolled increase in the number of pathogenic microorganisms, which leads to higher levels of infectious diseases.
this slides includes overview of antimicrobial drugs, their classifications, antimicrobial resistance, adverse effects and toxicity, choice of antimicrobial drugs and its uses
Literature Survey Antibiotic ResistanceTuhin Samanta
Anti-toxin obstruction happens when microscopic organisms change in light of the utilization of these medications. Microscopic organisms, not people or creatures, become anti-toxin safe. These microorganisms may contaminate people and creatures, and the diseases they cause are more diligently to treat than those brought about by non-safe microscopic organisms.
This document discusses the emerging issue of antimicrobial resistance in microorganisms. It provides an overview of antibiotics and multi-drug resistance. Common multi-drug resistant organisms include MRSA, ESBL-producing bacteria, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The mechanisms of antibiotic resistance include reduced permeability, enzymatic inactivation, efflux pumps, and target modification. Inappropriate antibiotic usage accelerates the development of resistance. If not addressed, antimicrobial resistance could lead to untreatable infections and increased mortality.
Anti-microbial resistance has become a world health issue today. Therefore it is imperative to know about the methods of acquiring resistance and ways to deal with the situation and prevent resistance.
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and provides definitions, history, and mechanisms. It defines antimicrobial resistance as the ability of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites to stop antimicrobial drugs from working against them. The discovery of antimicrobials created new treatments but microbes developed resistance over time. Factors that contribute to resistance include overuse of antibiotics, lack of sanitation, and transmission of resistant genes between bacteria. Resistance occurs via natural and acquired mechanisms, the latter being a major clinical problem. Strategies to address resistance include prudent antibiotic use, developing new drugs, and alternative approaches like phage therapy.
The document discusses antibiotic resistance and its causes. It notes that antibiotic resistance was first discovered in 1929 by Alexander Fleming and antibiotics were widely used starting in the 1940s. It then discusses how bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through various mechanisms like denying antibiotic access, modifying the antibiotic target, or pumping antibiotics out of the cell. The document outlines factors that contribute to resistance developing, like improper antibiotic usage, lack of compliance with treatment durations, and overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. It provides examples of bacteria that have developed significant resistance issues, like E. coli becoming resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and MRSA developing vancomycin resistance. The document concludes that controlling antibiotic overuse and improving hygiene are important
This document discusses multiple drug resistance (MDR) in several organisms and contexts. It begins with an introduction to MDR and its mechanisms, including enzymatic degradation, mutations, efflux pumps, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific examples of MDR are then explored in tuberculosis, bacteria, cancer cells, HIV, and malaria. The mechanisms of resistance and genes involved vary by organism but often involve efflux pump proteins like P-glycoprotein. MDR is an increasing public health issue due to its role in antibiotic resistance.
Resistance to antibiotics is one of the main important facts that most nations are working on. Actually, in USA, it is considered as a health problem to solve. Why it happens? Here is a review to answer this.
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to antibiotic use, making infections harder to treat. Bacteria, not humans or animals, become resistant. This leads to higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased deaths. Antibiotic resistance threatens global health and can affect anyone, of any age, in any country. It occurs naturally but also because of misuse of antibiotics in humans and farm animals. This is making many infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea more difficult to treat.
Drug resistance occurs when microbes develop the ability to survive exposure to drugs that previously could kill them or limit their growth. It develops due to overuse of antibiotics in humans and livestock, as well as other factors like not completing drug treatment courses. Examples include MRSA and drug-resistant tuberculosis. To prevent further drug resistance, it is important to only use antibiotics when needed, always finish treatment, and develop new drugs.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and its mechanisms. It defines antibiotic resistance as bacteria developing the ability to resist antibiotics and continue growing. Resistance can be intrinsic or acquired. Intrinsic resistance is natural to the bacteria through impermeability, efflux pumps, biofilms, or enzymatic inactivation. Acquired resistance develops from mutations during antibiotic exposure or gene transfer, allowing target modification, new targets, or enzymatic inactivation. The document examines specific resistance mechanisms and notes the need to slow resistance by completing antibiotic treatments.
MOLECULAR BASIS & MECHANISMS OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSISKalai Arasan
The document discusses drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It notes that drug-resistant TB poses a major threat worldwide, with an estimated 300,000 cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in 2014. Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) has also been reported in 105 countries. Resistance occurs through genetic mutations during inadequate or incomplete treatment. Isoniazid is one of the main anti-TB drugs, but resistance can develop through mutations in genes like katG, inhA and ahpC that are involved in isoniazid's mechanism of action.
