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Second phase of the indian national movement (I.C.S.E class 10)

The second phase of the Indian national movement from 1907-1916 was led by assertive nationalists who aimed for complete independence rather than just self-governance. They drew support from the masses and sought to achieve swaraj immediately. Key events included the partition of Bengal in 1905, which nationalists opposed as it divided Bengalis along religious lines. Assertive nationalists used strategies like swadeshi, boycott of British goods, national education, and passive resistance to achieve their goals. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai were influential leaders who contributed to the movement through organizations, writings, and social reforms.

Education◦
Second phase of the indian national movement By karthik
Introduction ● The history of the indian national movement can be divided into 3 phases ○ Early nationalist phase (1885 - 1907) ○ Assertive phase (1907 - 1916) ○ The gandhian era (1915 - 1947) ● We are going to look at the assertive nationalist phase
Early nationalists vs assertive nationalists ● They believed in the constitutional framework and worked within the framework of the law ● They received their support from the intelligentsia ● They were inspired by the ideas of western philosophers ● The early nationalists wanted to achieve self government and they strove for autonomy within the empire and not for absolute independence ● They were assertive in their approach ● They drew their support from the masses ● They drew their inspiration from india’s past ● The assertive nationalists aimed at nothing short of swaraj as it existed in the united kingdom Early nationalists Assertive nationalists
Partition of bengal
Causes of partition of bengal ● Bengal was the nerve centre of indian nationalism at that time. So the british hoped to stop the rising tide of the nationalism by partitioning bengal ● The partition of the state was intended to curb bengal influence by not only placing bengalis under 2 administration but by reducing them to a minority in bengal itself ● The partition was mean to foster division on the division on the basis of religion itself ○ East bengal would be predominantly a muslim state and west bengal would be a hindu state
Perspective of nationalists on the Partition of bengal ● The indian nationalists clearly saw the design behind the partition and condemned it ● They saw it as a deliberate attempt to divide the Bengalis on religious and territorial grounds and thereby disrupt and weaken nationalism in bengal ● Moreover, the announcement of the partition of bengal was made without any regard for the public opinion which hurt the sentiments of the Bengalis ● The nationalists felt that the administrative efficiency could have been better secured by separating the hindi speaking bihar from the odiya speaking odisha from the bengali speaking part of the province
Objectives and methods of struggles of the assertive nationalists
Objectives of the assertive nationalists (radicals) ● The main objective of the assertive nationalists was the immediate attainment of ‘swaraj’ ● This meant complete independence and not just self governance as in the colonies of australia and new zealand
Struggles of the assertive nationalists (radicals) ● Swadeshi ○ Swadeshi means producing necessary items in one’s own country and using them for one’s use without being dependent on imported goods ■ The idea was popularised by occasional bonfires of foreign cloth, salt and sugar ● Boycott ○ Bal Gangadhar tilak said that when you accept swadeshi you must boycott foreign goods ○ The economic boycott of british good sand the use of swadeshi was designed to encourage indian industries and create more employment opportunities ● National education ○ A national scheme of education was planned to replace the government controlled universities and colleges ○ National leaders advocated schools that were free from government control and a large number of schools were established in east bengal ○ Effort was made to give education a national orientation in vernacular languages
Struggles of the assertive nationalists (radicals) cont... ● Passive resistance ○ Assertive leaders believed in adopting a policy of nonviolent resistance and vigorous political action ○ They believed that political rights could not be won by an organisation which could not distinguish between begging rights and claiming them ○ They also used the methods below ■ Revivalism ● Assertive nationalists revived self-respect by referring to india’s past glory ● Assertive nationalists presented chandragupta vikramaditya and rana pratap as national heroes whose memory inspired masses to fight for their country ■ Personal sacrifices ● The followers of the movement used self reliance and were ready for self sacrifice, suffering and hardships ■ Mass involvement ● They had an abiding faith in the strength of the masses and proposed to win freedom through mass action
Contributions of the early nationalists
Contributions of bal gangadhar tilak (1856 - 1920) ● Established the home rule league a. Bal gangadhar tilak set up the home rule league at pune in 1916 b. This was done to attain self government within the british empire by constitutional means ● Demand for swaraj a. He demanded for swaraj and believed it was in his birthright b. Tilak was convinced that political rights can be achieved by aggressively demanding them c. Tilak organised many akharas and lathi clubs where physical training and self defence was imparted
Contributions of bipin chandra pal (1858 - 1932) ● Role as a journalist a. As a journalist he worked for bengal public opinion, the tribune and new india to propagate his brand of nationalism b. When the british government found his writing seditious he was required to give a testimony to Aurobindo ghose for which he refused and he was sentenced to 6 months imprisonment ● National education a. Bipin chandra pal wanted national education to be the basis of the freedom movement b. He believed so as it would arouse nationalistic passions and become an effective instrument in social progress
Contribution of lala lajpat rai (1865 - 1928) ● An educationist and a forceful writer a. When he was in USA, he started a monthly magazine called ‘young india’ to spread the message of the right of india and to attain swaraj b. His famous publications included i. Call to india ii. England’s debt to india iii. The political future of india c. He also wrote a book on national education that called for the reform of the prevailing education system ● A social reformer a. Lajpat rai was associated with the arya samaj movement b. He was instrumental in the expansion of D.A.V college in lahore in 1886 c. He set up servants of the peoples society for the welfare of the downtrodden and outcastes