myasthenia gravis , a neurological disorder, causes skeletal muscle weakness. There are classification according to american clinical classification of myasthenia gravis.Risk factors and causes of myasthenia gravis with animated gif shown in ppt. Types of muscle weakness and pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis explained. Clinical manifestation explained through animated gif. Important diagnostic test explained through pictures. Medical management, surgical management, nursing management explain in detail of myasthenia gravis. Excercise goals and rehablitation management of myasthenia gravis is explained. Types of rehablitation excercise for myasthenia gravis explained. Complications of myasthenia gravis and research article of myasthenia gravis is included in ppt. Summary and conclusion is also included in ppt.
The document discusses various physical therapy modalities, including electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), light therapy, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). It provides details on the procedures, indications, contraindications, mechanisms of action, and the nurse's role in administering ECT and light therapy. ECT involves delivering a controlled electric shock to induce a seizure for treating various psychiatric conditions. Light therapy involves light box exposure for conditions like seasonal affective disorder. rTMS uses magnetic pulses to increase neurotransmitter release for potential treatment of depression.
Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. There are many types of seizures that can cause mild to severe symptoms depending on which part of the brain is affected. Seizures are generally managed through medication, emergency response during seizures, ongoing nursing assessment, and diagnostic evaluation by medical providers when needed.
- Neuropathy is damage or dysfunction of nerves that causes numbness, tingling, weakness and pain. It can be cranial neuropathy affecting the brain/brainstem or peripheral neuropathy outside the brain/spinal cord.
- Cranial neuropathy types include Bell's palsy, microvascular issues affecting vision nerves, and damage to nerves controlling eye movement. Peripheral neuropathy can be motor, sensory or autonomic.
- Neuropathy is caused by infections, cancer, increased pressure, vascular issues like diabetes, autoimmune disorders, medications, and vitamin deficiencies. Symptoms vary but include pain, sensory changes, and weakness. Diagnosis involves exams, tests and sometimes biopsies. Treatment focuses on pain management, physical
Brain abscesses occur when bacteria or other microorganisms infect the brain tissue. They are usually caused by infections that have spread from other areas of the body, such as the ears, sinuses, or lungs. Common symptoms include headache, fever, nausea, and seizures. Diagnosis involves CT or MRI scans of the brain. Treatment consists of intravenous antibiotics for 6-8 weeks along with surgical drainage or resection of the abscess when possible.
This document provides an overview of several neurologic disorders, including:
- Multiple sclerosis, which causes fatigue, vision issues, weakness and more. Treatment focuses on retaining function and limiting disability.
- Myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disorder causing severe muscle weakness. Medications aim to improve symptoms.
- Guillain-Barré syndrome, an acute inflammatory disorder causing ascending paralysis. Supportive care and monitoring of respiratory function are priorities.
- Parkinson's disease, characterized by tremors and rigidity. Medications may provide relief but symptoms gradually worsen over time.
- Huntington's disease, an inherited disorder causing chorea and dementia. No cure exists, and
Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes variable and fatigable weakness of the skeletal muscles. It results from antibodies that block or destroy acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, preventing muscle contraction. Diagnosis involves testing for these antibodies as well as the Tensilon test, where edrophonium chloride is administered intravenously to temporarily improve muscle strength in those with myasthenia gravis. Common symptoms include drooping eyelids, double vision, and fatigue or weakness of muscles that worsens with activity.
This document discusses somatoform disorders. It begins by defining somatoform disorders as mental illnesses characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained medically and cause impairment. Key points include: somatoform disorders involve the presentation of physical complaints due to psychological factors; they are characterized by multiple somatic complaints and persistent healthcare seeking despite reassurance; and common types include somatization disorder, conversion disorder, and hypochondriasis. Treatment involves identifying and addressing the underlying psychological causes through cognitive behavioral therapy and other approaches.
Brain abscess is a collection of pus within the brain tissue caused by a bacterial or fungal infection that can arise from local or distant infectious sources. Symptoms may include changes in mental status, decreased movement and sensation, fever and headache. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment requires antibiotics, sometimes in combination with surgery to drain the abscess, with goals of reducing pressure and swelling in the brain. Even with treatment, brain abscess carries risks of brain damage, recurrence of infection, and long-term neurological deficits.
The document discusses various physical therapy modalities, including electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), light therapy, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). It provides details on the procedures, indications, contraindications, mechanisms of action, and the nurse's role in administering ECT and light therapy. ECT involves delivering a controlled electric shock to induce a seizure for treating various psychiatric conditions. Light therapy involves light box exposure for conditions like seasonal affective disorder. rTMS uses magnetic pulses to increase neurotransmitter release for potential treatment of depression.
Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. There are many types of seizures that can cause mild to severe symptoms depending on which part of the brain is affected. Seizures are generally managed through medication, emergency response during seizures, ongoing nursing assessment, and diagnostic evaluation by medical providers when needed.
- Neuropathy is damage or dysfunction of nerves that causes numbness, tingling, weakness and pain. It can be cranial neuropathy affecting the brain/brainstem or peripheral neuropathy outside the brain/spinal cord.
- Cranial neuropathy types include Bell's palsy, microvascular issues affecting vision nerves, and damage to nerves controlling eye movement. Peripheral neuropathy can be motor, sensory or autonomic.
- Neuropathy is caused by infections, cancer, increased pressure, vascular issues like diabetes, autoimmune disorders, medications, and vitamin deficiencies. Symptoms vary but include pain, sensory changes, and weakness. Diagnosis involves exams, tests and sometimes biopsies. Treatment focuses on pain management, physical
Brain abscesses occur when bacteria or other microorganisms infect the brain tissue. They are usually caused by infections that have spread from other areas of the body, such as the ears, sinuses, or lungs. Common symptoms include headache, fever, nausea, and seizures. Diagnosis involves CT or MRI scans of the brain. Treatment consists of intravenous antibiotics for 6-8 weeks along with surgical drainage or resection of the abscess when possible.
This document provides an overview of several neurologic disorders, including:
- Multiple sclerosis, which causes fatigue, vision issues, weakness and more. Treatment focuses on retaining function and limiting disability.
- Myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disorder causing severe muscle weakness. Medications aim to improve symptoms.
- Guillain-Barré syndrome, an acute inflammatory disorder causing ascending paralysis. Supportive care and monitoring of respiratory function are priorities.
- Parkinson's disease, characterized by tremors and rigidity. Medications may provide relief but symptoms gradually worsen over time.
- Huntington's disease, an inherited disorder causing chorea and dementia. No cure exists, and
Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes variable and fatigable weakness of the skeletal muscles. It results from antibodies that block or destroy acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, preventing muscle contraction. Diagnosis involves testing for these antibodies as well as the Tensilon test, where edrophonium chloride is administered intravenously to temporarily improve muscle strength in those with myasthenia gravis. Common symptoms include drooping eyelids, double vision, and fatigue or weakness of muscles that worsens with activity.