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and provides information on several key points:
- It defines antimicrobial resistance and explains why it is a global concern due to the rise of hard-to-treat infections.
- It outlines the current situation of drug resistance in several pathogens like E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, HIV, malaria, and fungi. Mechanisms of resistance include restricting antibiotic access, destroying antibiotics, and changing antibiotic targets.
- Factors contributing to resistance include inappropriate antibiotic use in humans, animals, and the environment.
- Actions to address resistance include preventing infections, improving antibiotic use, and halting resistance spread.
- The WHO AWaRe classification system categorizes antibiotics based
Rational Use of Antibiotics. Infection was a major cause of morbidity and mortality, before the development of antibiotics.
The treatment of infections faced a great challenge during those periods.
Later in 1928, the discovery of Penicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic, by Alexander Fleming opened up the golden era of antibiotics.
It marked a revolution in the treatment of infectious diseases and stimulated new efforts to synthesize newer antibiotics.
The period between the 1950s and 1970s is considered the golden era of discovery of novel antibiotic classes, with very few classes discovered since then.
Management of antibiotic resistance uploadAnimesh Gupta
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and its management. It defines antibiotic resistance as when microorganisms become resistant to drugs that previously treated infections from them. It outlines various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms and lists priority resistant bacteria. It also discusses superbugs and different strategies to manage antibiotic resistance like prudent antibiotic use, infection control, developing new drugs, and reducing agricultural overuse of antibiotics.
This document discusses mechanisms of multi-drug resistance in bacteria and cancer cells. It describes how organisms can develop resistance through mutation, gene transfer, decreased membrane permeability, and efflux pumps that remove drugs from cells. Specifically, it explains that bacteria resist antibiotics via enzymatic degradation, altered target sites, and increased efflux. Cancer cells similarly resist chemotherapy through efflux pumps like P-glycoprotein and MDR proteins that transport drugs out of cells. The key mechanisms of multi-drug resistance shared by bacteria and cancer are efflux pumps and enzymatic deactivation of drugs.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance. It begins by defining antibiotic resistance and explaining that it is a natural phenomenon accelerated by antibiotic use, allowing resistant bacterial strains to survive and multiply. It then outlines various mechanisms of resistance, including enzymatic modification of antibiotics, decreased bacterial membrane permeability, efflux pumps that remove antibiotics, alterations of antibiotic targets or cell wall precursors, overproduction of targets, and bypassing antibiotic inhibition. The document also discusses how resistance spreads between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer and provides several examples of multidrug-resistant pathogens. It emphasizes the importance of addressing antibiotic resistance due to increased mortality, costs, and few treatment options.
Multi drug resistance molecular pathogenesisAlagar Suresh
The document discusses multi-drug resistance and antibiotic resistance. It provides background on the history of antibiotics and resistance. It then covers the major topics of how antibacterial resistance develops through various mechanisms like mutations, plasmids, efflux pumps, and inactivating enzymes. The document also discusses the Indian scenario of rising drug resistance and the growing problem of NDM-1 enzyme production. It concludes by outlining some strategies to address resistance like developing new antibiotics, prudent antibiotic use, and alternative approaches like phage therapy and quorum sensing inhibition.
The document discusses antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. It begins by defining antimicrobial resistance as the ability of microorganisms to resist antimicrobial agents that they were previously susceptible to. The two main types are acquired resistance, which occurs when bacteria gain resistance genes, and intrinsic resistance, which refers to innate resistance in certain bacterial species. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobials is identified as the primary driver in the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. The mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance are explored, such as decreasing drug permeability, active drug efflux, and enzymatic inactivation or modification of drug targets. Methods for laboratory testing of bacterial resistance are also summarized.
One of the most pressing global health issues is the problem of resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial resistance contributes to the uncontrolled increase in the number of pathogenic microorganisms, which leads to higher levels of infectious diseases.
this slides includes overview of antimicrobial drugs, their classifications, antimicrobial resistance, adverse effects and toxicity, choice of antimicrobial drugs and its uses
Literature Survey Antibiotic ResistanceTuhin Samanta
Anti-toxin obstruction happens when microscopic organisms change in light of the utilization of these medications. Microscopic organisms, not people or creatures, become anti-toxin safe. These microorganisms may contaminate people and creatures, and the diseases they cause are more diligently to treat than those brought about by non-safe microscopic organisms.
