Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) is an umbrella term covering pain and dysfunction of the muscles of mastication and the temporomandibular joints. The most important feature is pain, followed by restricted mandibular movement, and noises from the temporomandibular joints during jaw movement. Muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic diseases that cause damage and weakness to muscles over time due to the lack of a protein called dystrophin, which is necessary for normal muscle function. There are several types of muscular dystrophy including Duchenne, Becker, congenital, myotonic, facioscapulohumeral, limb-girdle, oculopharyngeal,

1. Musculoskeletal
Disorders
Sandra C. Negrete

2. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (sometimes
abbreviated to TMD or TMJD and also
termedtemporomandibular joint dysfunction
syndrome, temporomandibular disorder or many other
names), is an umbrella term covering pain and dysfunction of
the muscles of mastication (the muscles that move the jaw)
and the temporomandibular joints (the joints which connect
the mandible to theskull). The most important feature is pain,
followed by restricted mandibular movement, and noises from
the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) during jaw movement.

3. Tension myositis syndrome (TMS), also known as tension
myoneural syndrome, is a name given by John E. Sarno to
a condition he describes as characterized
by psychogenic musculoskeletal and nerve symptoms, most
notably back pain.

4. Tietze syndrome is a benign inflammation of one or more of
the costal cartilages.

5. Ulnar nerve entrapment is a condition where the ulnar
nerve becomes trapped or pinched due to
some physiological abnormalities.

6. Ulnar tunnel syndrome, also known as Guyon's
canal syndrome or Handlebar palsy, is caused
byentrapment of the ulnar nerve in the Guyon canal as
it passes through the wrist.

7. Unequal leg length (also termed leg length inequality, LLI
or leg length discrepancy, LLD) is where the legs are different
lengths. This may be a birth defect or it may occur after a broken
leg, serious infection, or local damage to one of the growth
plates in a leg.

8. A unicameral bone cyst, also known, as a simple bone
cyst, is a cavity filled with a yellow-colored fluid. It is
considered to be benign since it does not spread beyond the
bone.Unicameral bone cysts can be classified into two
categories: active and latent.

9. Muscular Dystrophies
are a group of diseases that are passed down genetically.
These diseases cause damage and weakness to muscles
over time. This damage and weakness is caused by the lack
of a protein called dystrophin, which is necessary for normal
muscle function. The absence of this protein can cause
problems with walking, swallowing, and muscle coordination.
Types of Muscular Dystrophy

10. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a recessive X-
linked form of muscular dystrophy. he disorder is caused by a
mutation in the dystrophin gene, located on the human X
chromosome, which codes for the protein dystrophin.

11. Becker
Becker muscular dystrophy is similar to Duchenne muscular
dystrophy, but less severe. This type of muscular dystrophy
also more commonly affects boys. Muscle weakness occurs
mostly in the arms and legs, with symptoms appearing
between age 11 and 25

12. Congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) is muscular
dystrophy that is present at birth. CMD includes a number
of autosomal recessive diseases of muscle weakness and
possible joint deformities, present at birth and slowly
progressing.

13. Myotonic Dystrophy
This form of muscular dystrophy, also called Steinert’s
disease or dystrophia myotonica, causes an inability to
relax muscles after they contract (myotonia). Myotonia
is only found in this type of muscular dystrophy.

14. Facioscapulohumeral (FSHD)
FSHD is also known as Landouzy-Dejerine disease. This type of
muscular dystrophy affects the muscles in the face, shoulders,
and upper arms. Individuals with FSHD may have difficulty
chewing or swallowing; their mouths may take on a crooked
appearance. Shoulders look slanted, and the shoulder blades
appear wing like. A smaller number of individuals may develop
hearing and respiratory problems.

15. Limb-Girdle
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy causes weakening of the muscles
and loss of muscle bulk. This type of muscular dystrophy usually
begins in the shoulders and hips, and may also occur in the legs
and neck.

16. Oculopharyngeal (OPMD)
OPMD causes weakness in the facial, neck, and shoulder
muscles.

17. Emery-Dreifuss
Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy tends to affect more boys
than girls. This type of muscular dystrophy usually begins in
childhood.