This document discusses somatoform disorders. It begins by defining somatoform disorders as mental illnesses characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained medically and cause impairment. Key points include: somatoform disorders involve the presentation of physical complaints due to psychological factors; they are characterized by multiple somatic complaints and persistent healthcare seeking despite reassurance; and common types include somatization disorder, conversion disorder, and hypochondriasis. Treatment involves identifying and addressing the underlying psychological causes through cognitive behavioral therapy and other approaches.
Brain abscess is a collection of pus within the brain tissue caused by a bacterial or fungal infection that can arise from local or distant infectious sources. Symptoms may include changes in mental status, decreased movement and sensation, fever and headache. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment requires antibiotics, sometimes in combination with surgery to drain the abscess, with goals of reducing pressure and swelling in the brain. Even with treatment, brain abscess carries risks of brain damage, recurrence of infection, and long-term neurological deficits.
This document discusses intractable pain, which is persistent or intermittent pain lasting more than 3 months that is difficult to control. Intractable pain can result from tissue damage or disease and causes the release of chemicals in the body that sensitize nerves to pain over time. Sufferers often experience suicidal thoughts, depression, and immobility. While not curable, treatments may provide relief and include opioids, spinal cord stimulators, nerve blocks, and various medications. Intractable pain is a serious condition that significantly reduces quality of life.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that causes fluctuating weakness in the voluntary muscles. It results from antibodies that block or destroy acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, preventing muscle activation. Common symptoms include weakness of the eye muscles (ptosis, diplopia), face, throat, and limb muscles. Diagnosis involves tests like the Tensilon test and repetitive nerve stimulation. Treatment focuses on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, plasma exchange, IVIG, and sometimes thymectomy. Medications that can exacerbate symptoms include neuromuscular blockers, quinine, aminoglycosides, and magnesium.
Dementia consists of verity of symptoms that suggest chronic dysfunction. Global impairment of intellect is the essential feature, manifested as difficulty with memory, attention, thinking, and comprehension
Approximately 15% of people with dementia have reversible illness if treatment is initiated before irreversible damage takes place.
Bleeding from inside the nose is called epistaxis
Fairly common and is seen in all age groups.
“Epistaxis refers to nose bleed or hemorrhage from the nose”.
It‘s mostly commonly originates in the anterior portion of the nasal cavity.
A hemorrhage from the nose, referred to as epistaxis, is caused by the rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose.
Most commonly, the site is the anterior septum, where three major blood vessels enter the nasal cavity:
(1) the anterior ethmoidal artery on the forward part of the roof (Kesselbach’s plexus)
(2) the sphenopalatine artery in the posterosuperior region, and
(3) the internal maxillary branches (the plexus of veins located at the back of the lateral wall under the inferior turbinate).
Mania is an abnormally elevated mood state characterized by inappropriate elation, irritability, insomnia, grandiose notions, increased speech and thoughts, and poor judgment. It is caused by biological and psychosocial factors and can be treated with mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, ECT, and psychotherapy. Nurses assess severity, monitor for injury/violence risks, address nutrition issues, and support social interaction for patients experiencing mania.
BELL’S PALSY
By:
Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer, BGSBU
DEFINITION
Bell’s palsy (facial paralysis) is caused by unilateral inflammation of the seventh cranial nerve, which results in weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles on the affected side
INCIDENCE
Younger than 45 years of age
Men & women are affected equally
CAUSES
Although the cause is unknown,
Theories about causes include
Vascular ischemia,
Viral disease (herpes simplex, herpes zoster),
Autoimmune disease, a combination of all of these factors.
NERVE TRAUMA
Risk factor
The third trimester of pregnancy
In individuals with immune disorders such as HIV infection,
Individuals with diabetes.
Viral upper respiratory infection
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Inflammation of facial nerve
The inflamed, oedematous nerve becomes compressed to the point of damage, or its blood supply is occluded,
Producing ischemic
Necrosis of facial nerve
Paralysis of facial nerve
Clinical manifestation
Onset of symptoms may be sudden or may progress over a 2- to 5-day period
Pain behind the ear may precede the onset of facial paralysis
dry eye or tingling around the lips
Unable to Close The Eyelid,
Wrinkle The Forehead,
Dysarthria & dysphagia
The mouth is pulled toward the unaffected side
Drooling of saliva occurs,
the affected eye has constant tearing or lacrimation.
Sense of taste is lost over the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Diagnostic evaluation
History of the onset of symptoms is used to diagnose Bell’s palsy.
Observation of the patient confirms the diagnosis.
An EMG may be done. The possibility of a stroke must be ruled out.
Management
Corticosteroid therapy- to decrease inflammation (eg, prednisone 1 mg/kg/day for 10 to 14
Acyclovir combined with prednisone is possibly effective in improving facial function
Eye care to maintain lubrication and moisture if unable to close. May need to be patched during sleep.
Physical therapy, electrical stimulation to maintain muscle tone.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics to relieve pain
Heat application
Massage
Electrical stimulation
Surgical management
Tarsorrhaphy
Complication
Corneal ulceration
Impairment of vision
Body image disturbance related to facial nerve paralysis
Nursing management
Test motor components of facial nerve (VII) by assessing patient's smile, ability to whistle, purse lips, wrinkle forehead, and close eyes. Observe for facial asymmetry.
Observe patient's ability to handle secretions, food, fluids; observe for drooling.
Assess patient's ability to blink and speak clearly.
Assess effect of altered appearance on body image.
Administer or teach patient to administer artificial tears and ophthalmic ointment as prescribed
A cerebrovascular accident (CVA), also known as a stroke, is caused by disrupted blood flow to the brain resulting in the death of brain cells. There are two main types of strokes: ischemic strokes caused by blood clot blockages and hemorrhagic strokes caused by ruptured blood vessels. Treatment depends on the stroke type and may include clot-busting drugs, surgery, or controlling bleeding. Nursing care focuses on rehabilitation and prevention of complications through careful monitoring, positioning, and facilitating recovery of motor and cognitive functions. Lifestyle changes and medication can help prevent future strokes by managing risk factors like high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and atrial fibrillation.
This document provides information on dementia and various types of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. It discusses symptoms, brain changes, risk factors and diagnostic approaches for different dementias. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of cases. Vascular dementia is the second most common, making up 20% of cases. Symptoms of Alzheimer's include memory loss and impaired judgment, while vascular dementia symptoms include impaired planning and reasoning abilities. Brain imaging can detect abnormalities associated with different dementias. A thorough diagnostic evaluation includes history, physical exam, neuropsychological testing, lab tests and brain imaging.
Mania is defined as a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated or irritable mood lasting at least one week. It can be classified as mixed states with both manic and depressive features, hypomania with less sleep needs and increased goal-motivated behavior, or associated with bipolar disorder. Causes may include genetic, biochemical, seasonal, or stressful life influences. Signs include inflated self-esteem, decreased sleep needs, pressured speech, distractibility, and risky behaviors. Treatment involves psychological therapies and organic treatments like mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, or benzodiazepines to control symptoms.