This document discusses the emerging issue of antimicrobial resistance in microorganisms. It provides an overview of antibiotics and multi-drug resistance. Common multi-drug resistant organisms include MRSA, ESBL-producing bacteria, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The mechanisms of antibiotic resistance include reduced permeability, enzymatic inactivation, efflux pumps, and target modification. Inappropriate antibiotic usage accelerates the development of resistance. If not addressed, antimicrobial resistance could lead to untreatable infections and increased mortality.
Anti-microbial resistance has become a world health issue today. Therefore it is imperative to know about the methods of acquiring resistance and ways to deal with the situation and prevent resistance.
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and provides definitions, history, and mechanisms. It defines antimicrobial resistance as the ability of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites to stop antimicrobial drugs from working against them. The discovery of antimicrobials created new treatments but microbes developed resistance over time. Factors that contribute to resistance include overuse of antibiotics, lack of sanitation, and transmission of resistant genes between bacteria. Resistance occurs via natural and acquired mechanisms, the latter being a major clinical problem. Strategies to address resistance include prudent antibiotic use, developing new drugs, and alternative approaches like phage therapy.
The document discusses antibiotic resistance and its causes. It notes that antibiotic resistance was first discovered in 1929 by Alexander Fleming and antibiotics were widely used starting in the 1940s. It then discusses how bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through various mechanisms like denying antibiotic access, modifying the antibiotic target, or pumping antibiotics out of the cell. The document outlines factors that contribute to resistance developing, like improper antibiotic usage, lack of compliance with treatment durations, and overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. It provides examples of bacteria that have developed significant resistance issues, like E. coli becoming resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and MRSA developing vancomycin resistance. The document concludes that controlling antibiotic overuse and improving hygiene are important
This document discusses multiple drug resistance (MDR) in several organisms and contexts. It begins with an introduction to MDR and its mechanisms, including enzymatic degradation, mutations, efflux pumps, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific examples of MDR are then explored in tuberculosis, bacteria, cancer cells, HIV, and malaria. The mechanisms of resistance and genes involved vary by organism but often involve efflux pump proteins like P-glycoprotein. MDR is an increasing public health issue due to its role in antibiotic resistance.
Resistance to antibiotics is one of the main important facts that most nations are working on. Actually, in USA, it is considered as a health problem to solve. Why it happens? Here is a review to answer this.
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to antibiotic use, making infections harder to treat. Bacteria, not humans or animals, become resistant. This leads to higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased deaths. Antibiotic resistance threatens global health and can affect anyone, of any age, in any country. It occurs naturally but also because of misuse of antibiotics in humans and farm animals. This is making many infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea more difficult to treat.
Drug resistance occurs when microbes develop the ability to survive exposure to drugs that previously could kill them or limit their growth. It develops due to overuse of antibiotics in humans and livestock, as well as other factors like not completing drug treatment courses. Examples include MRSA and drug-resistant tuberculosis. To prevent further drug resistance, it is important to only use antibiotics when needed, always finish treatment, and develop new drugs.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and its mechanisms. It defines antibiotic resistance as bacteria developing the ability to resist antibiotics and continue growing. Resistance can be intrinsic or acquired. Intrinsic resistance is natural to the bacteria through impermeability, efflux pumps, biofilms, or enzymatic inactivation. Acquired resistance develops from mutations during antibiotic exposure or gene transfer, allowing target modification, new targets, or enzymatic inactivation. The document examines specific resistance mechanisms and notes the need to slow resistance by completing antibiotic treatments.
MOLECULAR BASIS & MECHANISMS OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSISKalai Arasan
The document discusses drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It notes that drug-resistant TB poses a major threat worldwide, with an estimated 300,000 cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in 2014. Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) has also been reported in 105 countries. Resistance occurs through genetic mutations during inadequate or incomplete treatment. Isoniazid is one of the main anti-TB drugs, but resistance can develop through mutations in genes like katG, inhA and ahpC that are involved in isoniazid's mechanism of action.
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and provides information on several key points:
- It defines antimicrobial resistance and explains why it is a global concern due to the rise of hard-to-treat infections.
