This document discusses different types of mutations including point mutations, insertions, deletions, and frameshift mutations. It provides examples of each type of mutation and describes how they can change DNA and cause diseases. Specifically, it discusses how point mutations can cause cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia by changing single nucleotides in genes. It also explains how frameshift mutations can result in truncated nonfunctional proteins and discusses how they have been linked to diseases like Crohn's disease and some cancers.

1. Ranjith....
~Pharm D~
*Care college of pharmacy*
Mutations
&
Related diseases
Presented by....

2. Types of mutations
lPoint Mutation:
üA point mutation is a type of mutation in
DNA or RNA, the cell’s genetic material, in
which one single nucleotide base is added,
deleted or changed. DNA and RNA are made
up of many nucleotides. There are five
different molecules that can make up
nitrogenous bases on nucleotides: cytosine,
guanine, adenine, thymine (in DNA) and
uracil (in RNA), abbreviated C, G, A, T, and U.

3. Types of mutations
lPoint Mutation:
üThe specific sequence of nucleotides
encodes all the information for carrying
out all cell processes. In general, a
mutation is when a gene is altered
through a change in DNA structure; this
may refer even to entire sections of
chromosomes. A point mutation is
specifically when only one nucleotide

4. lSubstitution:
üA substitution is a mutation that exchanges
one base for another
lSuch a substitution could:
1.Change a codon to one that encodes a
different amino acid and cause a small change
in the protein produced.For example, sickle
cell anemia is caused by a substitution in the
beta-hemoglobin gene, which alters a single
amino acid in the protein produced.
Types of point mutations

5. Types of point mutations
u2.change a codon to one that encodes
the same amino acid and causes no
change in the protein produced. These are
called silent mutations.
u3.change an amino-acid-coding codon to
a single "stop" codon and cause an
incomplete protein. This can have serious
effects since the incomplete protein
probably won't function.

6. Types of point mutations
• Point mutations..........

7. Types of mutations
lFrameshift:
üSince protein-coding DNA is divided
into codons three bases long, insertions
and deletions can alter a gene so that its
message is no longer correctly parsed.
These changes are called frameshifts.
üFor example, consider the sentence, "The
fat cat sat." Each word represents a
codon. If we delete the first letter and

8. Types of mutations
üIn frameshifts, a similar error occurs at
the DNA level, causing the codons to
be parsed incorrectly. This usually
generates truncated proteins that are
as useless as "hef atc ats at" is
uninformative.There are other types of
mutations as well, but this short list
should give you an idea of the
possibilities.

9. lInsertion:
ü Insertions are mutations in which extra
base pairs are inserted into a new place
in the DNA.
uEx:
Types of frameshift
mutations

10. Types of frameshift
mutations
l Deletion:
üDeletions are mutations in which a
section of DNA is lost, or deleted.
nEx:

11. üCystic Fibrosis:
• Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a recessive inherited
disorder most common among people of
European descent. In the United States, 1 in
3500 newborns are born with cystic fibrosis,
and 1 in 30 Caucasian Americans is a carrier.
There are many different mutations that can
cause CF, but the most common one is a
deletion of three nucleotides in the cystic
fibrosis transmembrane conductance
regulator (CFTR) gene that results in the loss
Diseases Caused by Point
Mutations

12. Diseases Caused by Point
Mutations
üCystic Fibrosis:
• CF is associated with thick, sticky mucus
in the lungs and trouble breathing, salty
sweat, infertility in certain individuals,
and a shortened life expectancy (about
42-50 years in developed countries).

13. Diseases Caused by Point Mutations
üSickle-Cell Anemia:
• Sickle-cell anemia is a recessive disorder
caused by a single substitution in the gene that
creates hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in
the blood. Normally, glutamic acid is produced
in the chain, but the substitution causes valine
to be produced at that spot instead. When
people have two copies of this mutation, it
results in thin sickle-shaped blood cells that
sometimes cannot carry oxygen properly.

14. Diseases Caused by Point
Mutations
üSickle-Cell Anemia:
• About 80% of people with sickle-cell disease
are in sub-Saharan Africa, where being a
carrier for sickle-cell anemia (having only one
copy of the gene, not two) actually helps
protect against malaria. It is also found in
other parts of the world such as India and the
Middle East, and affects about 1 in 500
African Americans. Symptoms include
anemia, obstruction of blood vessels, and

15. Diseases caused by frameshift
mutation
üDiseases caused by frameshift
mutations in genes include Crohn’s
disease, cystic fibrosis, and some
forms of cancer.
ü On the other hand, when some
proteins become dysfunctional, they
could have a protective effect, as
seen in the resistance to HIV in

16. Thank
You.......
By.............
*Ranjith*