This document discusses personality disorders. It begins by defining personality and personality traits, then defines personality disorders as inflexible and maladaptive personality traits that interfere with functioning. It describes three clusters of personality disorders - Cluster A which includes odd or eccentric behavior; Cluster B which includes dramatic, emotional or erratic behavior; and Cluster C which includes anxious or fearful behavior. The document then provides more details on specific personality disorders like paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders. It discusses symptoms, causes, treatment options for each.
This document defines and summarizes neurosis. It begins by defining neurosis as a mental disorder that causes distress and deficits in functioning, without a loss of contact with reality as in psychosis. The document then outlines the history of the term neurosis and classifications of neuroses. It discusses causes as unresolved anxiety, obsessive thoughts, and social or interpersonal maladjustment. Symptoms include anxiety, depression, anger and cognitive problems. Treatments mentioned are hypnotic drugs, psychotherapy, psychotropic drugs and electroconvulsive therapy. It concludes that neurosis results from conflicts between unconscious and pre-conscious states of mind.
Geriatric psychiatry deals with preventing, diagnosing, and treating psychological disorders in older adults. Psychiatrists must recognize physical and mental illnesses in older patients and determine how medical illnesses, medications, and age-related stressors impact them. A psychiatric examination of an older patient includes evaluating their cognitive status, suicidal thoughts, functional abilities, and signs of mental disorders that commonly affect the elderly like dementia and depression. Psychopharmacological treatment of geriatric patients requires a thorough medical evaluation and individualization of dosages to improve quality of life while maintaining independence.
This document discusses cerebrovascular disorders such as stroke. It begins by defining cerebrovascular disorders as any functional abnormality of the central nervous system caused by disrupted blood supply to the brain. Stroke is the primary cerebrovascular disorder. The document then covers the anatomy of the nervous system, definitions of stroke, risk factors, types of stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic), clinical manifestations, diagnostic findings, and management approaches including medical, surgical, and nursing considerations.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare but serious autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks healthy nerve cells in your peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Refractive errors occur when the shape of the eye does not bend light correctly, causing blurred vision. The main types are myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), presbyopia (age-related blurring of near vision), and astigmatism (abnormal corneal curvature). Refractive errors can result from factors like infection, injury, genetics, aging, or previous eye surgery. Diagnosis involves testing like retinoscopy and tonometry, while treatment may include eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery procedures like LASIK. Nursing care focuses on safely administering treatments and monitoring patients for side effects and complications.
Panic disorder is characterized by sudden panic attacks that involve physical symptoms and a fear of consequences like a heart attack. It has a lifetime prevalence of 1.5-2% and is more common in females. Treatment includes SSRIs, benzodiazepines, CBT to change negative thoughts, and behavioral therapies like relaxation. With appropriate treatment, around 65% of patients achieve remission within 6 months.
This document provides a review of amnesia, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The main points are:
- Amnesia is a loss of memory caused by brain damage or trauma that can affect recent memories (anterograde) and past memories (retrograde).
- The six main types of amnesia are retrograde, anterograde, transient global, dissociative, infantile, and Wernicke-Korsakoff's.
- Amnesia can be caused by head injuries, stroke, alcoholism, viruses, and neurological disorders. Diagnosis involves cognitive tests, imaging, and ruling out other potential medical
Bell's palsy is a condition in which the muscles on one side of your face become weak or paralyzed. It affects only one side of the face at a time, causing it to droop or become stiff on that side. It's caused by some kind of trauma to the seventh cranial nerve. This is also called the “facial nerve.
Geriatric medicine focuses on frail older patients whose health is easily impacted by minor illness. These patients often have multiple medical issues and atypical presentations of conditions. Decisions about their care require considering biological age, tolerance for interventions, impact on management, and patient/family preferences. Falls are a major problem and can result from acute illness, syncope, or mechanical issues like weakness, poor vision or balance. Thorough evaluation and targeting modifiable risk factors can help prevent falls and fractures in older adults.
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigability. It is caused by antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, preventing muscle contraction. Symptoms vary widely and can include weakness of the eye muscles, facial muscles, limbs, and respiratory muscles. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests to detect antibodies, and electrodiagnostic tests. Treatment options include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, immunosuppressants, plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin, and thymectomy.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by varying degrees of weakness in voluntary muscles. It occurs when antibodies block or damage receptors at the neuromuscular junction, preventing normal muscle contraction in response to nerve impulses. Risk factors include female gender under 40, male gender over 60, and other autoimmune disorders. Symptoms include drooping eyelids, blurred or double vision, weakness in the face, and generalized weakness that worsens with activity. Diagnostic tests include the edrophonium test, blood tests for antibodies, repetitive nerve stimulation, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment involves cholinesterase inhibitors, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and in some cases plasmapher
This document discusses intractable pain, which is persistent or intermittent pain lasting more than 3 months that is difficult to control. Intractable pain can result from tissue damage or disease and causes the release of chemicals in the body that sensitize nerves to pain over time. Sufferers often experience suicidal thoughts, depression, and immobility. While not curable, treatments may provide relief and include opioids, spinal cord stimulators, nerve blocks, and various medications. Intractable pain is a serious condition that significantly reduces quality of life.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that causes fluctuating weakness in the voluntary muscles. It results from antibodies that block or destroy acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, preventing muscle activation. Common symptoms include weakness of the eye muscles (ptosis, diplopia), face, throat, and limb muscles. Diagnosis involves tests like the Tensilon test and repetitive nerve stimulation. Treatment focuses on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, plasma exchange, IVIG, and sometimes thymectomy. Medications that can exacerbate symptoms include neuromuscular blockers, quinine, aminoglycosides, and magnesium.
Dementia consists of verity of symptoms that suggest chronic dysfunction. Global impairment of intellect is the essential feature, manifested as difficulty with memory, attention, thinking, and comprehension
Approximately 15% of people with dementia have reversible illness if treatment is initiated before irreversible damage takes place.
Bleeding from inside the nose is called epistaxis
Fairly common and is seen in all age groups.
“Epistaxis refers to nose bleed or hemorrhage from the nose”.
It‘s mostly commonly originates in the anterior portion of the nasal cavity.
A hemorrhage from the nose, referred to as epistaxis, is caused by the rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose.
Most commonly, the site is the anterior septum, where three major blood vessels enter the nasal cavity:
(1) the anterior ethmoidal artery on the forward part of the roof (Kesselbach’s plexus)
(2) the sphenopalatine artery in the posterosuperior region, and
(3) the internal maxillary branches (the plexus of veins located at the back of the lateral wall under the inferior turbinate).
Mania is an abnormally elevated mood state characterized by inappropriate elation, irritability, insomnia, grandiose notions, increased speech and thoughts, and poor judgment. It is caused by biological and psychosocial factors and can be treated with mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, ECT, and psychotherapy. Nurses assess severity, monitor for injury/violence risks, address nutrition issues, and support social interaction for patients experiencing mania.