- It outlines the current situation of drug resistance in several pathogens like E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, HIV, malaria, and fungi. Mechanisms of resistance include restricting antibiotic access, destroying antibiotics, and changing antibiotic targets.
- Factors contributing to resistance include inappropriate antibiotic use in humans, animals, and the environment.
- Actions to address resistance include preventing infections, improving antibiotic use, and halting resistance spread.
- The WHO AWaRe classification system categorizes antibiotics based
Rational Use of Antibiotics. Infection was a major cause of morbidity and mortality, before the development of antibiotics.
The treatment of infections faced a great challenge during those periods.
Later in 1928, the discovery of Penicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic, by Alexander Fleming opened up the golden era of antibiotics.
It marked a revolution in the treatment of infectious diseases and stimulated new efforts to synthesize newer antibiotics.
The period between the 1950s and 1970s is considered the golden era of discovery of novel antibiotic classes, with very few classes discovered since then.
Ppts of general consideration of chemotherapy (2)drnutan goswami
This document provides information on antimicrobial drugs including their history, classification, mechanisms of action, problems that arise with their use such as toxicity and drug resistance, and considerations for their proper use and choice. It discusses how antimicrobials are classified based on their chemical structure, spectrum of activity, mechanism of action, and organisms they primarily target. It also covers topics like superinfection, prevention of resistance, prophylactic use, and combined antimicrobial therapy.
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
The document discusses various aspects of chemotherapy including problems that can arise with antimicrobial use like resistance, optimal choice and combined use of agents. It covers intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms in bacteria and factors contributing to antibiotic resistance. Guidelines for use of antimicrobial prophylaxis and considerations for optimal treatment are provided.
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial resistance. It begins by defining drug resistance as the unresponsiveness of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents. It then discusses the history of resistance, noting that Fleming warned of this danger in 1945. The document outlines the different types of resistance, including natural/primary resistance that microbes innately possess and acquired resistance that develops from use of antimicrobials over time. Microbes can develop resistance through mutation of genetic material or acquisition of new genes. The mechanisms of resistance include drug tolerance, drug destruction, changes to target sites, and altered membrane permeability. Cross-resistance between related drugs is also explained. The document concludes by discussing ways to prevent resistance, including prudent antimicrobial use and
The document provides a detailed review of antibiotics, including:
1) It traces the history of antibiotics from sulfonamides in the 1930s to newer drugs developed in response to increasing bacterial resistance in the 1960s and onward.
2) It describes different classes of antibiotics like beta-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins) and summarizes the characteristics, uses, and limitations of representative drugs within each class.
3) It discusses the ongoing challenge of bacterial resistance developing to existing antibiotics and the need for prudent antibiotic use and new drug development to address this threat.
The document summarizes the evolution of malarial drugs from the first drug quinine derived from tree bark in the 1800s to current efforts to develop new drugs. It describes the malaria parasite life cycle and challenges in treating different species and stages. A variety of drug classes have been developed that target various stages, from blood stages to dormant liver stages. However, resistance develops rapidly when drugs are used as monotherapy. Current efforts focus on new drug discovery, revisiting old drugs, and exploring drugs from other fields. Combination therapies and targeting transmission stages may help eliminate malaria.
The document discusses various topics related to antibiotics including their history, definitions, classifications, mechanisms of action, and guidelines for use. Some key points:
- Antibiotics are drugs produced by microorganisms that inhibit or destroy other microorganisms. They can be naturally occurring, semisynthetic, or synthetic.
- Major classifications include based on chemical structure, mechanism of action, type of organism targeted, and spectrum of activity.
- Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be used clinically in 1941. Extended-spectrum penicillins like ampicillin are broad-spectrum and cover both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria commonly causing dental infections.
- Guidelines emphasize accurate diagnosis, appropriate antibiotic selection
This document provides information about anti-tuberculosis therapy. It begins by listing the learning objectives, which include describing primary and secondary anti-tuberculosis drugs, the phases of TB treatment, mechanisms of action and side effects of drugs, defining multi-drug resistant TB, and the role of vaccines in prevention. It then discusses specifics of TB as a global health problem, treatment regimens, first and second-line drugs, mechanisms of action of isoniazid and rifampin, and side effects of isoniazid. The document aims to educate about best practices for treating TB through use of combination drug therapy.
The document discusses various classes of antimicrobial agents including their classification, mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, and examples. It covers antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and macrolides. It also addresses antimicrobial resistance, rational antibiotic usage, and combination therapy.