BELL’S PALSY
By:
Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer, BGSBU
DEFINITION
Bell’s palsy (facial paralysis) is caused by unilateral inflammation of the seventh cranial nerve, which results in weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles on the affected side
INCIDENCE
Younger than 45 years of age
Men & women are affected equally
CAUSES
Although the cause is unknown,
Theories about causes include
Vascular ischemia,
Viral disease (herpes simplex, herpes zoster),
Autoimmune disease, a combination of all of these factors.
NERVE TRAUMA
Risk factor
The third trimester of pregnancy
In individuals with immune disorders such as HIV infection,
Individuals with diabetes.
Viral upper respiratory infection
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Inflammation of facial nerve
The inflamed, oedematous nerve becomes compressed to the point of damage, or its blood supply is occluded,
Producing ischemic
Necrosis of facial nerve
Paralysis of facial nerve
Clinical manifestation
Onset of symptoms may be sudden or may progress over a 2- to 5-day period
Pain behind the ear may precede the onset of facial paralysis
dry eye or tingling around the lips
Unable to Close The Eyelid,
Wrinkle The Forehead,
Dysarthria & dysphagia
The mouth is pulled toward the unaffected side
Drooling of saliva occurs,
the affected eye has constant tearing or lacrimation.
Sense of taste is lost over the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Diagnostic evaluation
History of the onset of symptoms is used to diagnose Bell’s palsy.
Observation of the patient confirms the diagnosis.
An EMG may be done. The possibility of a stroke must be ruled out.
Management
Corticosteroid therapy- to decrease inflammation (eg, prednisone 1 mg/kg/day for 10 to 14
Acyclovir combined with prednisone is possibly effective in improving facial function
Eye care to maintain lubrication and moisture if unable to close. May need to be patched during sleep.
Physical therapy, electrical stimulation to maintain muscle tone.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics to relieve pain
Heat application
Massage
Electrical stimulation
Surgical management
Tarsorrhaphy
Complication
Corneal ulceration
Impairment of vision
Body image disturbance related to facial nerve paralysis
Nursing management
Test motor components of facial nerve (VII) by assessing patient's smile, ability to whistle, purse lips, wrinkle forehead, and close eyes. Observe for facial asymmetry.
Observe patient's ability to handle secretions, food, fluids; observe for drooling.
Assess patient's ability to blink and speak clearly.
Assess effect of altered appearance on body image.
Administer or teach patient to administer artificial tears and ophthalmic ointment as prescribed
A cerebrovascular accident (CVA), also known as a stroke, is caused by disrupted blood flow to the brain resulting in the death of brain cells. There are two main types of strokes: ischemic strokes caused by blood clot blockages and hemorrhagic strokes caused by ruptured blood vessels. Treatment depends on the stroke type and may include clot-busting drugs, surgery, or controlling bleeding. Nursing care focuses on rehabilitation and prevention of complications through careful monitoring, positioning, and facilitating recovery of motor and cognitive functions. Lifestyle changes and medication can help prevent future strokes by managing risk factors like high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and atrial fibrillation.
This document provides information on dementia and various types of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. It discusses symptoms, brain changes, risk factors and diagnostic approaches for different dementias. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of cases. Vascular dementia is the second most common, making up 20% of cases. Symptoms of Alzheimer's include memory loss and impaired judgment, while vascular dementia symptoms include impaired planning and reasoning abilities. Brain imaging can detect abnormalities associated with different dementias. A thorough diagnostic evaluation includes history, physical exam, neuropsychological testing, lab tests and brain imaging.
Mania is defined as a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated or irritable mood lasting at least one week. It can be classified as mixed states with both manic and depressive features, hypomania with less sleep needs and increased goal-motivated behavior, or associated with bipolar disorder. Causes may include genetic, biochemical, seasonal, or stressful life influences. Signs include inflated self-esteem, decreased sleep needs, pressured speech, distractibility, and risky behaviors. Treatment involves psychological therapies and organic treatments like mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, or benzodiazepines to control symptoms.
This document discusses personality disorders. It begins by defining personality and personality traits, then defines personality disorders as inflexible and maladaptive personality traits that interfere with functioning. It describes three clusters of personality disorders - Cluster A which includes odd or eccentric behavior; Cluster B which includes dramatic, emotional or erratic behavior; and Cluster C which includes anxious or fearful behavior. The document then provides more details on specific personality disorders like paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders. It discusses symptoms, causes, treatment options for each.
This document defines and summarizes neurosis. It begins by defining neurosis as a mental disorder that causes distress and deficits in functioning, without a loss of contact with reality as in psychosis. The document then outlines the history of the term neurosis and classifications of neuroses. It discusses causes as unresolved anxiety, obsessive thoughts, and social or interpersonal maladjustment. Symptoms include anxiety, depression, anger and cognitive problems. Treatments mentioned are hypnotic drugs, psychotherapy, psychotropic drugs and electroconvulsive therapy. It concludes that neurosis results from conflicts between unconscious and pre-conscious states of mind.
Geriatric psychiatry deals with preventing, diagnosing, and treating psychological disorders in older adults. Psychiatrists must recognize physical and mental illnesses in older patients and determine how medical illnesses, medications, and age-related stressors impact them. A psychiatric examination of an older patient includes evaluating their cognitive status, suicidal thoughts, functional abilities, and signs of mental disorders that commonly affect the elderly like dementia and depression. Psychopharmacological treatment of geriatric patients requires a thorough medical evaluation and individualization of dosages to improve quality of life while maintaining independence.
This document discusses cerebrovascular disorders such as stroke. It begins by defining cerebrovascular disorders as any functional abnormality of the central nervous system caused by disrupted blood supply to the brain. Stroke is the primary cerebrovascular disorder. The document then covers the anatomy of the nervous system, definitions of stroke, risk factors, types of stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic), clinical manifestations, diagnostic findings, and management approaches including medical, surgical, and nursing considerations.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare but serious autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks healthy nerve cells in your peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Refractive errors occur when the shape of the eye does not bend light correctly, causing blurred vision. The main types are myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), presbyopia (age-related blurring of near vision), and astigmatism (abnormal corneal curvature). Refractive errors can result from factors like infection, injury, genetics, aging, or previous eye surgery. Diagnosis involves testing like retinoscopy and tonometry, while treatment may include eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery procedures like LASIK. Nursing care focuses on safely administering treatments and monitoring patients for side effects and complications.
Panic disorder is characterized by sudden panic attacks that involve physical symptoms and a fear of consequences like a heart attack. It has a lifetime prevalence of 1.5-2% and is more common in females. Treatment includes SSRIs, benzodiazepines, CBT to change negative thoughts, and behavioral therapies like relaxation. With appropriate treatment, around 65% of patients achieve remission within 6 months.
This document provides a review of amnesia, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The main points are:
- Amnesia is a loss of memory caused by brain damage or trauma that can affect recent memories (anterograde) and past memories (retrograde).