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and strategies for combating it. It begins by defining AMR and explaining that microorganisms can develop resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents, becoming "superbugs." It then discusses the global toll of AMR, listing bacteria identified by the CDC as urgent, serious, or concerning threats. The document emphasizes the need for antimicrobial stewardship programs in healthcare facilities to optimize antibiotic use and reduce resistance. It outlines components of stewardship programs like developing treatment guidelines, monitoring antibiotic use and resistance trends, and improving prescribing and de-escalation of therapy. The goal of stewardship is to use the right drug, for the right person, for the right duration. The document stresses
This document provides an overview of antibiotics used to treat maxillofacial infections. It discusses the history and classification of antibiotics, principles for choosing the appropriate antibiotic, administration of antibiotics, combination antibiotic therapy, antibiotic prophylaxis and its principles. It also discusses some of the most commonly used antibiotics for maxillofacial infections such as penicillin, cephalosporins, and tetracyclines. Specific antibiotics discussed in more detail include amoxicillin, penicillin VK, and minocycline.
This document provides an overview of antibiotics. It discusses the history and introduction of antibiotics, their classification, principles of antibiotic therapy, side effects, resistance and failures. It covers individual drug chemistry, mechanisms of action, spectra, sensitive and resistant organisms, adverse effects and uses. It also discusses special conditions like pregnancy, renal/hepatic failure and diabetes. The document outlines newer antibiotics, anticancer drugs and whether antibiotics should be used. It provides terminology related to antibiotics and discusses their sources, types of action and organisms they target.
This document presents information on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It defines AMR as microorganisms becoming resistant to antimicrobial drugs like antibiotics, antivirals, and antimalarials. The document discusses factors that contribute to AMR, including overuse of antibiotics. It describes mechanisms of resistance such as mutations, plasmids, and enzymes that inactivate drugs. It recommends strategies to control AMR like prudent antibiotic use, developing new drugs, and reducing unnecessary use in animals. The conclusion emphasizes that AMR is a global threat that requires strategies to prevent further resistance development.
1) Antibiotics are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. They can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal.
2) Thanks to the work of Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain, penicillin was first produced on a large scale for human use in 1943, saving many lives during World War II.
3) When selecting an antibiotic, factors like the site and severity of infection, isolated organism and its sensitivities, patient factors, and drug properties must be considered to ensure the most effective treatment.
1. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms like fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria that suppress or destroy other microorganisms.
2. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1929 after noticing that a mold growing in one of his petri dishes had prevented bacteria from growing nearby. Penicillin revolutionized medicine as the first widely used antibiotic.
3. Antibiotic resistance has become a major problem as bacteria have increasingly developed resistance, even to formerly powerful antibiotics like penicillin. Proper antibiotic stewardship including only using antibiotics when necessary and completing prescribed treatment courses can help address this growing threat.
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
antibiotic resistance
1. UNDER GUIDENCE OF- ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DR.GOURANGA NANDI
B.C.D.A COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND TECHNOLOGY
78,jessore road,Hridaypur,Barasat,Kolkata-700124
2. Introduction
Throughout history there has been a continual battle between human beings and
multitude of micro-organisms that cause infection and disease.
Here comes Antibiotic to our rescue- “Antibiotics are medicines that fight bacterial
infections, either by killing or inhibiting bacteria from reproduction.”
In pre-antibiotic era, even simple bacterial infections like cholera was epidemic,
surgeries were riskier to perform.
But life is not so simple as it seems, bacteria are getting resistant to present antibiotics
and it seems to get impossible to treat them with present antibiotics.
3. HISTORY
In 1928 Sir Alexander Fleming discovered first antibiotic, Penicillin.
The Introduction of penicillin in 1940 ignited a total new era of
treatment and the time period of 1940-1962 is considered as “golden
era” of antibiotics.
Sir Alexander Fleming won Nobel Prize for discovery of Penicillin in 1945
and in his 1945 Nobel Prize lecture, Fleming himself warned of the danger
of resistance –“It is not difficult to make microbes resistant to penicillin in
the laboratory by exposing them to
concentrations not sufficient to kill them, ……and by exposing this
microbes to non-lethal quantities of the drug make them resistant.”
5. ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
Antimicrobial resistance happens when microorganism (such as
bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites) change when they are
exposed to antimicrobial drugs (such as antibiotics, antifungals,
antivirals, antimalarial, and anthelmintic). Microorganisms that
develop antimicrobial resistance are sometimes referred to as
“superbugs”.
As a result, the medicines become ineffective and infections persist
in the body, increasing the risk of spread to others.
6.
7. WHY RESISTANCE IS CONCERN ?
Resistant organisms lead to treatment
failure.
Increased mortality.
Resistant bacteria may spread in
Community.
Low level resistance can go undetected.
Added burden on healthcare costs.
Threatens to return to pre-antibiotic era.
Selection pressure during prescribing.
9. EVOLUTION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Some microorganisms may ‘born’ resistant, some ‘achieve’ resistance by
mutation or some have resistance ‘thrust upon them’ by plasmids.
Antibiotic Resistance
Natural
(Intrinsic)
Acquired
Chromosomal Methods
Mutations
Extra Chromosomal Methods
Plasmids
Classification of antibiotic resistance mechanism
10. INTRINSIC RESISTANCE:
(Natural Resistance)
1.Lack target :
• No cell wall;
2. Innate efflux pumps:
• does not achieve adequate
internal concentration
3. Drug inactivation:
• Cephalosporinase in
Klebsiella
Acquired resistance
(Mutations)
• refers to the change in
DNA structure.
• Occurs in one per ten
million cells.
• Often mutants have
reduced susceptibility
Plasmids
• Extra chromosomal genetic element, replicate
independently and freely in cytoplasm.
• Plasmids carry r-genes
• These r-genes readily transferred from R-plasmid to
another plasmid or to chromosome.
• mostly observed
THE SUPER
BUG
BIRTH OF The sUPER BUG
11. SOME ANTIBIOTICS AND HOW THEY GOT RESISTANT
DRUG MECHANISM OF ACTION
Penicillin &
Cephalosporin
B Lactamase cleavage of the β-lactam ring
Aminoglycosides Modification by phosphorylating, adenylating
and acetylating enzymes
Chloramphenicol Modification by acetylation
Tetracycline Reduced uptake / increased export
Sulphonamides Active export out of the cell & reduced affinity
of enzymes
Erythromycin Change in receptor by methylation of r RNA
12. WHY BACTERIA ARE GETTING RESISTANT ?
The followings can be stated as main reasons for antibiotics
resistance-
• The diagnosis is incorrect.
• Over prescription of antibiotics
• Patients not finishing the entire course of anti-biotic
• Overuse of antibiotics in livestock and fish farming.
• Poor infection control in Health care settings.
• Poor hygiene and sanitation
• Absence of new antibiotics
13. FACTORS AFFECTING ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
1.Environmental Factors.
Huge populations and overcrowding.
Rapid spread by better transport facility.
poor sanitation.
Infective infection control programme.
huge use of antibiotic in agriculture ,
animal-husbandary and medical cleansing.
14. 2.Drug related.
Over the counter availability
of antimicrobials.
Soaring use of antibiotics.
Irrational fixed dose combination
of antimicrobials.
15. 3.Patient Related:
Poor adherence of dosage regiments.
Poverty.
Lack of education.
Self medication.
Misconception.
16. 4.Prescriber related.
Inappropriate use of available drug.
Overuse of antimicrobials.
Inadequate dosing.
Lack of current knowledge and training.
18. DRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS
• Tuberculosis is a potentially serious lung disease
spread by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• The most effective way to treat tuberculosis is
Antibiotic treatment-
Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol
and Streptomycin are considered as first line drug
to treat Tuberculosis.
• But due to mismanagement of these drugs to
treat tuberculosis is nearly impossible now by
single first line treatment.
19. TYPES OF DRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS
Mono-resistance: resistance to one first-line anti-TB drug only.
Poly-resistance: resistance to more than one first-line anti-TB drug,
Multidrug resistance (MDR): resistance to both isoniazid and rifampicin.
Extensive drug resistance (XDR): resistance to fluoroquinolone, and at
least one of three second-line injectable drugs (capreomycin, kanamycin
and amikacin).
Rifampicin resistance (RR): resistance to rifampicin.
20. TREATMENT OF DRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS
• WHO recommendations aim to speed up detection and improve treatment
outcomes for multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) through use of a
novel rapid diagnostic test and a shorter, cheaper treatment regimen.
• During the last few years, two new drugs have emerged from the research are
bedaquiline and delamanid, these are indicated for the treatment of drug-
resistant TB.