- The six main types of amnesia are retrograde, anterograde, transient global, dissociative, infantile, and Wernicke-Korsakoff's.
- Amnesia can be caused by head injuries, stroke, alcoholism, viruses, and neurological disorders. Diagnosis involves cognitive tests, imaging, and ruling out other potential medical
Bell's palsy is a condition in which the muscles on one side of your face become weak or paralyzed. It affects only one side of the face at a time, causing it to droop or become stiff on that side. It's caused by some kind of trauma to the seventh cranial nerve. This is also called the “facial nerve.
Geriatric medicine focuses on frail older patients whose health is easily impacted by minor illness. These patients often have multiple medical issues and atypical presentations of conditions. Decisions about their care require considering biological age, tolerance for interventions, impact on management, and patient/family preferences. Falls are a major problem and can result from acute illness, syncope, or mechanical issues like weakness, poor vision or balance. Thorough evaluation and targeting modifiable risk factors can help prevent falls and fractures in older adults.
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigability. It is caused by antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, preventing muscle contraction. Symptoms vary widely and can include weakness of the eye muscles, facial muscles, limbs, and respiratory muscles. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests to detect antibodies, and electrodiagnostic tests. Treatment options include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, immunosuppressants, plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin, and thymectomy.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by varying degrees of weakness in voluntary muscles. It occurs when antibodies block or damage receptors at the neuromuscular junction, preventing normal muscle contraction in response to nerve impulses. Risk factors include female gender under 40, male gender over 60, and other autoimmune disorders. Symptoms include drooping eyelids, blurred or double vision, weakness in the face, and generalized weakness that worsens with activity. Diagnostic tests include the edrophonium test, blood tests for antibodies, repetitive nerve stimulation, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment involves cholinesterase inhibitors, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and in some cases plasmapher
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) refers to a group of inflammatory diseases involving the spine and joints. It includes ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, and undifferentiated spondyloarthritis. Key features are inflammation of the spine and sacroiliac joints, peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, and extra-articular manifestations affecting the eyes, bowels, and lungs. Diagnosis involves assessing clinical features, laboratory tests like HLA-B27, and imaging of the sacroiliac joints and spine. Treatment focuses on reducing pain and inflammation with NSAIDs, TNF inhibitors, exercise and maintaining function.
Myasthenia gravis for students part two Pratap Tiwari
This document provides an overview of myasthenia gravis (MG), including its pathophysiology, classification, diagnostic approach, management, and prognosis. MG is an autoimmune disorder causing muscle weakness due to antibodies interfering with signal transmission at the neuromuscular junction. It is classified based on symptoms affecting ocular, bulbar, limb or respiratory muscles. Diagnosis involves testing for serum antibodies, electrophysiology, and response to medication. Management includes anticholinesterase medications, immunotherapies like steroids, plasmapheresis for crisis, and sometimes thymectomy. With advances in care, prognosis has improved greatly though crisis still requires intensive monitoring and support.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies are formed against acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction, reducing their numbers and causing muscle weakness that worsens with repeated use and improves with rest. It most commonly affects the eye muscles and muscles of the face, throat, and limbs. While idiopathic in most cases, it has associations with certain genes and tumors of the thymus gland. Diagnosis involves testing muscle fatigue and response to medication, and treatment focuses on immunosuppressants, thymectomy, and supporting respiratory function to prevent crisis. Nurses monitor symptoms and respiratory status, educate on triggers and crisis response, and carefully manage medications and nutrition.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness and fatigue. It results from antibodies that attack acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction, interfering with signal transmission from nerves to muscles. Common symptoms include drooping eyelids, blurred vision, difficulty speaking, and weakness in the arms or legs. Diagnosis involves tests for acetylcholine receptor antibodies and electrodiagnostic testing showing decremental response to repetitive nerve stimulation. Treatment focuses on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and immunosuppressants, with plasmapheresis for crisis. Nursing care centers around monitoring for respiratory issues, weakness, and crisis, with teaching on medication, rest, and lifestyle modifications.
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS POWER POINT PRESENTATIONblessyjannu21
Myasthenia gravis is a neurological disease. It affects the grave muscles in our body. Myasthenia gravis affects how the nerves communicate with the muscles. Drooping eyelids and/or double vision are often the first noticeable sign. It is involving the muscles controlling the eyes movement, facial expression, chewing and swallowing. It also effects the muscles neck and lip movement and respiration.
It is a neuromuscular disease characterized by abnormal weakness of voluntary muscles that improved with rest and the administration of anti-cholinesterase drugs.
The person may find difficult to stand, lift objects and speak or swallow. Medications and surgery can help the patient to relieve the symptoms of this lifelong illness.
This document discusses spondyloarthritis (SpA), a group of inflammatory diseases that share features like axial joint inflammation, asymmetric oligoarthritis, and enthesitis. The main types of SpA are ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, undifferentiated spondyloarthritis, and reactive arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. SpA is strongly associated with the HLA-B27 gene. Clinical features include inflammatory back pain, peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, dactylitis, and eye and bowel inflammation. Diagnosis involves assessing clinical features, lab tests like elevated CRP/ESR and HLA-B27 status, and imaging of the sacroiliac joints and spine
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by weakness and fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is caused by antibodies that block or destroy acetylcholine receptor sites in muscles, impairing nerve signal transmission and causing weakness. Symptoms often first affect ocular muscles and may progress to other areas. Treatment focuses on immunosuppression and thymectomy in some cases. Complications can include myasthenic crisis if respiratory muscles are affected.
Myasthenia Gravis was first described by Thomas Willis in 1672.
“Myasthenia Gravis” literally means “muscle weakness”.
MG is often called the “snowflake disease” because it differs so much from person to person.
Definition
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic, progressive damage of the neuromuscular junction.
The underlying defect is a decrease in the number of available acetylcholine receptor (AChRs) at neuromuscular junctions due to an antibody-mediated autoimmune attack.
Clinical Features
Eye muscles
Drooping of one or both eyelid (Ptosis)
Double vision (diplopia)
Face and throat muscles
Dysarthria
Dysphasia
Problem in chewing
Limited facial expression
Snarling expression
Respiratory symptoms
Weakness of intercostal muscle and diaphragm.
Weakness of pharyngeal muscles
Palate muscle weakness
Nasal voice
Nasal regurgitation
Swallowing may be difficult and regurgitation of food can occur.
Coughing and chocking while drinking
Limb muscle weakness in MG is often proximal and may be asymmetric.
In ~85% o patients, the weakness becomes generalized, affecting the limb muscles as well.
If weakness remains restricted to the extra ocular muscles for 3 years, it is likely that it will not become generalized, and these patients are said to have ocular MG.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that causes muscle weakness. It occurs when antibodies block or change signals from nerves to muscles, weakening muscles. Common symptoms include drooping eyelids, double vision, difficulty swallowing and speaking. Diagnosis involves tests of blood, nerves and muscles. While there is no cure, treatment aims to reduce antibodies and symptoms through medications, plasmapheresis, IVIG or thymectomy. Patients require long-term management of symptoms and immunosuppression therapy.