Group 1 - First-line drugs: Isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide
Group 2 - Injectable agents: Kanamycin, amikacin, capreomycin,streptomycin
Group 3 - Fluoroquinolones: Levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin
Group 4 - Oral bacteriostatic agents: Ethionamide, cycloserine,
para aminosalicylic acid (PAS), prothionamide, terizadone
Group 5 – Unclear role: Clofazamine, linezolid, amoxicillin/clavulanate,
Imipenem/cilastatin, thioacetazone, high-dose isoniazid, clarithromycin,
21. METHICILIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Introduction:
MRSA or methiciline-resistant difficult to diagnose be Staphylococcus aureus,is a
bacterial infection.
The infection causes skin infections in non-hospitalizied people.
Symptoms of MRSA:
MRSA can be difficult to diagnose because when it first appears, it looks mimic those
of other skin infections reddish bumps or blisters.
While other rashes gets worse more rapidly.
Develop a fever and skin around the area may become tender to touch.
Depending on where MRSA is located generalized swelling of the surrounding tissue.
22. Diagnosis:
• Diagnostic microbiology laboratories and reference laboratories are key for
identifying outbreaks of MRSA. Normally the bacterium must be cultured
from blood, sputum, urine or other body fluids in “Quantitative PCR”
procedures.
• Another common laboratory test is Rapid Latex Agglutination test that
detects PBP2a protein.
Transmission of MRSA:
• MRSA is mainly transmitted via skin to skin contact. It can also spread by objects.
MRSA can live on towel, bench, and other objects for some times.
23. Treatment:
• If one is diagnosed with MRSA ,he/she will be put on a course of
antibiotics that are known to have an effect on the infection. If the
symptoms doesn’t resolve then the antibiotic will be given via IV route
or may be admitted to hospital.MRSA can be serious illness and must
be treated as such.
Drugs Used:
• Vancomycin, Teicoplanin (but several newly discovered strains of MRSA
show antibiotic resistance to these drugs also)
• Thus nowadays Linezolid is used to treat MRSA.
24. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT MALARIA
In humans, malaria infection is caused by four species of
intracellular protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax,
P. ovale, and P. malariae
drug resistance has only been documented in two of the four
species, P. falciparum and P. vivax.
Diagnosis:
• Clinical diagnosis
• Dip-stick test
• Molecular test
• Serology
25. DRUGS AVAILABLE FOR TREATMENT
Chloroquineremainsthedrugofchoicefor
treatmentofnon-falciparuminfectionsand
nonseverefalciparuminfections
Quinine,eitheraloneorincombination
withtetracyclines,ormefloquinetendtobe the
drugsof choiceformultidrug-resistantmalaria,
Artemisininisananotherimportantdrug.
26. PREVENTION FROM ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
1.Ask healthcare professionals if there are any other steps you can take
without prescribing antibiotics.
2.Take antibiotics exactly how the professional prescribed.
3.Discard any leftover medication.
4.Never skip doses.
5.Avoid antibiotics for a viral infection, cold or flu.
6.Never save antibiotics for the next time you get sick.
7.Never take antibiotics prescribed for someone else.
28. CONCLUSION
• Antibiotics are medicines that help stop infections caused by bacteria.
• The successful outcome of the therapy would depend very much on the choice of
antibacterial agent.
• Thus if antibiotics are administered without proper diagnosis or choice of antibiotic
is incorrect or the route of administration is wrong. Then the bacteria gets resistant
to those antibiotics and can cause antibiotic-resistant infections.
• That can lead to serious disability or even death. Thus rational use of antibiotics
should be used to treat the bacterial infections easily in a safe manner.
29. References
Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, K.D.Tripathi, 7th Edition, Antimicrobial Drugs:
General Considerations, Page-688
Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology, H.P Rang, M.M.Dale, J.M.Mitter, R.J.Flower,
G.Henderson,7th Edition, Basic principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy, page:617
“WHO treatment guidelines for drug resistant tuberculosis (2016 update)”, WHO,
Geneva, 2016,
http://www.who.int/tb/areas-of-work/drug-resistant-tb/treatment/resources/en/
Wollina, U (2017). "Microbiome in atopic dermatitis". Clinical, Cosmetic and
Investigational Dermatology. 10: 51–56. doi:10.2147/CCID.S130013. PMC 5327846
. PMID 28260936.