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness. It occurs when antibodies block or destroy acetylcholine receptors, interrupting communication between nerves and muscles. Symptoms include varying muscle weakness that worsens with activity. It commonly first affects eye muscles. Diagnosis involves tests showing improvement of symptoms with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and presence of acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Treatment focuses on anticholinesterase medications, immunosuppressants, plasmapheresis, IVIG, and sometimes thymectomy. Patients require education on medication management and prevention of crisis.
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing. It can result in double vision, drooping eyelids, trouble talking, and trouble walking.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by fatigue and weakness of skeletal muscles that worsens with exertion and improves with rest. It results from antibodies that block or destroy acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction, preventing muscle contraction. Symptoms often include drooping eyelids, double vision, facial weakness, and difficulty swallowing and speaking. Diagnosis involves testing for acetylcholine receptor antibodies and response to medication like edrophonium. Treatment includes anticholinesterases, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, plasmapheresis, and sometimes thymectomy. Myasthenic crisis is a life-threatening exacerbation requiring ventilator support when respiratory muscles are severely
Rehabilitation in myopathies - dr venugopal kochiyilmrinal joshi
This document discusses rehabilitation approaches for various myopathies. It begins by defining myopathies as muscle disorders causing weakness, fatigue and deformities that can affect other systems. Rehabilitation involves identifying impairments, setting goals to maximize function and prevent complications, and using a multidisciplinary approach. Physical training focuses on resistance exercises to prevent disuse atrophy while avoiding overexertion. Contractures are prevented through stretching, positioning and splinting. Specific myopathies like polymyositis/dermatomyositis, inclusion body myositis, statin-induced myopathy and critical illness myopathy are also reviewed in terms of symptoms, diagnosis, management and prognosis.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies that interfere with signal transmission at the neuromuscular junction. The antibodies are typically against acetylcholine receptors or muscle-specific kinase. This disrupts muscle contraction and causes weakness that fluctuates and worsens with activity. Symptoms usually start in extraocular muscles and may progress to other areas. Thymic abnormalities are seen in many cases and thymectomy can aid treatment.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder causing muscle weakness that worsens with activity. It results from antibodies attacking acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, impairing muscle contraction. Common symptoms include drooping eyelids, double vision, difficulty swallowing and speaking. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests to detect antibodies, repetitive nerve stimulation tests, and imaging. Treatment aims to maximize acetylcholine activity and limit immunological attacks, using anticholinesterase drugs, thymectomy, plasma exchange, immunosuppressants, and behavioral modifications like rest periods.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by varying degrees of weakness of voluntary muscles. It is caused by antibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, impairing transmission of impulses and causing muscle weakness that worsens with use. It most commonly affects young adult women and older men, though can occur at any age. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, response to anticholinesterase drugs, and acetylcholine receptor antibody levels. Treatment includes anticholinesterase drugs, immunosuppressants, plasmapheresis, IVIG, and sometimes thymectomy. Complications can include myasthenic crisis of severe generalized weakness or cholinergic crisis from over
Myasthenia Gravis is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by fluctuating weakness that worsens with activity and improves with rest. It results from antibodies blocking or lessening the effects of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Symptoms often begin with weakness of the eye muscles or face. While treatments can help control symptoms, there is currently no cure. Management involves anticholinesterase medications, immunosuppressants, plasmapheresis, thymectomy, and ventilatory support during myasthenic crises.
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness and fatigability of skeletal muscles.
The underlying defect is a decrease in the number of available acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at neuromuscular junctions due to an antibody-mediated autoimmune attack
Importance and purposes of Literature Reviewvaibhavpaul9
Literature review means a “re” view or “look again” at what has already been written about the topic. Literature review compiles various research projects published by recognized scholars and researchers.
This slide includes the introduction about the literature review and definition of literature review and what are the importance and purposes of literature review , is presented here in very concise way, it includes some pictures that will help you for easily understand the topic and it is more interesting.
definition According to University of Toronto(2001):-
“A literature review is an account of what has been already established or published on a particular research topic by accredited scholars and researchers.”
According to Creswell (2005):-
A review of literature “is a written summary of journal articles, books and other documents that describes the past and current state of information , organizes the literature into topics and documents a need for a proposed study.”
Importance of literature review are-
Identification of a research problem and development or refinement of research questions.
Generation of useful research questions or projects for the discipline.
Orientation to what is known and not known about an area of enquiry to ascertain to what research can best contribute to knowledge.
Determination of any gaps or inconsistencies in a body of knowledge.
Discovery of unanswered questions about subjects , concepts or problems.
Determination of a need to replicate a prior study in different study settings or different samples or size or different study populations.
Purposes of literature review:
To explore the area of interests in view of narrowing down the topic.
The purpose of literature review is to convey to the reader previous knowledge and facts established on a topic and their strengths and weakness.
The literature review allows the reader to be updated with the state of research in a field and any contraindications that may exist with challenges findings of other research studies.
4. It also provide the knowledge about the problems faced by the previous reseachers while studying same topic.
The literature review allows the reader to be updated with the state of research in a field and any contraindications that may exist with challenges findings of other research studies.
4. It also provide the knowledge about the problems faced by the previous reseachers while studying same topic.
The literature review allows the reader to be updated with the state of research in a field and any contraindications that may exist with challenges findings of other research studies.
4. It also provide the knowledge about the problems faced by the previous reseachers while studying same topic.
Review of literature# Literature review # definition of review of literature# importance of literature review# purposes of literature review#
ROLE OF RESEARCH, LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT.pptxvaibhavpaul9
Role of research, leadership and management plays a vital role in field of Nursing. So here the definition of nursing ,definition of research, meaning of research, definition of nursing research, development of nursing research from nightingale to present, importance of research in nursing, role of research in nursing ,nurses responsibility in relation to research ,level of participation in nursing research is explained through diagram and gif animations .Definition of leader, characteristics and qualities of leader is explained, Leadership theories include trait theory, contigency theory, greatman theory, situational theory, leader member exchange theory, transformational theory etc. Leadership style includes Autocratic, democratic, pace setting, coaching, laissez faire etc. Role of nursing leaders. Definition of management ,functions of management, need of management in nursing, current research in nursing is also added .
Peripheral vascular disease is the disease that involves narrowing of blood vessels including artery , vein and lymphatic vessels. Here introduction, definition and Types of peripheral vascular
disease are well classified in flowchart. Types of arterial , venous and lymphatic disease described . All the diseases are explained with their definition, risk factors, causes, sign and symptoms,diagnostic evaluation,medical management, surgical management with diagramatic presentation, nursing management is explained. Youtube link of procedures is also available in ppt. Nursing diagnosis of PVD is included .
breast cancer is a disease which is more common in females. Introduction and definition of breast cancer is explained in slides. Incidence according to american cancer society estimation in united states 2023 is explained here.Types of breast cancer elaborated through images . Stages, pathophysiology, sign and symptoms, essential diagnostic evaluation of breast cancer and TNM classification in detail
described. Medical management includes chemotherapy, neoadjuvant therapy, adjuvant therapy, endocrine therapy, various radiation therapy etc. Pharmacological management described. Surgeries of breast cancer described. Nursing management and post operative management explained .Nursing diagnosis of breast cancer is prioritized.
The document discusses the lecture method in nursing education. It defines the lecture method as a teaching procedure where the teacher formally delivers a carefully planned address on a topic to clarify or explain it to students. The objectives of the lecture method are to develop higher cognitive abilities, ability to give clarification and defend ideas, and develop cooperation skills. A lecture consists of an introduction to catch student attention, the main body to present content in an organized way, and a conclusion to summarize key points and allow student clarification. Factors like student ability, teacher preparation, and environment like time of day must be considered when planning a lecture. Advantages include conveying factual information efficiently, while disadvantages include being one-sided and passive for students.
Lecture method is topic of nursing education for M.Sc. Nursing. It includes introduction, definition, domains of lecture method, purposes , plan or structure of lecture method, factors affecting to the lecture method, advantages and disadvantages of lecture method, also including bibliography. There is Very concise few slides are covering broader part of lecture method which is easily understandable for all. Slides are very attractive.
End of life care in detail , with terminologies used in end of life care, theories of grief including kubber ross theory and other , Grief management ,hospice care, care of body after death.
assessment of respiratory system with normal and adventitous sounds and anatomical abnormalities . Diagnostic evaluations and tests performed in respiratory assessment.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
3. INTRODUCTION
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction
characterized by the fluctuating weakness of the certain skeletal muscle, group. It
results from a loss of acetylcholine receptors in the postsynaptic neurons of the
neuromuscular junction.
4. DEFINITION
Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune, neuromuscular disease that causes
weakness in the skeletal muscles (the muscles that connect to your bones and
contract to allow body movement in the arms and legs, and allow for breathing).
5. INCIDENCE
Myasthenia Gravis affects 1 or 2 people in every 10,000. It occurs more commonly
in women under 40 years and men over 60. However, it may affect individuals of
any age and we have largest experience in India for treatment of Myasthenia
Gravis.
6. CLASSIFICATION
Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America Clinical Classification[10]
1. Class I: Any ocular muscle weakness, possible ptosis, no other evidence of
muscle weakness elsewhere.
2. Class II: Mild weakness affecting other than ocular muscles; may also have
ocular muscle weakness of any severity.
3. Class Ila: Predominantly affecting limb, axial muscles, or both; may also have
lesser involvement of oropharyngeal muscles
7. CLASSIFICATION
7. Class Ilb: Predominantly bulbar and/or respiratory mack to to top also have lesser
or equal involvement of limb, axial muscle or both.
8. Class IV: Severe weakness affecting other than ocular muscles; may also have
ocular muscle weakness of any severity.
9. Class IVa: Predominantly affecting limb, axial muscles, or both; may also have
lesser involvement of oropharyngeal muscles.
8. CLASSIFICATION
10. Class IVb: Predominantly bulbar and/or respiratory muscles; may also have
lesser or equal involvement of limb, axial muscles, or both (Can also include
feeding tube without intubation).
11. Class V: Intubation needed to maintain airway, with or without mechanical
ventilation.
10. RISK FACTORS
• Some medications such as beta blockers, quinidine gluconate, quinidine sulfate,
quinine (Qualaquin), phenytoin, certain anesthetics and some antibiotics
• Pregnancy
• Menstrual periods
15. BULBAR MUSCLE WEAKNESS
Group of muscles in head and neck.
• Palatal muscles
• Nasal voice ,nasal Regurgitation.
• Chewing become difficult.
• Severe jaw weakness
may cause jaw to hang open.
17. RESPIRATORY MUSCLE WEAKNESS
• Weakness of the intercostal space muscles and the diaphragm may result in Co2
retention due to hypoventilation.
• Weakness of pharyngeal muscles may collapse the upper airway.
18. OCCULAR MUSCLE WEAKNESS
Assymetric:-
• Usually affects more than one extraoccular muscles and is not limited to muscles
innervated by one cranial nerve. Weakness of lateral and medied recti may
produce & a pseudo internuclear opthalmoplegia.
• Ptosis caused by eyelid weakness.
• Diplopia is very common.
19. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Due to etiological Factor
Lymphocyte produce Ach Receptor antibodies that attack the postsynaptic muscle
membrane.
Depletion of acetylcholine receptors of the neuromuscular junction
21. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
• Increasing muscle weakness affects movements of eyes, chewing, swallowing,
speaking and breathing
• Ptosis (drooping of one or both eyelids)
24. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
History collection –
• Age and gender-
The early type (before age of 50) is female predominant and the late type (after age
of 60) is male dominant.
• Race- Some studies demonstrated that the incidence, prevalence and the severity
of this disease is higher inAfrican/Americans.
• Evidence of coexisting autoimmune diseases.
25. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
A positive history of-
Heavy eyelids and double vision
Eye movement problems
Photophobia
Facial weakness
28. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
Edrophonium Tensilon test-This test is used to test eye muscle weakness and uses
injections of edrophonium chloride to briefly relieve weakness. The drug blocks the
breakdown of acetylcholine and temporarily increases the levels of acetylcholine at
the neuromuscular junction.
29. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
Blood test-People living with myasthenia gravis may have abnormally elevated
levels of acetylcholine receptor antibodies.
A second antibody called the anti- MUSK antibody has been found in about half of
individuals with myasthenia gravis who do not have acetylcholine receptor
antibodies. A blood test can also detect this antibody.
30. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
Electrodiagnostics-
Diagnostic tests include repetitive nerve stimulation, which repeatedly stimulates
nerves with small pulses of electricity to tire specific muscles. Muscle fibers in
myasthenia gravis, as well as other neuromuscular disorders, do not respond as well
to repeated electrical stimulation.
31. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
Single fiber Electromyography-
It is most sensitive test for Myasthenia Gravis. It detects impaired nerve- to-
muscle transmission.
38. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Cholinesterase Inhibitor-
Mestinon or pyridostigmine . It slows down breakdown of Acetylcholine at the
neuromuscular junction and improve neuromuscular transmission and increase
muscle strength.
39. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Immunosuppressive drugs-Group of drugs that improve muscle strength by
suppressing the production of abnormal antibodies, such as prednisone,
azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and tacrolimus.
40. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin-Therapies that are used in severe
cases of myasthenia gravis to remove destructive antibodies that attack the
neuromuscular junction, although their effectiveness usually only lasts a few weeks
or months.
42. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Monoclonal Antibodies-A treatment that targets the process by which
acetylcholine antibodies injure the neuromuscular junction. The U.S. Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of the medication eculizumab for
the treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis in adults who test positive for the
antiacetylcholine receptor (AchR) antibody.
43. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Thymectomy-An operation to remove the problematic thymus gland can reduce
symptoms, possibly by rebalancing the immune system. Myasthenia gravis with
thymoma is treated.
44. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR REHABLITATION
Treatment strategies may vary.
Evaluation is done on the basis of-
Strength
Flexibility
Mobility
Balance
Gait
45. Benefits of Exercise in Myasthenia Gravis
Weight reduction.
Decrease in risk of hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol
Decrease in risk of cardiac diseases
46. Decrease in risk of osteoporosis
Mood elevation
Improve cognitive function
Enhance baseline functional capacity, improved mechanical efficiency
47. EXERCISE GOALS
Enhance ability to function daily
Decrease risk of falling
Completion of functional tasks and maintenance of independence
Smoothness and coordination of activities
48. EXERCISE CONSIDERATION
• Exercise at the best time of day
• Exercise at peak dose of medication (pyridostigmine)
• Exercise large, proximal muscle groups for short periods of time building up
only to moderate intensity
• Do not exceed moderate intensity exercise level
49. Nurses Responsibility During Exercise-
Patient should not become short of breath at peak of exercising
Myasthenia Gravis symptoms should not become worse during exercise
(drooping of eyes)
Patient should not be tires after 2 hours of exercise
50. REHABLITATION EXERCISE
PACE is a suitable guideline.
P- Planning daily activities
A-Adapting the home ,adequate rest ,assistive equipment, asking for help.
C- Conserving energy, Check ups with doctor, cool temperature
E- Emotional stability, Excercising in moderation, eliminating unnecessary daily
tasks.
51. TYPES OF EXCERCISE
Types of Exercise used in Myasthenia Gravis-
Breathing Exercises
Postural Exercises
Aerobic Excercises
Strength Excercises
Swimming
52. TYPES OF EXCERCISE
Breathing excercises- To strengthen the muscles that control the voice.
Vocal excercises to improve the ability to speak clearly.
Help to improve lung function.
It include respiratory muscle training-
Pursed lip breathing
Diaphragmatic breathing
53. TYPES OF EXCERCISE
Postural Exercises-
Important in assisting with breathing, speaking and swallowing
Keeps bones and joints in the correct alignment so that muscles are being used
properly
Prevents fatigue because muscles are being used more efficiently, allowing the
body to use less energy
54. TYPES OF EXCERCISE
Strengthen Exercise -
Should be done progressively
Range of motion (flexibility) to light resistance to full resistance
If significant weakness is present, active assist exercises may be necessary.
The primary goal of therapy is to build the individual's strength to facilitate
return to work and activities of daily living.
55. TYPES OF EXCERCISE
Swimming-
Patients should swim in water where they can touch the bottom.
Deep water is dangerous and may cause patient to over exert.
56. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Monitor respiratory status and ability to cough and deep breathe adequately.
Monitor for respiratory failure.
Maintain suctioning and emergency equipment at the bedside.
Monitor vital signs.
Monitor speech and swallowing abilities to prevent aspiration.
57. NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Encourage the client to sit up when eating.
• Assess muscle status.
• Instruct the client to conserve strength.
• Plan short activities that coincide with times of maximal muscle strength.
• Monitor for myasthenic and cholinergic crises.
58. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Administer anticholinesterase medications as prescribed.
Instruct the client to avoid stress, infection, fatigue, and over-the counter
medications.
Instruct the client to wear a Medic-Alert bracelet.
Inform the client about services from the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation.
60. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Ineffective airway clearance related to decreased ability to cough or swallow as
evidenced by absent or ineffective cough.
Impaired breathing pattern related to disease process as evidenced by
Presence of adventitious sounds.
Fatigue related to muscle weakness as evidenced by lethargy.
Activity intolerance related to low self esteem as evidenced by weakness.
Risk for aspiration related to depressed gag reflex .
61. RESEARCH ARTICLE
“Global prevalence of myasthenia gravis and the effectiveness of common drugs in
its treatment: a systematic review and meta- analysis.”
Salari N et al. Transl Med. 2021.
PMID:34930325
62. RESEARCH ARTICLE
Background: Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular autoimmune disorder
characterized by weakness and disability in the voluntary muscles. There have been
several preliminary studies on the epidemiology of myasthenia gravis in different
parts of the world and the effectiveness of common drugs in its treatment using
systematic review and meta- analysis.
63. RESEARCH ARTICLE
Methods- Research studies were extracted from IranDoc, MagIran, Iran Medex,
SID, ScienceDirect, Web of Sciences (WoS), ProQuest, Medline (PubMed), Scopus
and Google Scholar based on Cochran's seven- step guidelines using existing
keywords extracted in MeSH browser. The 12 test was used to calculate the
heterogeneity of studies, and Begg and Mazumdar rank correlation tests were used
to assess publication bias. Data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis
software (Version 2).
64. RESEARCH ARTICLE
Results- In the search for descriptive studies based on the research question, 7374
articles were found. After deleting articles unrelated to the research question,
finally, 63 articles with a sample size of 1,206,961,907 people were included in the
meta-analysis. The prevalence of MG worldwide was estimated to be 12.4 people
(95% CI 10.6-14.5) per 100,000 population.
65. RESEARCH ARTICLE
. For analytical studies on the effectiveness of common myasthenia gravis drugs,
4672 articles were found initially, and after removing articles unrelated to the
research question, finally, 20 articles with a sample size of 643 people in the drug
group and 619 people in the placebo group were included in the study. As a result
of the combination of studies, the difference between the mean QMGS score index
after taking Mycophenolate and Immunoglobulin or plasma exchange drugs in the
group of patients showed a significant decrease of 1.4 ± 0.77 and 0.62 ± 0.28,
respectively (P < 0.01).
66. RESEARCH ARTICLE
Conclusion- The results of systematic review of drug evaluation in patients with
myasthenia gravis showed that Mycophenolate and Immunoglobulin or plasma
exchange drugs have positive effects in the treatment of MG. It also represents the
positive effect of immunoglobulin or plasma exchange on reducing SFEMG index
and QMGS index and the positive effect of Mycophenolate in reducing MG-ADL
index, SFEMG and Anti- AChR antibodies index. In addition, based on a meta-
analysis of the random-effect model, the overall prevalence of MG in the world is
12.4 people per 100,000 population, which indicates the urgent need for attention to
this disease for prevention and treatment.
67. SUMMARY
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction.
It causes muscle weakness. Myasthenia gravis may affect individuals of any age
and we have largest experience in India for treatment of Myasthenia gravis.
68. CONCLUSION
• As discussed throughout the presentation, learning about myasthenia gravis and
its management will help nurses to care for a myasthenia gravis patient.
• Nurses can do assessment of a myasthenia gravis patient, classify the level of
disease, observe the sign and symptoms, provide the necessary nursing care and
support the patient psychologically.
69. RECAPITULATION
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
What are the causes and sign and symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis?
Write the short note on communication and rehabilitation management of
Myasthenia Gravis.